模糊数学法在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

根据常见物料的自身特征及国内外评价堆肥腐熟度的相关标准,提出以堆肥高温期持续时间、C／N降解速率、NH3-N／NO3-N、种子发芽指数、NH3-N降解速率5个指标作为堆肥腐熟度的判别指标,并基于模糊数学方法建立腐熟程度的综合判别模型,然后利用该模型验证了分别以污水污泥和生活垃圾为物料的3种堆肥样品的腐熟度。结果表明,利用这5个指标,通过综合判别模型可以作为污泥（C／N初≥C／N终）、生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥腐熟程度通用的判别方法．判别结果合理且较符合实际。     

强制通风堆肥技术处理农村生活垃圾的可行性研究

对北京市海淀区北部新区农村生活垃圾中的有机成分进行3组不同物料配比的堆肥试验,在堆肥周期内对堆体的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究.结果表明:农村生活垃圾中的有机成分含水率偏高,不利于直接堆肥.采用强制通风静态好氧堆肥,堆肥过程中温度、含水率、体积、pH、电导率、碳氮比的变化与一般堆肥过程各参数的变化规律相似,...     

调理剂对城市粪便垃圾堆肥的影响

采用静态仓考察添加不同调理剂的粪便和垃圾混合堆肥过程的物理化学性质.结果表明:相对于锯末、干树叶和稻壳,玉米秸秆可以调节生活垃圾与粪便混合堆料孔隙率和堆料结构强度,是最合适的调理剂.主发酵期堆肥含水率降低较多,腐熟期变化较小.孔隙大的堆料结构和高温有利于含水率下降.堆肥初期有酸化现象,添加2%石灰调节pH可以避免严重酸...     

果蔬垃圾好氧堆肥小试研究

为了探索果蔬垃圾的就地处理模式,研发加工了1套处理能力为2 t/d的果蔬垃圾好氧堆肥处理设备,并进行了小试工艺研究。实验表明,经过破碎和压榨组合脱水预处理后,果蔬垃圾的含水率由90%以上降低到60%左右。含水率的降低不仅减少了后续的好氧堆肥的负荷,还使好氧堆肥主发酵阶段的周期从1个月缩短为7 d左右。主发酵产物再经过21 d左右的二次发酵,能够得到完全腐熟的肥料。破碎压榨组合脱水预处理结合好氧堆肥处理工艺能够在源头实现果蔬垃圾的无害化、减量化和资源化,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。     

北京市生活垃圾堆肥适宜性的判别分析

分2-3次随机采集北京市城八区的5个垃圾转运站及宣武区、丰台区8个功能区共48个生活垃圾样品，分别测定垃圾的有机质含量、含水率、密度、pH和C／N指标，用Fisher判别法初步评价48个垃圾样品堆肥的适宜性并建立堆肥适宜性的判别函数。用小武基和马家楼转运站筛分后粒径15～60mm的垃圾堆肥适宜性的判别函数进行检验，准确率达100％，8周堆肥的腐熟度指标变化验证了判别函数。通过判别函数推出决定垃圾堆肥的主要因素为垃圾的含水率和C／N。     

灰色关联分析法在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

堆肥腐熟度的评价指标很多,但以单个指标评价腐熟度显然是不够全面的.而采用多个指标的综合性评价必须要有一定的评价标准,目前我国尚缺乏统一的评价标准.以美国加利福尼亚州堆肥质量委员会(CCQC)提出的腐熟度评价标准为依据,参考国内堆肥腐熟度评价方法,制定出一套新的堆肥腐熟度评价标准.并通过灰色关联分析法综合性地判别堆肥腐熟度.     

CJJ/T52—93城市生活垃圾好氧静态堆肥处理技术规程

CJJ/T52-93城市生活垃圾好氧静态堆肥处理技术规程为建设部1993年1月28日批准发布的城镇建设工程行业标准,并要求于1993年8月1日起施行.标准规定了有关的术语,对堆肥原料提出了要求,提出了好氧静态堆肥工艺类型,并对堆肥厂(场)的环境、生产工艺检测做了规定.主要内容如下:1 堆肥原料 标准中规定,堆肥原料应是城市生活垃圾.进仓原料的含水率应为40%～60%;有机物含量为20%～60%;碳氮比(C/N)为20/1～30/1;重金属含量指标应符合现行国家标准《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》的规定.堆肥原料中严禁混入有毒工业制品及其残弃物,有毒试剂和药品,有化学反应并产生有害物质的物品,有腐蚀性或放射性的物质,易燃易爆等危险品,生物危险品和医院垃圾,及其它严重污染环境的物质.2 好氧静态堆肥工艺 标准中提出好氧堆肥工艺类型可分为1次性发酵和2次性发酵,并有发酵工艺流程示意图(见图1、图2).同时对1次性发酵工艺和2次性发酵工艺作了具体规定,并对堆肥发酵周期和发酵条件以及堆肥制品作了规定.标准指出,堆肥制品必须符合现行国家标准《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》的现定,堆肥制品可按用途分别制成初级堆肥、腐熟堆肥和专用堆肥等不同品级.     

桂林市垃圾堆肥处理现状及改进对策

通过对桂林市平山堆肥厂城市生活垃圾收运、垃圾产生量与组分特征、高温厌氧堆肥工艺与堆肥产品的分析,得出在目前工艺技术和环卫管理条件下堆肥质量难以满足GB 8172-1987城镇垃圾农用控制指标,提出了改善堆肥品质、提高堆肥商品性的建议.     

生活垃圾生物稳定化处理效果研究

以广州市番禺区猛涌村生活垃圾为研究对象,采用生物稳定化技术,通过12d高温发酵,12d后熟化,12d最终熟化的堆肥方式来处理研究,结果表明：温度能达到60℃至少10d以上,使堆肥无害化;水分在堆肥结束时为29．7％,pH为7．87,水溶性碳（wsc）为4．45g／kg,堆肥腐熟度好。浸提液NH3-N浓度为15．1mg／L,是峰值（93．8mg／L）的16．1％;COD浓度1770mg／L,为峰值（16266mg／L）的10．9％,生活垃圾污染潜力大大消减,稳定性提高。筛分后的堆肥产品,总养分含量（N＋P20,＋K：0）超过4％。     

堆肥化技术对生活垃圾预处理效果的研究

研究的目的是探索垃圾综合处理中采用堆肥化工艺对高含水率和高有机物混合垃圾的发酵预处理作用。试验模拟生活垃圾高温好氧堆肥的过程,测定堆肥化过程中与预处理有关的性状变化指标。试验结果表明堆肥化过程对原生垃圾可以显著减量和降解有机物及降低含水率,同时可适度提高垃圾发热量和降低浸出液中氨氮浓度。堆肥预处理的应用在垃圾综合处理中将有助于提高焚烧效率,延长填埋场使用年限及降低渗滤液处理的难度。     

城市垃圾堆肥有机碳测定方法的比较

探讨垃圾堆肥中混杂的未烧尽的煤炭对有机碳测定造成的干扰。方法：采用经典的Ｋ２Ｃｒ２Ｏ７容量法和稀释热法垃圾堆肥有机碳进行了比较测定。结果和结论：稀释热法可减少垃圾中的煤炭对分析结果的影响。     

Composition of toxicants and other constituents in yard or sludge composts from the same community as a function of time-of-waste-collection

Samples of yard waste compost and sewage sludge compost were analyzed for toxic and nutrient elements and PCBs to assess variations in their concentrations as a function of the time of delivery of the initial organic material to the same composting site. In general, the variations in composition found were remarkably small. Generally, the samples of sludge compost were higher in Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Na, P, Pb, S, Se, Zn, and PCBs than those of the yard waste compost. The latter was higher in Cr, Ni, K, Mg, and Si. Possible factors affecting compost composition are discussed.     

Prevalence of asbestos in composted waste from 26 communities in the United States

Composting of yard waste, sewage sludge and municipal solid waste (MSW) for subsequent application to soils in agricultural, horticultural and recreational areas is being promoted nationwide. Since asbestos is a common contaminant in sewage sludge, an analytical survey was conducted for the presence of asbestos in composts collected from 26 communities nationwide resulting from sludge as well as yard waste and municipal solid waste. Asbestos was detected in 12 of the 26 composts or 46%. Asbestos was most consistently present in compost resulting from source material containing MSW and to a lesser extent sewage sludge rather than yard waste. The possible origins of asbestos in the compost source material, the mechanisms by which humans may be exposed, and the health significance are discussed.     

Thermal Inactivation of Acid-Adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Dairy Compost

Abstract It is well documented that stress-adapted microorganisms can develop cross-resistance to other unrelated stress. This study was designed to evaluate the thermal resistance of acid-adapted Escherichia coli O157:H7 in both fresh and finished dairy composts. A three-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7, either acid-adapted or non-adapted (control), was inoculated into dairy compost to a final concentration of approximately 10(7) CFU/g. The inoculated compost was kept in an environmental chamber which was programmed to raise temperature from room to target temperatures (50°C, 55°C, and 60°C) in 2 days, simulating the early phase of composting. In fresh dairy compost with 2 days of come-up time, acid-adapted and control E. coli O157:H7 survived for 19 and 17 days at 50°C, respectively, and 6 and 4 days for both types of culture at 55°C and 60°C, respectively. Overall, pathogen survival was non-significant (p>0.05) between control and acid-adapted cultures at all tested temperatures. In finished compost, the same trend in pathogen survival between control and acid-adapted cultures was observed at 55°C. However, the duration of survival for both cultures was short in comparison to that in fresh compost. In fresh compost with short come-up time (15?min), acid-adaptation provided E. coli O157:H7 some cross-protection to heat at 55°C up to 30?min of exposure. The effect of heating medium on thermal resistance of acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 revealed that in saline, acid-adapted E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated slower (p<0.05) with 0.5 and 1?h of heat exposure at 55°C as compared to control culture. Our results revealed that cross-protection against heat in E. coli O157:H7 due to acid-adaptation was demonstrated in saline but lost in fresh dairy compost with 2 days of come-up time during composting. Additionally, the type of compost and heating medium can influence the rate of pathogen inactivation at composting temperatures.     

Survey of toxicants and nutrients in composted waste materials

Currently, there is much activity in composting yard wastes (leaves, twigs, grass), sewage sludge and portions of municipal solid wastes (MSW) in the United States. The resultant compost is typically applied to agricultural or recreational land. A nationwide analytical survey was therefore conducted of 21 toxic and nutrient elements, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and gamma emission in 26 composts sampled nationwide in 1991. Those composts produced solely from sludge or MSW tended to be higher in metals such as Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn as compared to totally yard waste compost. Molybdenum, P and Se were higher in composted sewage sludge and Na and Pb in composted MSW than in yard waste compost. PCBs and gamma emission were low or not detectable in most compost samples. Shards of metal and glass found particularly in MSW-containing composts would detract from its application especially in recreational areas. References dealing with the reactions of metals in composts and environmental effects of compost application to land are cited.     

Current-use and Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Biodegradable Fraction of Source Separated Household Waste,Compost, and Anaerobic Digestate

Several current-use (≤80 ng g⁻¹ dry weight) and organochlorine pesticides (≤15 ng g⁻¹ dry weight) and polychlorinated biphenyls (≤18 ng g⁻¹ dry weight) were found in the biodegradable fraction of source separated household waste, compost, and/or anaerobic digestate. The degradation rates of individual compounds differ depending on the treatment. Dieldrin and pentachloroaniline, e.g., degrade more rapidly than the waste is mineralized and accumulates in the products after all treatments. Many organochlorines degrade at the same rate as the waste and have the same concentrations in the waste and products. Chlorpyrifos degrades slower than the waste and accumulates in all products and ethion during anaerobic digestion. The polychlorinated biphenyls and some pesticides show different degradations rates relative the waste during different processes. Understanding the degradation of the contaminants under different conditions is necessary to develop quality criteria for the use of compost and digestate.     

静态好氧堆肥处理城市生活垃圾的工艺特性

生活垃圾堆肥装置——好氧静态立式发酵仓具有温度控制、通风自动控制系统。用该装置对城市生活垃圾进行了堆肥试验，对堆肥过程的温度、pH值、含水率、耗氧量和有机质等参数进行监测，表明堆肥过程能顺利进行，堆肥产品的卫生指标符合国家标准；堆肥过程中含水率和有机质VS含量明显减少；通过对堆肥的通风加热，能加快温度提升，加快堆肥过程。