高龄患者应用右美托咪定麻醉的效果

<正>随着社会老龄化的日益加重,高龄患者的手术麻醉日趋增多。由于高龄患者对麻醉耐受差,术中血流动力学波动大,术后苏醒延迟,谵妄发生率高。针对老年患者的特点,我院采用具有镇静催眠、抗焦虑、镇痛作用,又能抑制交感神经活性、改善手术期间的心血管稳定性的α2肾上腺素能受体(α2AR)激动药右美托咪定(Dex)静脉麻醉〔1,2〕,取得满意效果。     

右美托咪定应用于ICU机械通气患者的安全性

<正>右美托咪定属高效、高选择性α2肾上腺素受体(α2-AR)激动剂,与α2-AR的亲和力是可乐定的8倍〔1〕,具有镇静和弱镇痛作用,特点是在镇静的同时能维持患者意识清醒,且无明显的呼吸抑制作用〔2〕,故适用于重症监护病房(ICU)机械通气的患者。但右美托咪定的副作用限制了其在临床的广泛应用,以心动过缓和低血压多见,尤其是当应用负荷剂量时〔3〕。本研究探讨机械通气患者应用右美托咪定的安全性。1材料与方法1.1对象入选标准:(1)2012年3⁶月在9个ICU接受机     

右美托咪定用于小儿机械通气镇静效果的临床研究

目的对比研究右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在小儿重症肺炎机械通气时的镇静效果及不良反应。方法重症肺炎需要机械通气的患儿50例,随机分为右美托咪定组(观察组)及咪达唑仑组(对照组),每组25例。观察组患儿静脉注射负荷剂量盐酸右美托咪定0.5 ug/kg,继之以0.2~0.5 ug/kg.h持续静脉泵注。对照组患儿静注咪达唑仑0.3 mg/kg,持续静脉泵注咪达唑仑0.03~0.5 mg/kg/h维持。观察镇静期间血流动力学参数变化、Ramsay镇静评分及不良反应发生情况。结果两组患儿Ramsay镇静评分均明显高于用药前,用药后1 h右美托咪定组患儿镇静评分明显高于咪达唑仑组(P0.01)。用药后两组患儿心率、血压均明显低于用药前,且右美托咪定组患儿心率明显低于咪达唑仑组患儿(P0.05)。停药后右美托咪定组患儿苏醒时间明显短于咪达唑仑组(P0.01)。不良反应发生率在两组间比较无统计学差异。结论右美托咪定在小儿重症肺炎机械通气中的镇静效果优于咪达唑仑,无严重不良反应,值得临床推广应用.     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑治疗胸科老年人麻醉术后谵妄的效果比较

目的探讨右美托咪定与咪达唑仑(力月西)在胸科老年人麻醉术后谵妄的临床效果。方法将76例胸外科老年手术患者随机分为观察组和对照组各38例,两组均给予芬太尼持续静脉泵入镇痛,对照组首次静脉推注力月西0.05mg/kg,随后以0.02~0.08 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持麻醉,观察组首次静脉推注右美托咪定1.0μg/kg,然后以0.2~0.7μg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)维持麻醉,比较两组镇静效果和不良反应发生。结果两组镇静效果时间均无统计学差异(P>0.05);但观察组停药后苏醒时间短于对照组,不良反应发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组手术后SDS及SAS评分明显低于干预前,且观察组明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于胸外科老年手术中的镇静效果好,且降低不良反应发生率。     

右美托咪定用于老年患者无痛纤维肠镜息肉切除术的效果

目的探讨老年患者无痛纤维肠镜息肉切除术的麻醉效果及安全性。方法拟行择期无痛纤维肠镜下息肉切除术的老年患者(65~80岁)60例,随机均分为右美托咪定联合丙泊酚组(D组)30例,芬太尼联合丙泊酚组(F组)30例,比较两组术前10 min基础值(T0)、术前5 min(T1)、进镜时(T2)、开始切息肉时(T3)、退镜时(T4)各个时间点的收缩压(SBP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)变化,记录两组各自所用丙泊酚总量、手术时间、苏醒时间、苏醒后视觉模拟评分(VAS)及观察不良反应发生情况。结果 D组丙泊酚使用总量、苏醒时间明显少于F组(P0.05),手术时间、苏醒后VAS无统计学差异(P0.05);T2~T4时D组心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)显著低于F组,两组HR、SBP显著低于T0(P0.05);T1、T2、T3 F组Sp O2显著低于D组。体动、呼吸抑制的发生率及丙泊酚追加次数D组显著低于F组(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定用于老年患者无痛纤维肠镜息肉切除术,术中呼吸循环稳定,减少丙泊酚用量,缩短苏醒时间,降低不良反应的发生率,用于麻醉更加安全有效。     

盐酸右美托咪定用于机械通气的COPD患者镇静的临床观察

目的 探讨以盐酸右美托咪定对重症监护病房（ICU）的机械通气的COPD患者镇静效果的影响.方法 32例COPD患者随机分为咪达唑仑组（对照组）和盐酸右美托咪定组（实验组）,每组16例.记录镇静前的APACHEⅡ评分、Ramsay 评分,记录镇静开始、2 h、6 h和 12 h中的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、脉搏（HR）、呼吸（RP）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、气道峰压（Paw）、氧合指数（PaO2/FiO2）.镇静达12 h 时停止药物输注,每10 min 评估1 次镇静深度,记录恢复时间,达到满意镇静深度的时间,镇静满意程度.结果 使用盐酸右美托咪定能达到满意的镇静效果,比较咪达唑仑组,镇静满意时间和恢复时间,实验组均明显少于对照组（P〈0.05）;实验组的镇静满意程度明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）.结论 右美托咪定镇静效果满意,可使患者随时可唤醒状态,且无呼吸抑制,安全性高.     

鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑在患儿CT检查中镇静效果比较

目的比较鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑在患儿CT检查中镇静的有效性和安全性。方法选择接受CT检查需实施镇静的患儿60例(ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级,年龄2～7岁),将患儿随机分为咪达唑仑组(M组)和右美托咪定组(D组),每组30例。于CT检查前M组患儿静脉注射咪达唑仑0.2 mg/kg,D组患儿鼻内给予右美托咪定2μg/kg。比较两组患儿给药后起效时间、检查时间、苏醒时间、镇静疗效及不良反应。结果与M组患儿比较,D组患儿苏醒时间短(P0.05),舌后坠、烦躁及呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率明显降低(P0.05)。两组患儿给药后起效时间、检查时间、镇静疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论鼻内给予右美托咪定与静脉注射咪达唑仑均可在患儿CT检查镇静中有效应用,鼻内给予右美托咪定患儿苏醒时间短,不良反应少,更适合临床应用。     

右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在PICU机械通气患儿镇静效果的比较研究

目的 比较分析右美托咪定与咪达唑仑在PICU机械通气患儿镇静的临床效果及不良反应.方法 选取2013年3月至2014年12月入住我院PICU,需行机械通气辅助治疗并需镇静的患儿100例,采用随机数字表分为实验组和对照组.两组患者的一般资料相仿,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),实验组予以右美托咪定镇静,对照组予咪达唑仑镇静,采用Ramsay评分标准评估镇静水平,观察两组患儿药物镇静时间,停药后唤醒时间,镇静4h后血压、心率、呼吸抑制情况并记录两组患儿谵妄发生情况及两组患儿PICU时间及机械通气时间,并进行比较分析.结果 ①两组达到镇静时间相比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),两组停药后苏醒时间及两组患儿镇静评分相比较,实验组优于对照组(P＜0.05);②谵妄及呼吸抑制发生率实验组少于对照组(P＜0.05),低血压及心动过缓两组差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);③实验组PICU时间(47.5± 10.2)h,机械通气时间(125±12.6)h,对照组PICU时间(80.8±11.9)h,机械通气时间(165±13.8)h,两组相比较,实验组优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P ＜0.05).结论 右美托咪定组镇静具有能够减少PICU时间及机械通气时间,减少谵妄及呼吸抑制的发生,并能明显缩短苏醒时间等优势,值得临床推广.     

右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼用于巨大甲状腺肿清醒插管的效果

目的观察右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼用于巨大甲状腺肿清醒插管的效果。方法择期全麻下行巨大甲状腺肿切除手术患者30例,按照美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ-Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为右美托咪定组(Ⅰ组)和咪达唑仑组(Ⅱ组)。每组10例。所有患者入室后均给予1﹪丁卡因行口腔、舌根表面麻醉,Ⅰ组给予右美托咪定1μg/kg-1复合剂量,随后以0.5μg/kg-1持续泵入同时靶控血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼2~4 ng/ml。Ⅱ组给予咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg,靶控血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼2-4ng/ml。待患者意识消失对言语指令无反应后。行气管插管。记录麻醉前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、气管导管越过声门插入气管即刻(T2)、插管完成后1min(T3)、插管完成后5min(T4)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2;记录插管过程中有无恶心、呛咳、躁动等插管反应。结果两组患者均顺利完成保留自主呼吸下气管插管,与T0组比较,T1时两组SBP、DBP、HR均明显降低(P<0.05);与T1组比较,T2~T4时两组SBP、DBP均明显升高(P<0.05),HR明显增快(P<0.05);与Ⅱ比较,T2~T4时Ⅰ组SBP、DBP、HR明显降低(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组恶心、呛咳、躁动发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼可有效安全的用于巨大甲状腺肿保留自主呼吸清醒插管,与咪达唑仑复合靶控瑞芬太尼相比,血流动力学更稳定且有效的减少不良反应的发生率。     

PiCCO精细化监测评估右美托咪定对ARDS患者肺水肿的影响

目的通过脉搏指示持续心排血量(PiCCO)精细化监测评估右美托咪定对接受机械通气治疗的成人急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者肺水肿及血清学指标的影响。方法收集该院重症医学科住院的成人ARDS患者60例,采用随机数字表法将其分为右美托咪定组和丙泊酚组,每组30例。患者在充分镇痛基础上,分别给予右美托咪定(右美托咪定组)和丙泊酚(丙泊酚组)镇静治疗。所有患者行PiCCO监测,比较两组患者在予镇静治疗后第0 h、24 h、48 h和72 h时间点的氧合指数、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、肺血管通透性(PVPI)及血清学指标C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)。结果两组患者在年龄、性别、序贯器官衰竭评分(SOFA)和最初氧合指数等方面比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),所有患者能达到目标镇静效果。两组患者氧合指数随时间呈上升趋势。两组EVLWI、PVPI、CRP和PCT随时间呈下降趋势,但两组间变化趋势比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论使用右美托咪定镇静治疗可改善成人ARDS患者肺水肿情况及全身炎症反应,其改善程度不亚于丙泊酚。     

异丙酚、吗啡或普通镇静剂对重症监护病房患者全身炎症反应综合征影响的比较

目的 :比较异丙酚、吗啡或普通镇静药对于外科重症监护病房 (SICU)患者全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)、机械通气时间及住外科ICU时间的影响。方法 :采用前瞻性的研究方法。随机将 113例住SICU的常规非感染术后患者及急性创伤患者分为三组 ,A组使用异丙酚加芬太尼持续静脉泵入 ;B组使用吗啡持续静脉泵入 ;C组使用杜冷丁加安定间断肌肉注射。每 4h对患者进行Ram say镇静等级评分 ,每2 4h评价患者满足SIRS的项目。结果 :A组、B组分别与C组发生SIRS的情况有明显统计学差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,A组与B组发生SIRS的情况无明显统计学差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,A组较B组和C组能够明显缩短机械通气时间 (P <0 .0 1) ,减少住SICU时间 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :使用异丙酚加芬太尼或使用吗啡进行有效的ICU长程镇静和镇痛 ,可以明显减低机体对打击的应激反应 ,减少SIRS发生率。但使用异丙酚可以较吗啡和普通镇静、镇痛治疗明显缩短患者上机时间 ,减少患者住SICU的时间 ,从而有望减少呼吸机相关肺炎及院内感染的发生。     

Comparison of Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Patients after Cardiovascular Surgery

Many cardiovascular surgeries are fast-tracked to extubation and require short-term sedation. Dexmedetomidine and propofol have very different mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic profiles that make them attractive sedative agents in this patient population. Recently, there has been increased use of dexmedetomidine in the intensive care unit (ICU), but few studies exist or have been published directly comparing both agents in this setting. We conducted a retrospective cohort study with patients admitted to the ICU after cardiovascular surgery from January through June 2011. Adult patients who underwent coronary artery bypass and/or cardiac valve surgery received either dexmedetomidine or propofol continuous infusion for short-term sedation after cardiovascular surgery. The primary end point was time (hours) on mechanical ventilation after surgery. Secondary end points included ICU length of stay (LOS), hospital LOS, incidence of delirium, and requirement of a second sedative agent. A total of 352 patients met study inclusion criteria, with 33 enrolled in the dexmedetomidine group and 319 in the propofol group. Time on mechanical ventilation was shorter in the dexmedetomidine group (7.4 hours vs. 12.9 hours, P = .042). No difference was seen in ICU or hospital LOS. The need for a second sedative agent to achieve optimal sedation (24% vs. 27%, P = .737) and incidence of delirium (9% vs. 7.5%, P = .747) were similar between both groups. Sedation with dexmedetomidine resulted in a significant reduction in time on mechanical ventilation. However, no difference was seen in ICU or hospital LOS, incidence of delirium, or mortality.     

Resting Echocardiography for the Early Detection of Acute Coronary Syndromes in Chest Pain Unit Patients

Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of resting echocardiography to detect an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) before the occurrence of ischemic electrocardiogram (ECG) changes or troponin‐T elevations. Methods: Four hundred and three patients who presented to the emergency room (ER) with chest pain, normal ECGs, and normal troponin‐T levels were admitted to the cardiologist‐run Chest Pain Unit (CPU) for further monitoring. They underwent serial resting echocardiography for monitoring of left ventricle wall motion (LVWM), ECG telemetry monitoring, and serial troponin‐T measurements. Results: An ACS was detected in 49 patients (12.1%). These 49 patients were then subdivided into three different groups based on the initial mode of detection of their ACS. In group A, 16 of 49 (32.6%) patients had ACS shown by echocardiographic detection of LVWM abnormalities. In group B, 24 of 49 (48.9%) patients had an ACS detected by ischemic ECG changes. In group C, 9 of 49 (18.3%) patients had an ACS detected by troponin‐T elevations. The shortest time interval between CPU‐admission and ACS‐detection occurred in group A (A vs. B, P < 0.003; A vs. C, P < 0.0001). In group A, cardiac angiogram showed that the culprit coronary lesion was more frequent in the circumflex artery (11 out of 16; 68.7%) (LCx vs. LAD, P < 0.02; LCx vs. RCA, P < 0.001) and of these 11 patients with circumflex lesions, the ECG was normal in eight (72.7%) patients. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the utility of LVWM monitoring by serial echocardiography as part of a diagnostic protocol that can be implemented in a CPU. Furthermore, echocardiography could become an essential tool used in the diagnosis of ACS secondary to circumflex lesions. (Echocardiography 2010;27:597‐602)     

Safety of Gastroenterologist-Guided Sedation with Propofol for Upper Gastrointestinal Therapeutic Endoscopy in Elderly Patients Compared with Younger Patients

Background/Aims

Propofol sedation for elderly patients during time-consuming endoscopic procedures is controversial. Therefore, we investigated the safety of using propofol in elderly patients during upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopy.

Methods

The medical records of 160 patients who underwent therapeutic endoscopic procedures under gastroenterologist-guided propofol sedation at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. The subjects were divided into two groups: a younger group, patients <75 years old; and an elderly group, patients ≥75 years old. The two groups were compared with respect to the therapeutic regimen, circulatory dynamics, and presence/absence of discontinuation of propofol treatment.

Results

Although the number of patients with liver dysfunction was higher in the elderly group, there were no other significant differences in the baseline characteristics, including the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, between the elderly and younger groups. The average maintenance rate of continuous propofol infusion was lower in the elderly patients. No statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence of adverse events between the elderly and younger groups. None of the patients returned to a resedated state after the initial recovery from sedation.

Conclusions

Gastroenterologist-guided propofol sedation in elderly patients can be safely achieved in the same manner as that in younger patients, even for time-consuming upper gastrointestinal therapeutic endoscopic procedures.     

Magnetocardiography Predicts Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Acute Chest Pain

Background: The value of magnetocardiography (MCG) for the detection of cardiac electrical disturbances associated with myocardial ischemia was studied. Methods: Sensitivity and predictivity of admission MCG for the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) were prospectively evaluated in 264 consecutive patients presenting with acute chest pain and without ST‐segment elevation. MCG findings were compared with 12‐lead ECG, echocardiography (ECHO), and troponin‐I in a head‐to‐head design. Coronary angiography was used for CAD diagnosis. Results: The visual assessment of magnetocardiograms by the experienced reader (R1) was superior to that by the unexperienced reader (R2) and superior to the automated computer analysis. Specificity and positive predictive value of MCG by R1 were comparable with those of ECG and troponin‐I (>90%), while ECHO specificity and ECHO positive predictive value were lower (76.2% and 87.9%, respectively). Sensitivity and negative predictive value of MCG were twice as high as those in the ECG, troponin‐I, and ECHO tests. Conclusion: For the prediction of CAD in patients presenting with acute chest pain and without ST‐segment elevation, an admission MCG test was superior to an admission ECG, ECHO, and troponin‐I. The results of the study, however, are applicable only to a highly selected population comprising patients in whom immediate coronary angiography can be performed based on their clinical course in the hospital.     

Posttraumatic Stress and Complicated Grief in Family Members of Patients in the Intensive Care Unit

Background  Family members of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are at risk for mental health morbidity both during and after a patient’s ICU stay. Objectives  To determine prevalences of and factors associated with anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress and complicated grief in family members of ICU patients. Design  Prospective, longitudinal cohort study. Participants  Fifty family members of patients in ICUs at a large university hospital participated. Measurements  We used the Control Preferences Scale to determine participants’ role preferences for surrogate decision-making. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Impact of Event Scale, and Inventory of Complicated Grief to measure anxiety and depression (at enrollment, 1 month, 6 months), posttraumatic stress (6 months), and complicated grief (6 months). Results  We interviewed all 50 participants at enrollment, 39 (78%) at 1 month, and 34 (68%) at 6 months. At the three time points, anxiety was present in 42% (95% CI, 29–56%), 21% (95% CI, 10–35%), and 15% (95% CI, 6–29%) of participants. Depression was present in 16% (95% CI, 8–28%), 8% (95% CI, 2–19%), and 6% (95% CI, 1–18%). At 6 months, 35% (95% CI, 21–52%) of participants had posttraumatic stress. Of the 38% who were bereaved, 46% (95% CI, 22–71%) had complicated grief. Posttraumatic stress was not more common in bereaved than nonbereaved participants, and neither posttraumatic stress nor complicated grief was associated with decision-making role preference or with anxiety or depression during the patient’s ICU stay. Conclusions  Symptoms of anxiety and depression diminished over time, but both bereaved and nonbereaved participants had high rates of posttraumatic stress and complicated grief. Family members should be assessed for posttraumatic stress and complicated grief.     

异丙酚麻醉在胃镜检查中的安全性和风险评估

目的评估异内酚麻醉在胃镜检查中的安全性和风险因素。方法对我院2003年1月～2004年12月中门诊及住院自愿行异丙本分麻醉胃镜检查患者共4027例进行回顾性分析,按美国麻醉医师协会（ASA）的分级标准,其中ASAI～Ⅱ级2070例（I级1429例,Ⅱ级1244例）与ASAⅢ～Ⅳ级1357例（Ⅲ级1036例,Ⅳ级321例）。异肉酚的使用由麻醉师所控制,所有检查的患者均用多功能心电监测仪监测胃镜检查前、后的血氧饱和度、血压和心率的变化。结果ASAⅢ～Ⅳ级组和ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级组患者外周血氧饱和度低于90％的发生率分别为4．9％和2．7％,给了加大吸氧流量,或吸痰后部分患者得以纠正。同时降低平均动脉压和心率的发生率较高,但MAP〉25％和HR〉20％的发生率在ASAⅢ～Ⅳ级组却低于ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级组。结论异丙酚麻醉胃镜即使在具有高危因素的患者中也是安全可行的,但建议由麻醉师和胃肠病学家共同进行,同时在操作中应常规鼻导管吸氧,备好急救器械及药品,严密监测病人的生命指标。     

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Patients Treated in Medical Intensive Care Unit: Technical Considerations

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is used as a salvage therapy in refractory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although technological progress in the ECMO systems improved the survival rate, prognosis is still significantly worsened by acute kidney injury (AKI), particularly if renal replacement therapy (RRT) is required. There are no exact guidelines recommending which techniques of ECMO and continuous RRT (CRRT) should be used for management of AKI coexisting with respiratory or circulatory failure, and how to combine them. The aim of this review is to describe methods of CRRT and ECMO simultaneous application, and to present advantages of various technical approaches versus possible complications.