经上颌窦手术入路的应用解剖

目的 研究上颌窦区域的解剖特点,为经上颌入路至颅底中央区提供相关解剖学资料.方法 8例10%福尔马林固定的成人头部标本,显微镜下解剖上颌窦,观察上颌窦各壁有关解剖结构的毗邻关系.结果 上颌窦有5个壁,重要解剖标志有眶下孔、尖牙窝、颧上颌点、眶下血管神经束、上颌窦窦口和筛上颌板等,上颌窦后外壁呈三角形,打开其内侧部是翼腭窝,眶下血管神经束走行于外侧壁与上壁交界处.筛上颌板位于上颌窦内上壁的后部与后筛窦之间.结论 熟悉上颌窦区域的解剖特点,在颅底手术入路中可以减少有关解剖结构的损伤.     

比格犬上颌窦的应用解剖

目的探讨比格犬上颌窦正常解剖,为与上颌窦有关的动物实验提供解剖学依据。方法收集16个比格犬上颌窦,利用锥形束投照计算机重组断层影像(CBCT)扫描,并完成局部解剖,详细观察上颌窦形态、位置、容积、自然窦口位置及与周围组织的毗邻关系。另购买2只健康成年比格犬,利用CBCT确定上颌窦窦底,经腭侧开窗,显露软组织,夹取该位点黏膜行组织学检查,光学显微镜下验证所夹取黏膜是否为上颌窦黏膜。结果比格犬上颌窦形状略似锥形,前部较窄,后部宽大,位于上颌第3前磨牙与第1磨牙之间的腭侧,四周均有骨壁包绕。于第4前磨牙远中牙尖腭侧,距腭中缝约17~18mm处可见上颌窦最低点。同一个体双侧对比,差异无统计学意义。结论比格犬双侧上颌窦无明显差异,有利于上颌窦相关研究进行随机分组;窦腔内无明显骨嵴或分隔,降低窦黏膜穿孔的危险;行上颌窦外提升时,结合CBCT于上颌窦最低点经腭侧骨板开窗是最佳的术式。     

上颌窦与上颌后牙的位置关系及临床意义

目的为上颌牙种植术等临床口腔外科提供解剖学基础。方法选取新鲜上颌骨标本10例20侧、成人全牙上颌骨标本18例36侧和20名全牙志愿者,分别暴露出上颌窦粘膜、上颌窦与上颌后牙牙根和CT连续扫描后进行三维重建。观察上颌窦的形态及其下壁的骨性和粘膜结构,用游标卡尺和CT三维重建工作站分别测量上颌后牙牙根至上颌窦下壁的距离。结果上颌窦呈三边形或四边形的锥体形腔隙,其下壁常有凸起的骨隔和粘膜隔。上颌磨牙的近中颊根至上颌窦的距离均较舌根、远中颊根近,由近及远依次为近中颊根、舌根和远中颊根。在标本及影像上的第1前磨牙、第2前磨牙、第1磨牙、第2磨牙、第3磨牙牙根至上颌窦下壁的距离分别为(9.30±2.64)mm和(9.50±2.72)mm、(4.50±1.98)mm和(4.60±1.95)mm、(2.02±0.91)mm和(2.18±0.96)mm、(2.06±1.04)mm和(2.26±1.20)mm、(3.74±1.73)mm和(3.82±1.84)mm。结论(1)上颌后牙至上颌窦的距离以第1磨牙最近,由近及远依次为第1磨牙、第2磨牙、第3磨牙、第2前磨牙和第1前磨牙。(2)对选择适宜长度的牙种植体,避免牙种植体误入上颌窦等具有重要意义。     

在口腔种植上颌窦提升中植骨材料与影像学和器械应用的研究进展

背景：近年,上颌窦提升中是否使用及如何使用骨替代材料问题存在争议,器械及影像学的发展极大的推动了上颌窦提升的临床应用及术式的改良,新术式的不断报道也促进了上颌窦提升的成熟与发展。 目的：总结上颌窦提升在材料研究库、牙颌面专用锥形束CT及超声骨刀在临床中的应用等方面的新进展。 方法：由第一作者检索2000/2010 PubMed数据、SCI数据库、维普数据库及万方数据库有关上颌窦提升植骨材料、影像学应用及器械的应用、术式改良等方面的文献。 结果与结论：上颌窦提升在材料学、影像学及设备学上的发展将为口腔种植在术前诊断测量、手术设计、预后分析等方面提供更为科学的服务。目前的不足及有待解决的问题有：在上颌窦提升中植骨材料的选择及应用方面,由于植骨后观察时间不足还未能得出较有效和有力的比较;不使用植骨材料的观点和效果需更多研究及实验的验证;牙颌面专用锥形束CT只是硬组织的三维成像,不能得到黏膜等软组织的状态及观察测量信息,还有待研究发展;超声骨刀的出现较新,今后在器械工作头的选择及操作技巧方面还有待做进一步的探讨改进和临床实践。     

上颌神经的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的　为翼腭窝内上颌神经手术提供解剖依据。 方法　在15个成人头颅部标本中解剖观测上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁、正中矢状面的距离,观察上颌神经与上颌动脉的关系。 结果　上颌神经出圆孔处到鼻腔外侧壁的距离为（13.78±2.18）mm;距正中矢状面的距离为（17.89±2.67）mm 。上颌神经与上颌动脉的位置关系是：63.3％动脉位于神经的外下方,37.7％在神经下方。 上颌神经与上颌动脉之间的距离为 （7.68±1.35）mm（6.60~11.10 mm）。 结论　本研究可为上颌神经手术提供解剖学参数。     

以有限元法仿真分析闭合式上颌窦提升的黏膜形变

背景：如何避免闭合式上颌窦提升种植治疗中医源性上颌窦黏膜穿孔等并发症成为近年研究的热点。 目的：以有限元法比较闭合式上颌窦提升种植治疗中不同上颌窦黏膜厚度对黏膜穿孔的影响。 方法：在ANSYS有限元分析软件的SHELL63单元中分别建立0.3,0.5,0.8 mm厚度上颌窦黏膜与4.2 mm直径种植体的有限元模型,模拟闭合式上颌窦提升手术抬高黏膜,根据大变形非线性理论计算3种厚度上颌窦黏膜中心Von Mises最大应力值,并进行统计学分析。 结果与结论：通过对3种厚度上颌窦黏膜提升1-5 mm的形变与应力分析,发现上颌窦黏膜高变形区发生在黏膜顶端中心,在黏膜提升1-4 mm时,最大应变值曲线变化温和,在大于4 mm高度后曲线斜率明显增加;在上颌窦黏膜提升5 mm之内,0.3,0.5,0.8 mm 3种厚度黏膜中心最大Von Mises应力值差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。提示上颌窦黏膜提升高度大于4 mm之后,黏膜弹性拉伸大幅增加,增大了穿孔的概率;对于上颌窦黏膜厚度为0.3-0.8 mm需要进行闭合式上颌窦提升治疗的患者,其所面对的黏膜穿孔风险是无差别的;而上颌窦黏膜厚度小于0.3 mm的患者,要更加慎重地选择上颌窦提升方案以防止黏膜穿孔的发生。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程全文链接：     

超短种植体在上颌后牙区骨量严重不足中的应用

背景：目前大量研究证实短种植体与常规种植体的成功率无明显差异,但对于超短种植体应用在上颌后牙骨量严重不足中的临床效果并不明确。目的：短期观察超短种植体应用在上颌后牙区骨量严重不足中的临床效果。方法：纳入18例上颌后牙骨量严重不足患者,其中男10例,女8例,年龄25-68岁,平均余留牙槽骨高度为3.19 mm,均进行超短种植体植入结合上颌窦内提升治疗。通过用锥形束CT观察种植体修复后12 个月的骨结合能力,以及种植体周围边缘骨水平变化的情况。结果与结论：18例患者均完成12个月随访,植入的21颗种植体均获得良好骨结合,完成义齿修复,均未发生软组织炎症。随访修复后12个月,21枚种植体近、远中边缘骨高度变化分别为(-0.21±0.78),(-0.16±0.55) mm;种植体近、远中边缘骨高度与修复后即刻比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明在上颌后牙骨量严重不足的情况中应用超短种植体可取得良好的骨结合,同时能够维持种植体边缘骨量稳定,但仍需长期临床观察。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程     

筛窦区手术入路断层解剖学研究及其意义

目的　为筛窦区新型手术的开展提供解剖学依据。 方法　在大体解剖学研究的基础上,应用改进的火棉胶包埋技术对前颅底区域进行连续的三维薄切片,通过两者的有机结合,深入研究筛窦区域精细的解剖结构与复杂的毗邻关系。 结果　对筛窦区域解剖结构与毗邻关系显示良好精确：眶内侧壁（纸样壁）厚度左侧为（0.35±0.089）mm,右侧为（0.36±0.086）mm;鼻小柱到上颌窦开口距离左侧为（39.1±2.4）mm,右侧为（40.0±2.5）mm;筛窦中鼻道开口到筛顶壁距离左侧为（12.0±1.0）mm,右侧为（11.8±　1.1）mm。 结论　经筛窦区自然腔道行筛内、颅前窝、眶内及视神经管手术,安全可行。     

上牙槽后动脉与上颌窦底、牙槽嵴位置关系的解剖学研究

目的 探讨上牙槽后动脉(PSAA)与上颌窦底、牙槽嵴顶的位置关系,为上颌窦底提升术等临床口腔外科相关手术提供解剖学依据。方法 2015年6—12月,对10%甲醛溶液固定的10侧成人头颅湿标本的PSAA进行解剖,观察PSAA的走行特点。分别以上颌窦底、牙槽嵴顶为参照面分为上颌窦底组、牙槽嵴顶组,以上颌第二、第一磨牙和上颌第二、第一前磨牙为标志点,分别测量PSAA与上颌窦底、牙槽嵴顶的距离。结果 PSAA由上颌动脉进入翼腭窝前发出,沿上颌骨体颞下面下行,发出分支与上牙槽后神经伴行进入牙槽孔;继而在上颌体内或上颌窦黏膜外经过上颌第二磨牙、上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二前磨牙、上颌第一前磨牙的根尖上方呈弓形向前上内走行,并发出分支止于上颌磨牙及前磨牙牙槽突颊侧牙根和黏膜。PSAA在上颌第二磨牙、上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二前磨牙、上颌第一前磨牙处与牙槽嵴顶的平均距离逐渐加大,分别为(15.57±0.53) mm、(16.07±0.30) mm、(18.96±0.43) mm、(21.27±0.61) mm,与上颌窦底的平均距离逐渐加大,分别为(6.68±0.26)mm、(7.26±0.34) mm、(8.54±0.45) mm、(9.81±0.43) mm,差异均有统计学意义(P值均＜0.05)。结论 PSAA在由上颌第二磨牙向上颌第一前磨牙的走行过程中,与上颌窦底和牙槽嵴顶的距离均在上颌第二磨牙处最短,与上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二前磨牙、上颌第一前磨牙的距离逐渐加大,准确测量PSAA在不同标志点与上颌窦底、牙槽嵴顶间的距离,为临床口腔外科相关手术提供可靠的解剖学依据,有助于减少术中PSAA的损伤。     

上颌窦窦口的形态观察及其临床意义

目的：为了指导鼻内窥镜下功能性上颌窦手术。方法：对６０个头部标本（男３４，女２６）１２０侧进行了上颌窦口及其毗邻结构的观察测量。结果：上颌窦鼻通道的鼻开口口径为平均３．８ｍｍ，上颌窦通道长度为５．６ｍｍ，鼻内开口到前鼻棘连线与鼻底平面夹角为４５．２°，前鼻棘至鼻内开口的距离为３７．０ｍｍ，下鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１９．５ｍｍ，中鼻甲前端至鼻内开口距离为１４．６ｍｍ。结论：上颌窦窦口为管状通道，该处的病变可以导致窦腔炎症，可以进行内窥镜下窦口扩大术，术中应避免损伤眼眶及鼻泪管。     

锥束CT三维重建技术在评估上颌窦底提升高度与提升容积关系的应用

目的:探讨患者上颌窦底提升高度(AH)的不同所对应的容积变化规律,为临床评估上颌窦外提升所需骨移植材料的容积提供参考。方法:回顾性研究。纳入2018年10月—2020年4月蚌埠医学院第二附属医院口腔科50例上颌后牙缺失患者的锥束CT(CBCT)影像资料,其中男24例、女26例,年龄40～78(58.3±12.3)岁。利...     

Anatomic evaluation of maxillary sinus septa: Surgery and radiology

The anatomical structure of the maxillary sinus is fundamental to maxillofacial surgery. The presence of septa, located at the inner surface of the maxillary sinus, increases the risk of sinus membrane perforation during sinus elevation for dental implant surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of maxillary sinus septa.Data in this study was obtained from a total of 205 cases. One hundred and seventy‐seven patients were partially edentulous (PE) whereas 28 patients had no teeth. Dental computerized tomography (dental CT) was used in the assessment of 410 sinus segments (205 left and 205 right segments). The prevalence of sinus segments with septa was found to be 145/410. Septa were detected in 91 of the 177 PE cases. There were a total of 26 septa in 18 of the 28 completely edentulous (CE) cases. A total of 165 septa were detected in these segments. The prevalence of septa was 46.4% (26/56) in the CE, and 39.2% (139/354) in the PE segments. Thirty septa were found in the anterior, 110 in the middle and 25 in the posterior region. All detected septa were located mediolateral direction. Their relative position: lateral, middle or medial were also noted. The height measurements of the septa varied amongst the different positions. In view of the fact that septa of various heights and courses can develop in all parts of the maxillary sinus, timely and adequate assessment of the inner aspect of the maxillary sinus is essential to avoid complications during sinus augmentation procedures. Clin. Anat. 22:563–570, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Arterial blood supply of the maxillary sinus.

Knowledge of the arterial supply of the maxillary sinus region is essential for surgical treatment in this area (e.g., implantation of grafting materials, repair of injuries, sinus floor elevation). The goal of this study was to describe the arterial architecture of the maxillary sinus region in respect to sinus lift procedures. In 18 unfixed human cadavers, the arterial vessels of the head were injected with a mixture of latex and barium sulfate. Afterward, the arteries entering the maxilla were prepared. The number and calibers as well as anastomoses were carefully documented. In addition, we measured the distance between the alveolar ridge and the lower main branches. The arterial supply of the maxilla originated from the posterior superior alveolar artery as well as from the infraorbital artery. In all specimens we found an intraosseous anastomosis between these two vessels. The oral mucosa in the area of interest is supplied by the posterior superior alveolar artery and the infraorbital artery, and an extraosseous anastomosis was found in 44% of our cases. The two anastomoses build up a double arterial arcade, supplying the lateral wall of the antrum and parts of the alveolar process.     

上颌窦底骨分隔对内提升术后成骨效果的影响

目的　上颌窦骨分隔被认为是上颌窦内提术的相对禁忌症,文中旨在探讨上颌窦底骨分隔对内提升术后成骨效果的影响。 方法　收集上颌窦底骨分隔需内提升进行种植的患者7例（有分隔组）,另随机选取上颌窦无分隔需进行内提升的患者8例（无分隔组）,共15例,利用CBCT(Cone Beam Computed Tomography)和Simplant软件对植体周围骨高度及骨密度进行测量,采用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。 结果　有分隔组及无分隔组的提升高度,植体根尖高度差,颊侧高度差,根尖区骨密度,颊侧骨密度的对比,P值均大于0.05,两组结果差异无统计学意义。 结论　上颌窦底骨分隔内提升术后的成骨效果无明显影响。     

Maxillary Sinus Anatomy: A Cadaveric Study With Clinical Implications

This study measured maxillary sinus volume, evaluated the location of the semilunar hiatus in correlation to the nasal floor, and the incidence, location, and height of antral septa and discusses their clinical implications. Maxillary sinus volume was quantified in 65 cadavers (130 sinuses) by water application through the semilunar hiatus and measuring the used amount. The location of the semilunar hiatus was identified as distance from the nasal floor. The septa were counted, evaluated, and the size measured from the antral floor. The medium maxillary sinus volume was 12.5 mL (range, 5–22 mL). The medium location of the semilunar hiatus was 25.6 mm above the nasal floor (range, 18–35 mm). Thirty‐five septa were counted in 130 maxillary sinuses. This equals an incidence of 27%. The medium height of the septa was 5.4 mm (2.5–11 mm). The main location of the septa was the region of the first molar (29%), the second molar (23%), and the second premolar (23%). The height, location, and number of septa as well as the height of the semilunar hiatus and volume of the maxillary sinus have to be taken into consideration to correctly plan the procedure and amount of grafting material in maxillary sinus floor elevation operations. Anat Rec, 292:352–354, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

The Relationships of the Maxillary Sinus With the Superior Alveolar Nerves and Vessels as Demonstrated by Cone‐Beam CT Combined With μ‐CT and Histological Analyses

There are no available detailed data on the three‐dimensional courses of the human superior alveolar nerves and vessels. This study aimed to clarify the relationships of the maxillary sinus with the superior alveolar nerves and vessels using cone‐beam computed tomography (CT) combined with μ‐CT and histological analyses. Digital imaging and communication in medicine data obtained from the scanned heads/maxillae of cadavers used for undergraduate/postgraduate dissection practice and skulls using cone‐beam CT were reconstructed into three‐dimensional (3D) images using software. The 3D images were compared with μ‐CT images and histological sections. Cone‐beam CT clarified the relationships of the maxillary sinus with the superior alveolar canals/grooves. The main anterior superior alveolar canal/groove ran anteriorly through the upper part of the sinus and terminated at the bottom of the nasal cavity near the piriform aperture. The main middle alveolar canal ran downward from the upper part of the sinus to ultimately join the anterior one. The main posterior alveolar canal ran through the lateral lower part of the sinus and communicated with the anterior one. Histological analyses demonstrated the existence of nerves and vessels in these canals/grooves, and the quantities of these structures varied across each canal/groove. Furthermore, the superior dental nerve plexus exhibited a network that was located horizontally to the occlusal plane, although these nerve plexuses appeared to be the vertical network that is described in most textbooks. In conclusion, cone‐beam CT is suggested to be a useful method for clarifying the superior alveolar canals/grooves including the nerves and vessels. Anat Rec, 299:669–678, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia in Turkish individuals: a retrospective review using computed tomography

The absence of a maxillary or sphenoid sinus in an adult is an extremely rare condition. We investigated maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia in adult Turkish individuals using computed tomography (CT). We examined CT scans in the axial and coronal planes of the paranasal sinuses in 1,526 patients. The CT scans of a 21-year-old male were notable for bilateral maxillary sinus aplasia. Another patient, a 20-year-old female, had CT scans that showed the unilateral absence of a maxillary sinus. Two additional cases showed the unilateral absence of one sphenoid sinus. Bilateral absence of the sphenoid sinuses was not observed in our study. The clinical implications of maxillary and sphenoid sinus aplasia will be further discussed.     

计算机辅助种植导航手术在上颌前磨牙区的应用

背景：计算机辅助设计制造的手术导板辅助的不翻瓣种植导航能准确地将种植体植入到术前设计位置,在计算机制造的牙颌模型上手工制作的导板同样能够用在牙槽骨萎缩患者的种植修复中。 目的：观察利用自制导板对骨宽度萎缩的上颌前磨牙缺失患者实施不翻瓣种植导航手术临床效果,评价此种方法的临床应用可行性。 方法：8例可用骨宽度不充足的上颌前磨牙缺失并需要进行种植义齿修复患者共计10颗患牙,平均前磨牙区牙槽骨高度为(13.45±1.67) mm。通过颅颌面CT扫描、三维重建分析以及快速成型模型模拟手术分析,膜片热压成形方法制作手术导板,精确测量种植区域可用牙槽骨长度、宽度、高度及角度。 结果与结论：种植导板固位力合适,取戴方便。与模型模拟手术比较,10颗缺失牙术后种植体植入位置准确,无上颌窦底黏膜穿通、骨壁侧穿、邻牙损伤等并发症,植入手术平均用时为(17.0±5.8) min。除1例患者因上颌窦黏膜下存有断根植入10 mm长种植体外,其余患者种植体植入长度均>13 mm。患者术后仅有轻度肿痛。植入后3~6个月行烤瓷冠修复。提示在种植手术导板的引导下,应用不翻瓣种植导航手术可将种植体准确植入到可用骨宽度不足的上颌前磨牙缺失患者术前预设计位置,表明其在牙槽骨萎缩、可用骨宽度不足患者治疗中具有较为明显的技术优势与广阔的应用前景。     

藏酋猴上颌窦的应用解剖

目的 通过对藏酋猴上颌窦的应用解剖,为上颌窦的临床应用提供形态学依据。方法 对6只藏酋猴的12侧上颌窦进行大体解剖,从整体和局部对上颌窦的位置、形态,窦腔与眶、鼻腔和口腔的结构进行观察和测量。结果 藏酋猴的上颌窦位于上颌骨体内,由前、后窦构成。后窦位于前窦的后方,窦腔较小。前窦和人的上颌窦类似,位于第1前臼齿至第2臼齿及相应骨腭的上方,毗邻眶、鼻腔、口腔,窦腔较大且形态无异常;窦腔与眶间骨质较薄,有鼻泪管连通,其管径为(4.31±0.10)mm、长度为(15.89±0.31)mm;窦腔底与鼻腔间有大且恒定的上颌窦裂孔,自然状态下裂孔长度(12.59±0.46)mm、高度(1.01±0.12)mm;向上牵拉海绵状血管球可使裂孔高度增大到(11.14±1.44)mm;窦腔与口腔间骨质最厚处位于第1前臼齿根尖的上方,厚度为(6.20±0.20)mm,最薄处位于第2臼齿根尖的上方,厚度为(1.57±0.23)mm,窦底最低处位于第1、2臼齿间。同一个体双侧对比,差异无统计学意义。结论 藏酋猴上颌窦的形态结构特点,适合于作为动物模型,应用于人类上颌窦病变、上颌窦提升及种植牙的相关研究;其上颌窦裂孔是上颌窦底非开窗手术入路的最佳部位。