关节镜下膝内侧支持带紧缩外侧支持带松解治疗髌骨脱位

目的 　探讨关节镜下膝内侧支持带紧缩外侧支持带松解术在治疗髌骨脱位中的临床疗效。 方法 自2009 年3 月～2011年7月收治25 例25膝髌骨脱位,术前未接受过外科手术治疗。术中关节镜监视下松解外侧支持带并紧缩缝合内侧支持带。术后行正规康复训练。随访18～24个月,了解膝关节脱位复发情况及患膝功能恢复情况。 结果　术后无髌骨脱位复发,手术前后Lysholm 膝关节功能综合评分分别为（59.00±13.37）分和 （92.14±5.15）分（P＜0.05）;手术后影像测量对比髌骨适合角从术前（21.10±5.61）°纠正到（-1.70±7.41）°(P＜0.05);外侧髌股角从术前（-1.3±1.6）°纠正到（6.1±1.4）°(P＜0.05）,上述3项指标手术前后比较,均有统计学差异。 结论　关节镜辅助下膝内侧支持带紧缩配合外侧支持带松解术治疗髌骨脱位,手术创伤小,疗效满意。     

髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位

目的:探讨外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带重建术治疗习惯性髌骨脱位及半脱位的手术方法及临床疗效.方法:经对10例(13膝)经临床检查确诊的髌骨脱位及半脱位患者,在行髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩的的基础上,配合胫骨结节内移等手术治疗.手术前后均对患者的膝关节功能进行Lysholm评分.结果:10例患者随访3～15个月(平均9个月),术后膝关节稳定性增加,无髌骨再脱位发生,恐惧试验均为阴性.Lysholm评分术前平均(69.6±3.9),术后平均(94.1±3.7).结论:髌外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带紧缩为主的综合术式治疗髌骨脱位能有效减轻症状防止复发,,对维持髌骨的稳定有重要作用.     

胫骨外侧平台骨折关节镜下经皮复位植骨螺钉内固定：4年随访

背景：有研究表明,胫骨平台骨折切开复位内固定的病例中远期出现继发性骨性关节炎,但很少有研究者报道关节镜辅助下胫骨平台骨折内固定的中远期效果。 目的：关节镜下经皮植骨或螺钉内固定治疗胫骨平台骨折后1年及4年后的效果及放射学评价。 方法：收集2007年3月和2009年3月期间,汕头大学医学院第一附属医院骨科收治的胫骨外侧平台骨折经关节镜辅助下植骨或螺钉内固定病例的资料,记录骨折Schatzker分型、术中平台侧软骨缺损、股骨侧软骨损伤、关节内软组织损伤、复位不足及术后外侧平台骨折沉降资料。评估植骨或螺钉内固定后1年和4年时膝关节Lysholm评分、Ahlback骨性关节炎分级以及Rasmussen功能评分和放射性评分。 结果与结论：23例患者完成随访研究,植骨或螺钉内固定后1,4年平均Lysholm评分分别为90分和87分(P=0.23),Rasmussen功能评分平均为26分和24分(P=0.30)。术后4年有11例(47.8%)出现膝关节骨性关节炎,Rasmussen放射学评分从术后初期17.4分下降至术后4年的13.6分(P=0.01)。各型骨折与预后无相关性;老年病例、软骨损伤或/和缺损、关节内软组织损伤以及术后外侧平台沉降影响术后中期功能和影像学结果;但统计中发现,胫骨侧软骨缺损对于中期发生关节炎的作用远低于股骨侧的软骨损伤。结果提示：术后早期的影像学结果并不能完全与术后4年的结果相匹配,但中期随访的临床和功能结果仍然满意。患者年龄、合并关节内软骨和软组织损伤以及术后胫骨平台沉降均是影响治疗后患膝出现骨性关节炎的消极因素。胫骨侧软骨缺损对于中期发生关节炎的消极作用远低于股骨侧的软骨损伤,可能与完好的外侧半月板功能有关。     

关节镜下内侧支持带重叠缝合联合外侧松解治疗青少年创伤性髌骨脱位的临床研究

目的 探讨膝关节镜下内侧支持带重叠缝合联合外侧支持带松解治疗伴有撕脱性骨折的创伤性髌骨脱位的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2018年5月至2021年5月秦皇岛市第一医院诊治的30例青少年初次创伤性髌骨脱位合并髌骨内侧缘撕脱性骨折的患者,均在关节镜下采用内侧支持带重叠缝合联合外侧支持带松解方法治疗。评估膝关节优良率,术后6个月及1年的Kujala髌股关节评分、Lysholm膝关节评分、IKDC膝关节评分的改善情况,记录术前、术后6个月、术后1年的膝关节活动度、髌骨倾斜角、髌骨适合角及髌骨外移率。结果 ①30例患者术后均恢复良好,髌骨位置解剖复位,术后平均随访时间为12.1个月（10 ～ 18个月）,均无复发性脱位或半脱位发生;②膝关节优良率、Kujala髌股关节评分、Lysholm评分、IKDC评分分别由术前的3.3%、（45.3±2.2）分、（36.8±2.5）分、（53.5±4.9）分提高至术后1年的93.3%、（92.9±2.2）分、（94.8±3.5）分、（98.3±5.0）分,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;③膝关节活动度由术前的（25.3±4.5）°提高至术后1年的（125.4±3.2）°,髌骨倾斜角、髌骨适合角及髌骨外移率分别由术前的（12.5±1.8）°、（19.2±1.9）°、（18.5±2.3）%降至术后1年的（5.6±0.7）°、（6.8±1.0）°、（6.9±0.8）%,差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 膝关节镜下内侧支持带重叠缝合联合外侧支持带松解治疗伴有撕脱性骨折的创伤性髌骨脱位安全有效,可获得稳定的髌骨运动轨迹,术后中短期随访影像学指标和临床功能评分满意。     

Lateral patellar tilt and its longitudinal association with patellofemoral osteoarthritis-related structural damage: Analysis of the osteoarthritis initiative data

BackgroundIncrease in lateral patellar tilt-(LPT) can cause increased pressure on the lateral facet of the knee and can lead to patellar or femoral cartilage damage and further osseous changes. This study aims to test the hypothesis whether there is an association between increased LPT and MRI-based patellofemoral osteoarthritis-(OA) features at baseline and their worsening over a 2-year follow-up in participants of the Osteoarthritis Initiative-(OAI).MethodsRecorded clinical and imaging data of 600 participants in the FNIH-OA biomarkers consortium was extracted from its database. The LPT-(as the angle between the longest patella diameter and posterior aspect of condyles) was measured using the axial knee MRI. Associations of LPT (every 5° increase) with MRI OA Knee Scoring-(MOAKS) for OA-related features, including cartilage and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in addition to knee cartilage volume at baseline and their worsening after 2-year follow-up were assessed using regression models adjusted for several possible confounders.ResultsThe mean LPT angle in this sample was 8.84° ± 5.19. In baseline, higher LPT was associated with lower cartilage volumes and higher cartilage lesions and BMLs MOAKS scores in the lateral trochlear and patellar subregions. Over the follow-ups, subjects with higher LPT measures in the baseline showed higher odds of experiencing BML score worsening in the lateral trochlear subregion-(OR:1.25[1.01–1.56]) over the 2-year follow-ups.ConclusionsIncrease in LPT measures may be associated with OA-related features in the trochlear subregion. Therefore, aside from its use as an indicator of patellofemoral instability syndrome, LPT may be associated with longitudinal progression of patellofemoral OA.     

Significance of a “hot patella” in total knee replacement without primary patellar resurfacing

A “hot patella” is a bone scan finding of increased tracer uptake in the patella, greater than the ipsilateral distal femur or the proximal tibia. Increased patellar uptake on the bone scans is a relatively frequent finding; this is often not commented upon. The aim of our study was to define the incidence of a “hot patella” on bone scans following total knee replacements with ongoing symptoms unrelated to sepsis. We wanted to investigate the correlation between the adverse retropatellar symptomatology following total knee replacement with bone scan findings.We undertook a retrospective study of 55 symptomatic total knee replacement patients, who had bone scans. The incidence of a “hot patella” in patients without primary patellar resurfacing was 51% (28/55). Ninety-five percent patients with anterior knee pain and 21% patients with diffuse knee pain had a “hot patella”. Statistical analysis showed a positive association between “hot patella” and anterior knee pain (p value of < 0.001). The patients with “hot patella” who underwent secondary patellar resurfacing had symptomatic relief of symptoms.Our study has shown that the finding of a “hot patella” on a bone scan in patients with anterior knee pain following total knee replacement suggests a problem related to the patellofemoral joint. This study would appear to indicate that a “hot patella” in a patient with clinically defined anterior knee pain is likely to benefit from secondary patellar resurfacing.     

臀肌挛缩松解联合髌骨支持带张力重建治疗弹响髋合并膝前痛

目的　探究在治疗臀肌挛缩合并膝前痛病症时恢复髌骨正常轨迹的必要性。 方法　臀肌挛缩症合并膝前疼痛的患者30例,随机分为对照组16例(单纯行关节镜臀肌挛缩松解术)及实验组14例(行关节镜臀肌挛缩松解术联合内侧髌骨支持带紧缩及外侧支持带松解)。观察患者不同术式术后恢复情况,并比较手术前后WOMAC评分、Kujala评分、髌骨和谐角、外侧髌骨角以及并发症等。 结果　术后2组30例均获得随访,平均随访时间14.3个月,切口均愈合良好。WOMAC评分、Kujala评分、髌骨和谐角、外侧髌骨角,对照组与实验组在术前评分均无明显差异(P>0.25)。两组术后1月、3月、6月患者WOMAC评分及髌骨和谐角较前明显降低(P<0.05),Kujala评分及外侧髌骨角较前明显升高(P<0.05)。两组对比,术后1月、3月、6月实验组WOMAC评分、Kujala评分、髌骨和谐角、外侧髌骨角均优于对照组(P<0.05)。 结论　关节镜下臀肌挛缩松解联合髌骨支持带重建较单纯关节镜下臀肌挛缩松解更能缓解长期臀肌挛缩导致的膝前痛等症状,且更好的减少髌骨外侧移位。     

Lateral retinacular release in concordance with medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction in patients with recurrent patellar instability: A computational model

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to develop and validate a finite element (FE) model of the patellofemoral joint to analyze the biomechanics of lateral retinacular release after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction in patellar malalignment (increased tibial tubercle–trochlear groove distance (TT-TG)). We hypothesized that lateral retinacular release is not appropriate in patellar instability addressed by MPFL reconstruction due to decreased lateral stability and inappropriate adjustment in patellofemoral contact pressures.MethodsA FE in-silico model of the patellofemoral joint was developed and validated. The model was used analyze the effect of lateral retinacular release in association with MPFL reconstruction on patellofemoral contact pressures, contact area, and lateral patellar displacement during knee flexion.ResultsMPFL reconstruction alone results in restoration of patellofemoral contact pressures throughout the entire range of motion (0–90°), mimicking the results from healthy condition. The addition of the lateral retinacular release to the MPFL reconstruction resulted in significant reductions in both patellofemoral contact pressure and contact area. Lateral retinacular release resulted in more lateral patellar displacement during the mid-flexion knee range of motion.ConclusionsCombination of lateral retinacular release with MPFL reconstruction in patients with increased TT-TG is not recommended as MPFL reconstruction alone for first-line management of recurrent patellar instability offers a greater biomechanical advantage and restoration of contact forces to resemble that of the healthy knee. The presented biomechanical data outlines the effect of concomitant MPFL reconstruction and lateral retinacular release to help guide surgical planning for patients with recurrent patellar instability due to malalignment.     

关节镜下外侧支持带松解内侧髌股韧带重建治疗复发性髌股关节脱位

目的　探讨关节镜辅助下外侧支持带松解联合内侧髌股韧带（medial patellofemoral ligament,MPFL）重建手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位的临床效果。 方法　对我院2012年1月-2015年1月收治的19例复发性髌骨脱位患者,采取关节镜辅助下行外侧支持带松解、内侧髌股韧带重建联合手术。术后定期随访,记录术前和术后影像学结果、Lysholm 膝关节功能综合评分和 Kujala 髌股关节评分,观察重建韧带长度变化。 结果　19例均获随访,时间( 25.7±8. 56) 月（12~48月）,术后无髌骨再脱位及恐惧征,无髌股关节疼痛加重,X线显示Q角在正常范围,膝关节CT（屈膝45°）显示患者髌骨外侧关节面张开角从术前平均（-1.2±6.8)°（-16°~8°）提高至术后(11.2±5.1)°（5°~18°）,较术前有显著性差异（P＜0.01）。术后1年Lysholm 评分及Kujala 髌股关节评分较术前有明显改善。重建韧带长度术后即刻平均为（57.81±6.76）mm,术后1年为（58.36±6.87）mm,无明显松弛。 结论　关节镜辅助下二联手术治疗复发性髌骨脱位,能有效恢复髌股关节位置和功能,预防复发,术后1年韧带无明显松弛,疗效满意。     

Regional variations in human patellar trabecular architecture and the structure of the quadriceps enthesis: a cadaveric study

We investigated whether there were regional differences in the quadriceps enthesis and the patella bone structure that could suggest unequal force transmission to the patella. Quadriceps tendon enthesis was removed by cutting the patellae transversally in the middle and the quadriceps tendon approximately 1 cm from the bone. Tissues were post‐fixed, decalcified, dehydrated through and embedded in paraffin wax. Serial longitudinal sections were cut, mounted on glass slides at 1‐mm intervals and slides were stained. Trabecular architecture was analysed from digital images taken from the histological slides, and regional differences at the enthesis in the thickness of the uncalcified fibrocartilage and the cortical zone of calcified tissue (calcified cartilage and lamellar bone) were evaluated. At the quadriceps enthesis, the thickness of the cortical zone of calcified tissue was significantly greater in the central part of the enthesis than medially and laterally. The trabeculae were thicker in the central and lateral parts compared with the medial region. Similarly, the zone of uncalcified fibrocartilage was thicker laterally and centrally than medially. Bone structure and the thickness of uncalcified fibrocartilage presented a similarity between the centre and the lateral parts; however, the medial side was different. We suggest that the mechanical stress at the proximal quadriceps tendon enthesis is higher laterally and centrally compared with medially. This could induce a lateral patellar translation, which is potentially a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis.     

Medial plica syndrome: a review of the literature

Knee pain is a very common complaint seen in the clinical setting. A torn medial meniscus, osteochondral defects, inflammation, or an irritated medial plica are some of the most common causes of medial knee pain. Plicae are synovial invaginations that are believed to be remnants of the embryological development of the knee. They have a potential to become inflamed and symptomatic. Diagnosis of medial plica syndrome involves physical exam and imaging studies, but the current gold standard is arthroscopy and therefore a definitive diagnosis cannot be made until surgery. As such, medial plicae are the most commonly missed diagnoses in the knee as it is purely a clinical diagnosis. Medial plica syndrome can be treated with physiotherapy, corticosteroid injections, or surgery. Overall, good outcomes have been seen following diagnosis and treatment of medial plica syndrome, with patients returning to their preferred levels of activity. This article reviews the topic of medial plica syndrome.     

Anatomic and radioanatomic study of the lateral genicular arteries: application to prevention of postoperative hemarthrosis after arthroscopic lateral retinacular release

Summary Arthroscopic lateral retinacular release can be complicated by hemarthrosis in 10 to 18% of cases. The vascular structures involved are the lateral vascular pedicles of the knee. This study examines the topography of these pedicles. Anatomic and radioanatomic studies carried out in 50 specimens defined the route of the vascular pedicles at the lateral aspect of the knee. From the measurements carried out, we noted the relative homogeneity of the routes taken by the different proximo-lateral vascular pedicles, which are highly vulnerable, and the variability of the disto-lateral arterial routes. A tracing-paper study identified two distinct routes for the disto-lateral vascular pedicle and evaluated the risk of injury to it in surgical approaches to the lateral aspect of the knee. Finally, the topographic data of the study suggest the possibility of preventive hemostasis of the proximo-lateral pedicle via a minimal approach close to the patella. Furthermore, it seems possible to avoid cutting the disto-lateral pedicle if it is localised by cutaneous trans-illumination at the beginning of the operation.

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Etude anatomique et radio-anatomique des artères latérales du genou. Application à la prévention de l'hémarthrose post-opératoire après section du rétinaculum patellaire latéral par voie d'abord arthroscopique

Résumé La section du rétinaculum patellaire latéral (aileron rotulien externe) par voie arthroscopique peut dans 10 à 18 % des cas se compliquer d'hémarthrose. Les structures vasculaires impliquées sont les pédicules vasculaires latéraux du genou. Ce travail étudie la topographie de ces pédicules. L'étude anatomique et radio-anatomique portant sur cinquante pièces précise le trajet des pédicules vasculaires de la face latérale du genou. Les mesures réalisées permettent d'affirmer la relative homogénéité des trajets des différents pédicules vasculaires proximo-latéraux, très vulnérables, et une variabilité de trajet des artères disto-latérales. La réalisation de calques permet d'identifier deux types de trajets distincts pour le pédicule vasculaire disto-latéral et d'apprécier le risque de le léser lors d'un abord de la face latérale du genou. Enfin, les données topographiques de l'étude permettent de discuter de l'opportunité d'une hémostase préventive du pédicule proximo-latéral par un abord minime à proximité de la patella. II semble possible, en outre, d'éviter de sectionner le pédicule disto-latéral grâce à sa localisation par trans-illumination cutanée en début d'intenvention.

     

不同软组织移植治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位的比较

背景：成人复发性髌骨脱位由于不必考虑损伤骨骺的问题,多数采用骨移植,但在儿童复发性髌骨脱位采用骨移植并不适宜,多数学者采用软组织移植治疗。 目的：回顾性评估22例骨骺未闭儿童复发性髌骨脱位患者采用软组织移植治疗的临床效果。 方法：回顾性分析2006年5月至2009年4月上海长征医院关节外科采用软组织移植治疗儿童复发性髌骨脱位患者22例共29膝,分别在移植后3周,6周,3个月,1年和此后每年对患者进行随访,评估髌骨稳定性、主观症状以及患膝康复情况。 结果与结论：22例患者中1例复发,1例发生髌骨内侧脱位,其余患者均取得较好疗效。软组织移植前后膝关节功能主观评分分别为46.99±5.91与94.40±9.70 (P < 0.01),Lysholm膝关节功能综合评分在移植前后分别为44.37±4.49与90.10±11.00 (P < 0.01),移植后髌骨-滑车适配角由移植前(16.27±6.74)°改善为移植后(5.33±8.78)°(P < 0.01),髌股外侧角由移植前(-1.92±7.64)°改善为移植后(11.95±3.99)°(P < 0.01)。软组织移植治疗骨骺未闭儿童复发性髌骨脱位,简单易行、可操作性强、疗效确切,有利于缓解症状,改善膝关节功能。     

Basophil histamine release in patients with birch pollen hypersensitivity with and without allergic symptoms to fruits

Histamine release (HR) studies were performed in 40 birch pollen-allergic patients (positive case history, positive SPT, positive birch pollen-specific serum IgE: RAST > or = 3) with (n = 20, A) and without (n = 20, B) fruit hypersensitivity, and 10 nonatopic volunteers (C). Several fruit allergens were used and characterized by protein determination and immunoblot techniques. Dose-dependent HR (apple peel = apple pulp > peach = cherry) was demonstrated in both allergic groups, but to a higher extent in patients with fruit allergy (P < 0.01). Increased basophil sensitivity to birch pollen was found in the group with fruit allergy (P < 0.001). Strong correlations between the mediator response induced by several fruits indicate common allergens within the extracts. We conclude that fruit-related symptoms require not only high specific serum IgE, but a strong cellular sensitization to birch pollen allergens together with an increased cellular reactivity to fruit allergens.