维持性透析与临床营养

慢性肾功能不全及维持性透析患者常并发蛋白质、能量营养不良,其原因包括代谢紊乱、激素异常、药物、原发疾病以及肾脏替代治疗多因素作用.患者营养不良状态可能影响康复和生活质量,并增加疾病的发生率和死亡率.因此,维持性透析患者必须摄入足够的蛋白质和能量,维持一个良好的营养状态.若出现营养不良,可对患者施行胃肠或胃肠外营养治疗.     

Nutrition in pediatric patients before liver transplantation

Malnutrition leading to growth failure is one of the main problems in maintainig children with chronic liver diseases. The pathogenesis of malnutrition is complex and includes reduced calorie intake, fat malabsorption, impaired protein metabolism and increased energy expenditure. The nutritional status is an important risk factor for survival post liver transplantation. Aggressive nutritional support with careful monitoring is essential, particularly where liver transplantation is considered. When the oral nutrition is inadequate, the enteral feeding with nocturnal intragastric tube should be started. In case of gastrointestinal intolerance, severe malnutrition and gastrointestinal bleeding, parenteral nutrition should be considered.     

Role of nutrition in liver transplantation for end-stage chronic liver disease

Patients with end-stage liver disease often reveal significant protein-energy malnutrition, which may deteriorate after listing for transplantation. Since malnutrition affects post-transplant survival, precise assessment must be an integral part of pre- and post-surgical management. While there is wide agreement that aggressive treatment of nutritional deficiencies is required, strong scientific evidence supporting nutritional therapy is sparse. In practice, oral nutritional supplements are preferred over parenteral nutrition, but enteral tube feeding may be necessary to maintain adequate calorie intake. Protein restriction should be avoided and administration of branched-chain amino acids may help yield a sufficient protein supply. Specific problems such as micronutrient deficiency, fluid balance, cholestasis, encephalopathy, and comorbid conditions need attention in order to optimize patient outcome.     

Assistance nutritionnelle dans la mucoviscidose pourquoi ? quels résultats ?

The prognosis in cystic fibrosis is related to nutritional status. While new enzyme preparations can be used to prepare suitable diets for these patients, the natural history of the disease and the progressive malnutrition may require nutritional support. This is essentially provided as nocturnal enteral feeding and occasionally by the parenteral route. Improvements are obtained not only in terms of anthropometric patterns but also in terms of ventilatory function. Nutritional support may be also extremely useful when preparing patients for transplantation.     

营养支持治疗在慢性肝功能衰竭病中效果观察

目的探究营养支持治疗在慢性肝衰竭上在治疗上的效果。方法对住入我院的40例慢性肝衰竭患者的营养状况进行综合的分析评价,对这些患者进行治疗时,以现代的内科综合治疗为主,再辅助以相对专业的营养支持治疗,结合患者自身情况选用肠内或肠外或者是两者相结合的方法进行具体的治疗。以生化指标的具体变化以及营养状况作为对比条件,对患者的情况进行治疗前后的比较,进而来判断其临床疗效到底如何。结果在未进行治疗的时候,40例患者中有38例都存在着营养不良的状况,但是这些患者营养不良的程度各自之间都有所差别,经过一段时间的治疗,其营养不良的现象均有所好转,只是好转的程度各有差异。结论在进行对慢性肝病患者的治疗时,要结合患者自身的不同差异,根据患者具体的病情以及病情的发展情况,采取适合于患者的营养支持方案,如果患者能够很好地再配合内科医生进行综合地治疗,就一定会取得相当好的疗效。     

维持性透析患者的营养干预

维持性透析患者普遍存在蛋白质-能量营养不良。营养不良与透析患者的患病率和死亡率密切相关。通过加强饮食指导,肠内营养和肠外营养干预能改善透析患者的营养状况,提高生存质量。     

不同营养方式对肝移植术后感染率的影响

目的 :对比不同营养方式下肝移植术后细菌、真菌感染率 ,与感染直接相关的病死率和感染部位分布等情况 ,寻找肝移植术后降低感染率方面更恰当的营养方式。　方法 :对 132例术前营养评估为中、重度营养不良的原位肝移植病人按时间段分为两组 ,第 1组 6 3例 ,术后实行全胃肠外营养 (TPN) 1周 ;第 2组 6 9例 ,术后第 2天起采取部分肠内营养 (EN)加肠外营养 (PN) ,再逐步向完全EN(TEN)过渡 ,比较两组病人细菌和真菌感染率、与感染直接相关的病死率和感染部位分布比例。　结果 :EN加PN组较TPN组病人肝移植术后真菌、细菌、肠道真菌和原发性血行细菌感染率均明显下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;EN加PN组与感染直接相关的病死率较TPN组有下降 ,但两组无显著差异(P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :对于术前合并中、重度营养不良的病人 ,肝移植术后早期应用EN加PN ,再逐步向TEN过渡的方法在预防感染方面明显优于TPN。     

Nutritional support in patients with systemic scleroderma

Systemic scleroderma often involves the gastrointestinal tract and can lead to significant malnutrition. Specialized home nutritional support was provided to five patients (one enteral and four parenteral) with restoration of adequate nutritional status, improved quality of life, and few metabolic or technical complications over a period of 12 to 86 months. Three patients eventually died of their disease, one was converted to an oral diet, and one patient remains dependent on total parenteral nutrition. This experience would recommend consideration of home nutritional support in patients with systemic scleroderma when the disease is relatively stable and no major organ failure is present.     

慢性肝病患者肠外肠内营养支持与膳食干预专家共识

肝脏是人体最重要的代谢器官，肝脏发生疾病时可出现复杂的营养素代谢改变和不同程度的营养不良（不足），而营养状态又反过来影响肝病的发生、发展和预后，形成恶性循环。营养支持（肠外营养支持、肠内营养支持、膳食干预）在慢性肝病患者（代偿期/失代偿期肝硬化、慢加急/亚急性肝衰竭、慢性肝衰竭）的治疗中起重要作用。但此领域缺少大样本、高质量的临床研究报告，且国内尚无有关临床诊疗的“共识”。从合理应用营养支持疗法，改善慢性肝病患者临床结局出发，本“共识”专家组系统总结相关文献，并结合我国慢性肝病的临床实践，完成此共识，以期为慢性肝病诊疗有关的医师、护士（师）、营养师、药剂师们提供临床参考。     

Nutritional recommendations in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a procedure necessitating the administration of high-dose chemoradiotherapy. This therapy may induce aggressive disruptions that can lead to special nutritional and metabolic conditions. These patients are at an increased risk for malnutrition in the phase before transplantation and afterward. Artificial nutrition, total parenteral nutrition in particular, is provided to patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to help minimize adverse nutritional consequences.     

器官移植患者的营养支持

器官移植患者的营养支持关系到移植器官的功能。近年来，本所将营养支持已应用于肝移植、肾移植、胰腺移植、小肠移植、骨髓移植、联合器官移植和多器官移植的患者身上，提高了手术成功率，治愈了术后严重并发症。营养支持分为移植前期、围手术期和移植后期进行。各期应按病情特点进行合理的肠外与肠内营养支持，做到个体化。谷氨酰胺、生长激素等特殊营养素对危重器官移植患者具有代谢调理和免疫调理作用。     

Nutritional issues in cirrhosis and liver transplantation

In the past year, some relevant papers on the mechanisms of malnutrition in cirrhosis have been published. Studies investigating the metabolic destiny of leucine after protein breakdown, which have contributed to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of muscle wasting and fat depletion in these patients, deserve particular mention. Also, the demonstration that chronically reducing hyperinsulinaemia in cirrhosis is able to improve insulin sensitivity opens novel pathogenic and therapeutic perspectives for such a metabolic derangement in these patients. Other papers dealt with unsaturated lipids, lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in chronic liver disease. However, randomized trials on parenteral or enteral nutrition in cirrhosis and liver transplantation are missing.     

慢性重症肝炎患者营养支持及疗效评价

目的: 评价慢性重症肝炎患者营养状况、营养支持及疗效。方法: 143例慢性重症肝炎患者,入院后进行SGA评估,明确营养状况。分三组,肝病综合治疗和肠内营养+肠外营养;综合治疗+肠外营养;综合治疗+肠内营养。监测0~6 w肝功能及营养指标变化,最后评价临床疗效。结果: 90%以上患者存在中重度营养不良。综合治疗+肠内和肠外营养方案改善肝功能(ALT、Tbil)及营养指标(TP、TC)效果最好,显效率明显高于另两组(P<0.05)。肠内营养略好于肠外营养方案。结论: 慢性重症肝炎患者多数存在营养不良。综合治疗的同时肠内+肠外营养支持疗效最好,应鼓励患者适量进食。     

Special commentary: a call for intensive metabolic support

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This special commentary addresses recent clinical reviews regarding appropriate nutrition and metabolic support in the critical care setting. RECENT FINDINGS: There are divergent approaches between North America and Europe for the use of early nutrition support and combined enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition support possibly due to the commercial availability of specific parenteral nutrients. The advent of intensive insulin therapy has changed the landscape of metabolic support in the intensive care unit, and previous notions about infective risk of parenteral nutrition will need to be re-addressed. Patients with brain failure may benefit from an intensive insulin therapy with a blood glucose target that is higher than that used in patients without brain failure. Patients with heart failure may benefit from the addition of nutritional pharmacology that targets proximate oxidative pathophysiological pathways. Intradialytic parenteral nutrition may be viewed as another form of supplemental parenteral nutrition when enteral nutrition is insufficient in patients on hemodialysis in the intensive care unit. SUMMARY: It is proposed that intensive metabolic support be routinely implemented in the intensive care unit based on the following steps: intensive insulin therapy with an appropriate blood glucose target, nutrition risk assessment, early and if needed combined enteral nutrition and parenteral nutrition to target 20-25 kcal/kg/day and 1.2-1.5 g protein/kg/day, and nutritional and metabolic monitoring.     

Prevalence of hospital malnutrition in Latin America: the multicenter ELAN study

OBJECTIVE: We determined the nutrition status and prevalence of malnutrition as determined by the Subjective Global Assessment in Latin America, investigated the awareness of the health team with regard to nutrition status, evaluated the use of nutritional therapy, and assessed the governmental policies regulating the practice of nutritional therapy in each country. METHODS: This cross-sectional, multicenter epidemiologic study enrolled 9348 hospitalized patients older than 18 y in Latin America. Student's t test and chi-square tests were used to analyze univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis, respectively. RESULTS: Malnutrition was present in 50.2% of the patients studied. Severe malnutrition was present in 11.2% of the entire group. Malnutrition correlated with age (>60 y), presence of cancer and infection, and longer length of hospital stay (P < 0.05). Fewer than 23% of the patients' records contained information on nutrition-related issues. Nutritional therapy was used in 8.8% of patients (6.3% enteral nutrition and 2.5% parenteral nutrition). Governmental policies ruling the practice of nutritional therapy exist only in Brazil and Costa Rica. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital malnutrition in Latin America is highly prevalent. Despite this prevalence, physicians' awareness of malnutrition is weak, nutritional therapy is not used routinely, and governmental policies for nutritional therapy are scarce.     

肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用

目的了解肠内营养在维护门静脉高压症术后患者肠道黏膜屏障功能中的作用和地位。方法40例门静脉高压症手术患者随机进入肠内(EN)或肠外营养(PN)组,术后分别接受肠内外营养,观察两种营养方式对患者内脏蛋白合成能力、肝功能及其储备、胃肠功能、内毒素水平、肠道细菌移位和乳果糖/甘露醇比值等方面的影响。结果两种营养方式均能改善患者的营养状况。EN术后并发症少,在刺激肠道蠕动,减轻内毒素水平,防止肠道菌群移位,维护肠黏膜屏障方面优于PN,且差异显著(P<0.05)。结论EN是维护此部分患者肠道黏膜免疫屏障功能稳定的有效方式。     

肝肠联合移植术后的代谢调控治疗

目的:探讨代谢调控治疗在肝肠联合移植病人术后的应用.方法:肝肠移植术后第1天开始给予全肠外营养添加谷氨酰胺双肽和精氨酸,术后第4天开始给予肠内营养添加谷氨酰胺和精氨酸,间歇应用生长激素四个疗程.根据肠功能的恢复情况,逐渐由肠外营养向肠内营养过渡.结果:移植器官功能恢复良好,术后30天病人能够较好地耐受肠内营养.结论:应用代谢调控治疗,有利于肝肠联合移植术后移植器官的功能恢复.     

消化道肿瘤病人围手术期营养支持

许多消化道肿瘤病人在围手术期存在代谢障碍,严重者可以并发营养不良.因此适时给予合理的营养支Ё持,特别是将肠外营养支持与肠内营养支持结合应用,可以更加有效地改善全身状况,降低手术后并发症的发生率和手术病死率.     

Stratégie de prise en charge nutritionnelle de l'enfant et de l'adolescent (Nutrition orale, entérale, parentérale)

Children are especially threatened by malnutrition, because of the high protein-energy cost of growth. Any nutritional deficiency is the source of protein energy malnutrition, which compounds the problems of underlying disease. The protein-energy cost of catch-up growth is particularly high, and should lead to a rigorous adjustment of nutritional supply to prevent metabolic disorders associated with refeeding syndrome (directly related to the homeostatic change secondary to severe protein energy malnutrition). If the gastrointestinal tract can be used for refeeding, it should be used (oral or enteral nutrition). When the gastrointestinal tract is unable to meet the protein and energy requirements, parenteral nutrition is required. Catch-up growth may be achieved by using appropriate nutritional support.     

肝移植的围手术期营养治疗

目的:探讨原位肝移植围手术期进行营养治疗的特点,评价营养治疗的效果.方法:对4例肝移植病人围手术期的营养状况、营养治疗方法和效果进行回顾性分析.结果:4例接受肝移植病人术前存在不同程度营养不良,术中易发生血糖波动、电解质紊乱,术后易出现高氨血症、低钾血症、精神障碍、血糖升高、液体超载、低蛋白血症等. 结论:营养支持对肝移植围手术期病人的康复起重要的作用.