Matrix metalloproteinase-9 and stromal cell-derived factor-1 act synergistically to support migration of blood-borne monocytes into the injured spinal cord

The infiltration of monocytes into the lesioned site is a key event in the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that the molecular events governing the infiltration of monocytes into the injured cord involve cooperativity between the upregulation of the chemoattractant stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 in the injured cord and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B), expressed by infiltrating monocytes. SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 mRNAs were upregulated in the injured cord, while macrophages immunoexpressed CXCR4. When mice, transplanted with bone marrow cells from green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice, were subjected to SCI, GFP+ monocytes infiltrated the cord and displayed gelatinolytic activity. In vitro studies confirmed that SDF-1α, acting through CXCR4, expressed on bone marrow-derived macrophages, upregulated MMP-9 and stimulated MMP-9-dependent transmigration across endothelial cell monolayers by 2.6-fold. There was a reduction in F4/80+ macrophages in spinal cord-injured MMP-9 knock-out mice (by 36%) or wild-type mice, treated with the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 (by 30%). Mice were adoptively transferred with myeloid cells and treated with the MMP-9/-2 inhibitor SB-3CT, the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, or a combination of both drugs. While either drug resulted in a 28-30% reduction of infiltrated myeloid cells, the combined treatment resulted in a 45% reduction, suggesting that SDF-1 and MMP-9 function independently to promote the trafficking of myeloid cells into the injured cord. Collectively, these observations suggest a synergistic partnership between MMP-9 and SDF-1 in facilitating transmigration of monocytes into the injured spinal cord.     

基质细胞衍生因子-1对间质干细胞迁移的影响

目的:观察基质细胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1)在体内外对大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(rMSCs)的趋化诱导作用,探讨SDF-1对rMSCs迁移影响的可能机制。方法:应用体外细胞迁移实验及大鼠脑梗死模型体内移植,观察SDF-1对rMSCs的迁移影响。流式细胞术与RT-PCR检测rMSCs的CXC趋化因子受体4(CXCchemokinereceptor4,CXCR4)表达。结果:在SDF-1存在时,rMSCs迁移活跃,应用抗体封闭CXCR4后,这种迁移显著减弱。体内移植的rMSCs主要聚集在脑梗死灶周围,但在封闭CXCR4后,这种聚集现象大大减弱。流式细胞术示仅小部分rMSCs表面表达CXCR4,但经TritonX-100处理后,表达CXCR4的rMSCs增加。结论:SDF-1可通过CXCR4对rMSCs起趋化作用,针对这种作用可望调控干细胞向靶组织的趋化聚集量,达到治疗目的。     

Transplantation of multipotent astrocytic stem cells into a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates results in long-term disabilities. Stem cell therapy may offer an attractive treatment for HIE. Multipotent astrocytic stem cells (MASCs) from mice transplanted into a rat model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) survived the transplantation and showed signs of migration towards the injured cortex. Some MASCs around the injured cortex differentiated into neuronal and astrocytic phenotypes. MASCs transplanted into non-ischemic pups survived but retained their astrocytic phenotype. These data suggest that transplanted MASCs can survive and differentiate into neurons and astrocytes in the post-injury milieu of the neonatal brain injured by HI.     

人脑组织匀浆液诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞分化为神经细胞

目的 研究人脑组织匀浆液诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞向神经元细胞分化能力。方法从大鼠骨髓分离培养骨髓间质干细胞．经体外增殖，用人脑组织匀浆液诱导骨髓间质干细胞向神经元样细胞分化，应用免疫细胞化学方法对分化的细胞进行鉴定。结果大鼠骨髓间质干细胞可在体外增殖，经人脑组织匀浆液诱导，骨髓间质干细胞可向神经元样细胞分化，且分化率较高，24小时为45％，48小时为78．2％，72小时为88．3％。分化后的细胞表达神经元标志物-神经微丝(NF)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)。结论人脑组织匀浆液可诱导大鼠骨髓间质干细胞向神经元细胞分化，从而为骨髓间质干细胞脑内移植与及其分化，以及神经功能的修复提供了基础。     

Human bone marrow stem cells exhibit neural phenotypes and ameliorate neurological deficits after grafting into the ischemic brain of rats

There is now evidence to suggest that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) not only differentiate into mesodermal cells, but can also adopt the fate of endodermal and ectodermal cell types. In this study, we addressed the hypotheses that human MSCs can differentiate into neural cells when implanted in the brain and restore sensorimotor function after experimental stroke. Purified human MSCs were grafted into the cortex surrounding the area of infarction 1 week after cortical brain ischemia in rats. Two and 6 weeks after transplantation animals were assessed for sensorimotor function and then sacrificed for histological examination. Ischemic rats that received human MSCs exhibited significantly improved functional performance in limb placement test. Histological analyses revealed that transplanted human MSCs expressed markers for astrocytes (GFAP(+)), oligodendroglia (GalC(+)), and neurons (beta III(+), NF160(+), NF200(+), hNSE(+), and hNF70(+)). The morphological features of the grafted cells, however, were spherical in nature with few processes. Therefore, it is unlikely that the functional recovery observed by the ischemic rats with human MSC grafts was mediated by the integration of new "neuronal" cells into the circuitry of the host brain. The observed functional improvement might have been mediated by proteins secreted by transplanted hMSCs, which could have upregulated host brain plasticity in response to experimental stroke.     

Interactions between human adipose stromal cells and mouse neural stem cells in vitro

Transplantation of adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adult rat brain has been known to reduce functional deficits associated with stroke and traumatic brain injury. However, in injured brains, there is no evidence that transplanted MSCs replace lost host brain tissue. In this study, we determined in vitro interaction between human adipose tissue stromal cells (hATSCs), a kind of MSC, and neural stem cells (NSCs). hATSCs were isolated and proliferated from human adipose tissues, and NSCs from the subventricular zone of postnatal mice. When NSCs were cultured on mitomycin-treated hATSC monolayers, their proliferation was decreased, but neuronal differentiation was significantly induced. The percentage of neurons significantly increased in 7 days in cultures of NSCs on hATSCs feeder as compared to NSCs cultured on laminin-coated dishes. When the duration of the cultures was extended to 14 days, hATSCs supported the survival of neurons derived from NSCs. To determine the role of soluble factors from hATSCs, NSCs were cultured with hATSCs conditioned medium or co-cultured with permeable filter on which hATSCs were grown. Although proliferation of NSCs significantly decreased and glial differentiation increased under these experimental conditions, their neuronal differentiation was not affected, indicating that direct physical contact between hATSCs and NSCs is required for induction of neuronal differentiation. These data indicate that hATSCs may provide supportive roles on endogenous neural stem cells, when they are transplanted into damaged brain.     

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor attenuates neuronal death and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a protein that stimulates differentiation, proliferation, and survival of granulocytic lineage cells. Recently, a neuroprotective effect of G-CSF was reported in a model of cerebral infarction. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the potential therapeutic effect of G-CSF for spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. We found that G-CSF is neuroprotective against glutamate-induced cell death of cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. Moreover, we used a mouse model of compressive SCI to examine the neuroprotective potential of G-CSF in vivo. Histologic assessment with cresyl violet staining revealed that the number of surviving neurons in the injured spinal cord was significantly increased in G-CSF-treated mice. Immunohistochemistry for neuronal apoptosis revealed that G-CSF suppressed neuronal apoptosis after SCI. Moreover, administration of G-CSF promoted hindlimb functional recovery. Examination of signaling pathways downstream of the G-CSF receptor suggests that G-CSF might promote functional recovery by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis after SCI. G-CSF is currently used in the clinic for hematopoietic stimulation, and its ongoing clinical trial for brain infarction makes it an appealing molecule that could be rapidly placed into trials for patients with acute SCI.     

Mesenchymal stem cells expressing neural antigens instruct a neurogenic cell fate on neural stem cells

The neurogenic response to injury in the postnatal brain is limited and insufficient for restoration of function. Recent evidence suggests that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the injured brain is associated with improved functional recovery, mediated in part through amplification in the endogenous neurogenic response to injury. In the current study we investigate the interactions between bone marrow-derived MSCs and embryonic neural stem cells (NSCs) plus their differentiated progeny using an in vitro co-culture system. Two populations of MSCs were used, MSCs induced to express neural antigens (nestin+, Tuj-1+, GFAP+) and neural antigen negative MSCs. Following co-culture of induced MSCs with differentiating NSC/progenitor cells a significant increase in Tuj-1+ neurons was detected compared to co-cultures of non-induced MSCs in which an increase in astrocyte (GFAP+) differentiation was observed. The effect was mediated by soluble interactions between the two cell populations and was independent of any effect on cell death and proliferation. Induced and non-induced MSCs also promoted the survival of Tuj-1+ cell progeny in long-term cultures and both promoted axonal growth, an effect also seen in differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Therefore, MSCs provide instructive signals that are able to direct the differentiation of NSCs and promote axonal development in neuronal progeny. The data indicates that the nature of MSC derived signals is dependent not only on their microenvironment but on the developmental status of the MSCs. Pre-manipulation of MSCs prior to transplantation in vivo may be an effective means of enhancing the endogenous neurogenic response to injury.     

Adult bone marrow stromal cells administered intravenously to rats after traumatic brain injury migrate into brain and improve neurological outcome

To measure effect of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) administered i.v. on rats subjected to traumatic brain injury (TBI), we injected MSCs labeled by BrdU into the tail vein 24 h after TBI and sacrificed rats 15 days later. The neurological severity score (NSS) and the Rotarod test were used to evaluate neurological function. The distribution of the donor cells in brain, heart, lung, kidney, liver and spleen were analyzed in recipient rats using immunohistochemical staining. MSCs injected i.v. significantly reduced motor and neurological deficits compared with control groups by day 15 after TBI. The cells preferentially entered and migrated into the parenchyma of the injured brain and expressed the neuronal marker NeuN and the astrocytic marker GFAP. MSCs were also found in other organs and primarily localized to the vascular structures, without any obvious adverse effects. Our data suggest that i.v. administration of MSCs may be useful in the treatment of TBI.     

大鼠脑出血模型应用骨髓间质干细胞治疗的实验研究

目的 :研究骨髓间质干细胞 (MSCs)移植对脑出血大鼠的治疗效果及机制。方法 :分离MSCs后进行培养、扩增 ,并用流式细胞仪进行荧光三标检测鉴定 ,将标记后的MSCs通过颈动脉、颈静脉、侧脑室 3种途径移植入脑出血大鼠体内 ,用爬行计分法观察大鼠神经功能的改善程度 ,免疫组化法观察在脑内的迁移及分化。结果 :MSCs增殖明显 ,经流式细胞仪检测显示CD90、CD10 6阳性、CD45阴性 ,通过侧脑室、颈动脉移植后大鼠神经功能改善明显 ,移植的MSCs主要迁移到海马区、出血灶等处 ,且分化为神经细胞。结论 :MSCs移植治疗脑出血具有较好的疗效 ,可能分化为神经细胞是其主要机制之一。     

Differentiation and neurological benefit of the mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into the rat brain following intracerebral hemorrhage

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is often a fatal event. In a patient who survives the initial ictus, the resulting hematoma within brain parenchyma can trigger a series of events that lead to secondary insults and severe neurological deficits. Great efforts have been focused on searching for new approaches to help patients recover neurological function after ICH. Previous studies indicate that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) grafted into the ischemic rat brain can improve neurological function. However, there is no report regarding whether MSCs can be used in the same way to improve the neurological function after ICH. We generated the ICH model by injecting collagenase VII into rat brain. Subsequently, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled mesenchymal stem cells were delivered into the brain through carotid artery, cervical vein or lateral ventricle. The distribution and differentiation of MSCs were investigated by methods of immunohistochemistry. We found that MSCs were able to differentiate into neural cells in vitro as well as in the rat brain after ICH. The injected MSCs were able to migrate into hippocampus, blooding foci and ipsilateral cortex. In the hippocampus, MSCs differentiated into neurons; but in surrounding bleeding foci, they differentiated into neurons and astrocytes. In the ipsilateral cortex, MSCs differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Notably, the motor function of the rats in the carotid artery (CA) group and the lateral ventricle (LV) group improved significantly. Collectively, our study indicates that MSCs are able to differentiate into neural cells in the rat brain after ICH and can significantly improve motor function.     

Beneficial effects of BV2 cell on proliferation and neuron-differentiating of mesenchymal stem cells in the circumstance of injured PC12 cell supernatant

Objective The microglias is the representative of immune cells in the brain. It plays dual roles of both repairing and damaging in injured nervous system, and works as an inevitable component of the circumstance of injured neurons. This study was aiming at the effects of the microglias on the biological activities of mesenchymal stem cells （MSCs） in the circumstance of injured neurons. Methods MSCs were obtained by primary culture. We adopted PC12 cells （PC12） and BV2 cells （BV2） to substitute for neurons and microglias, respectively. PC12 were injured by aged Aβ1-40 and the supernatant of the injured PC12 was used to set up the circumstance of injured neurons. Transwells were used for co-culture of BV2 and MSCs, which allowed the independent detection of cells after co-culture. Immunofluorescence was used to identify MSCs and neuron-differentiating cells with CD44 and neuron specific enolase （NSE） staining, respectively. MTT assay was adopted to measure the proliferation. Results In the circumstance of both BV2 presence and injured PC 12 supernatant incubation, either the proliferation or the differentiation of MSCs reached the highest, which seemed to be contradictory, but we gave our explanations. With the BV2 co-culture, the proliferation of MSCs tend to be higher, but the neuron-differentiating MSCs were similar to those incubated without BV2 co-culture either in normal or injured in PC12 supernatant. With the incubation of injured PC12 supernatant, the neuron-differentiating cells were significantly higher than that of control （P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion In the circumstance of injured neurons, microlgias tend to promote the MSCs proliferation. Although not helpful in neuron-differentiating, microglias did not exert any negative effect either.     

骨髓基质细胞移植治疗脑损伤研究进展

实验研究已证明骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)可以分化成多种神经细胞，脑实质内直接注射、脑脊液内注射或血管内注射移植后能促进脑损伤修复。血脑屏障的通透性可影响移植细胞进入脑内。MSCs移植的作用机制主要为替代受损细胞和产生内源性因子两种途径。对移植治疗效果的评估可能受到一些因素的影响。虽然仍存在一些尚待解决的问题．但MSCs移植治疗脑损伤是一种很有前途的治疗方法。     

干细胞生长因子和粒细胞集落刺激因子与心肌梗死大鼠体内骨髓间充质干细胞的迁移*

背景：外周静脉移植间充质干细胞只有1%~5%的移植细胞能归巢到心肌梗死区域。 目的：观察干细胞生长因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子对骨髓间充质干细胞归巢的影响。 方法：采用贴壁培养法分离培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取传至3~5代细胞。建立SD大鼠急性心肌梗死模型,干细胞生长因子组、粒细胞集落刺激因子组、干细胞生长因子+粒细胞集落刺激因子组在骨髓间充质干细胞移植前3 d和移植后3 d单独或混合皮下注射干细胞生长因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子,骨髓间充质干细胞组不注射细胞因子。 结果与结论：荧光显微镜下观察,骨髓间充质干细胞迁移至心肌梗死组织,骨髓间充质干细胞组、干细胞生长因子组、粒细胞集落刺激因子组迁移至心肌梗死区的骨髓间充质干细胞数量没有明显的区别(P > 0.05),干细胞生长因子+粒细胞集落刺激因子组的骨髓间充质干细胞数量明显高于其他3组(P < 0.05)。免疫荧光组织化学显示,植入的部分骨髓间充质干细胞表达心肌特异蛋白cTnI。结果说明干细胞生长因子和粒细胞集落刺激因子两种细胞因子联合应用可以促进骨髓间充质干细胞归巢至心肌梗死区域,在体内微环境的诱导下,骨髓间充质干细胞能够转化为心肌样细胞。     

造血干细胞向淋巴系祖细胞增殖分化过程中HOXB4基因的表达*

背景：HOXB4基因不仅能促进造血干细胞的扩增及其功能的活化与表达,而且体内试验表明它不会诱发白血病。因此更好地研究HOXB4在造血细胞增殖分化中的变化及作用对进一步研究造血干细胞的扩增可以提供更多的理论基础。 目的：观察人类脐血造血干细胞向淋巴系祖细胞增殖分化过程中HOXB4基因表达的情况及全反式维甲酸对HOXB4基因表达的影响。 方法：将培养的淋巴系造血祖细胞按干预方式不同分为2组,全反式维甲酸组：在培养体系中加入全反式维甲酸,终浓度6×10-8 mol/L。正常组：不加全反式维甲酸,代之以等量的1640培养液。观察人类脐血造血干细胞经植物血凝素诱导后,在培养第3,7,12天的淋巴细胞集落形成单位生成情况。采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测脐血造血干细胞向淋巴系祖细胞增殖分化过程中HOXB4基因的表达水平。 结果与结论：人脐血造血干细胞向淋巴系祖细胞增殖分化过程中,HOXB4基因呈规律的表达。随培养时间推移,正常组和全反式维甲酸组HOXB4基因的表达均逐渐降低。与正常组比较,全反式维甲酸可上调HOXB4基因的表达。     

Behavior of hippocampal stem/progenitor cells following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus

Multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) from the embryonic hippocampus are potentially useful as donor cells to repopulate the degenerated regions of the aged hippocampus after stroke, epilepsy, or Alzheimer's disease. However, the efficacy of the NSC grafting strategy for repairing the injured aged hippocampus is unknown. To address this issue, we expanded FGF-2-responsive NSCs from the hippocampus of embryonic day 14 green fluorescent protein-expressing transgenic mice as neurospheres in vitro and grafted them into the hippocampus of 24-month-old F344 rats 4 days after CA3 region injury. Engraftment, migration, and neuronal/glial differentiation of cells derived from NSCs were analyzed 1 month after grafting. Differentiation of neurospheres in culture dishes or after placement on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures demonstrated that these cells had the ability to generate considerable numbers of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Following grafting into the injured aged hippocampus, cells derived from neurospheres survived and dispersed, but exhibited no directed migration into degenerated or intact hippocampal cell layers. Phenotypic analyses of graft-derived cells revealed neuronal differentiation in 3%-5% of cells, astrocytic differentiation in 28% of cells, and oligodendrocytic differentiation in 6%-10% cells. The results demonstrate for the first time that NSCs derived from the fetal hippocampus survive and give rise to all three CNS phenotypes following transplantation into the injured aged hippocampus. However, grafted NSCs do not exhibit directed migration into lesioned areas or widespread neuronal differentiation, suggesting that direct grafting of primitive NSCs is not adequate for repair of the injured aged brain without priming the microenvironment.     

小鼠胚胎肝干细胞体外向肝样细胞的诱导分化

背景：目前肝干细胞尚无特异性标志物,故其分离、培养尤其是纯化技术尚不成熟。 目的：观察体外培养的小鼠胚胎肝干细胞生物学特性,及其向肝样细胞的诱导分化能力。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察,于2008-01/06在厦门大学附属中山医院消化中心实验室完成。 材料：SPF级BALB/c胎鼠20只,13.5 d龄,由厦门大学生命科学学院实验动物中心提供。 方法：无菌操作取出胎鼠肝脏,用细胞刮梳理后用IV型胶原酶消化。取分离纯化后的第2代细胞进行免疫荧光染色。细胞培养到第3代时,分别用3 mmol/L丁酸钠盐与0.1% DMSO进行诱导,5 d后收集细胞进行Western blotting实验。 主要观察指标：胚胎肝干细胞的形态及表面分子的表达,诱导后胚胎肝干细胞mRNA与蛋白水平的变化。 结果：分离培养的细胞第2代即可得以纯化,呈克隆样生长,高表达白蛋白、甲胎蛋白、C-met及角蛋白19,且多数细胞共表达白蛋白与角蛋白19、C-met与角蛋白19,双阳性率约80%。细胞诱导后肝细胞标志物白蛋白表达明显增加,而作为不成熟肝细胞的经典标志物甲胎蛋白表达减少,同时干细胞标志物 c-kit mRNA水平也明显下降,角蛋白19水平无明显变化。 结论：胚胎肝干细胞具有双向分化潜能,经丁酸钠盐与DMSO诱导后可以向肝样细胞分化。     

Enhanced regeneration in spinal cord injury by concomitant treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and neuronal stem cells.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) inhibits programmed cell death and stimulates neuronal progenitor differentiation. Neuronal stem cells transplanted into injured spinal cord can survive, differentiating into astroglia and oligodendroglia, and supporting axon growth and myelination. Herein, we evaluate the combined effects of G-CSF and neuronal stem cells on spinal cord injury. For 40 Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10 in each group) transverse spinal cord resections at the T8-9 level were carried out, leaving an approximately 2-mm gap between the distal and proximal ends of the cord. Neuronal stem cells embedded in fibrin glue treated with or without G-CSF (50 microg/kg x 5 days) (groups III and IV) or fibrin glue with or without G-CSF (50 microg/kg x 5 days) (groups I and II) were transplanted into the gap in the injured spinal cord. Spinal cord regeneration was assessed using a clinical locomotor rating scale scores and electrophysiological, histological and immunohistochemical analysis 3 months after injury. Regeneration was more advanced in group IV than in groups III or II according to the clinical motor score, motor evoked potential, and conduction latency. Most advanced cord regeneration across the gap was observed in group IV rats. Higher densities of bromodeoxyuridine in the injured area and higher expression levels of Neu-N and MAP-2 over the distal end of the injured spinal cord were observed in group IV compared with groups II or III, but there was no significant difference in expression of glial fibrillary acid protein. This synergy between G-CSF and neuronal stem cells may be due to increased proliferation of progenitor cells in the injured area and increased expression of neuronal stem cell markers extrinsically or intrinsically in the distal end of injured cord.     

三种因子联合诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞的分化**

背景：间充质干细胞的生物学特性及影响分化调控因子的研究认为,体外原代培养的间充质干细胞自然分化为肝细胞的比例较低,选择一种合适的诱导剂提高其分化为肝细胞的比例尤为必要。 目的：以肝细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子及成纤维生长因子体外联合,验证其诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的可行性。 设计、时间及地点：细胞学体外观察,于2007-08在潍坊医学院实验中心完成。 材料：Sprague-Dawley大鼠40只,由潍坊医学院实验动物中心提供。 方法：采用贴壁法分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取传至第3代细胞,设立2组：空白对照组加入含体积分数为10%胎牛血清的L-DMEM培养基;联合诱导组在此基础上,另加入10 µg/L成纤维生长因子、8 µg/L肝细胞生长因子、8 µg/L表皮生长因子。 主要观察指标：倒置显微镜观察诱导后细胞形态变化,免疫荧光染色观察甲胎蛋白及白蛋白的表达,PAS检测糖原的表达,靛青绿摄入情况,酶学检测谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的水平。 结果：联合诱导组细胞呈多角形、卵圆形或圆形细胞的特征性改变,空白对照组骨髓间充质干细胞仍保持梭形或纺锤形。联合诱导组培养14 d可见白蛋白和甲胎蛋白免疫反应阳性细胞;诱导7 d时偶见PAS阳性细胞与靛青绿阳性细胞,随诱导时间延长,阳性细胞逐渐增多;诱导14 d时开始检测到谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶的合成,21 d达高峰,之后下降。上述各指标空白对照组细胞均呈阴性。 结论：成纤维生长因子、肝细胞生长因子与表皮生长因子体外联合应用,能够成功诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向肝样细胞的分化。     

骨髓间充质干细胞自体移植治疗大鼠脑冷冻伤的实验研究

目的探索骨髓间充质干细胞（MSCs）对脑损伤的治疗作用。方法将Wistar大鼠自体骨髓MSCs在体外扩增并经Brdu标记后，通过颈内动脉注射将其植入冷冻伤脑水肿动物体内，从组织化学和神经功能评分两个方面观察骨髓MSCs自体移植的治疗作用。实验动物分为4组；A组给予常规治疗；B组给予干细胞自体移植；C组在进行干细胞自体移植的同时给予神经节苷脂和丹参注射液治疗；D组在干细胞自体移植前给予罂粟碱开放血脑屏障。结果经颈内动脉注射的Brdu标记的大鼠自体骨髓MSCs细胞可向脑损伤区域迁移。B、C、D组Brdu阳性细胞的数量和神经功能恢复的程度均高于A组（P〈0．05）。与B组相比，C组未增加Brdu阳性细胞的数量，但是神经功能恢复的程度明显升高（P〈0．05）。D组Brdu阳性细胞的数量、神经功能恢复的程度均高于B组（P〈0．05），但神经恢复的程度与C组相比无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论骨髓间充质干细胞可以通过循环系统向脑损伤区迁移而发挥其治疗作用。