Rationale of pelvic floor muscles training in women with urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a frequent condition in women and has a significant impact on their quality of life. Its prevalence varies between 10% to 40% and stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most frequent condition. In the past surgery was considered the milestone of treatment in women with SUI. Nowadays, conservative approach is commonly considered by the International Continence Society the first line therapy in uncomplicated UI. In particular pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) has acquired a fundamental role in the prevention and treatment of female UI (FUI), often incited or promoted by occupation, sport activities, vaginal childbirth, menopause or ageing. The rationale of PFMT for SUI is that a strong pelvic floor muscle contraction will clamp the urethra, increasing the urethral pressure to prevent leakage during an abrupt increase in intra-abdominal pressure. In urge urinary incontinence PFMT may inhibit reflexively or voluntarily the involuntary detrusor contraction. The core of PFMT is the pelvic floor muscle (PFM) awareness, followed by sequential program until the concomitant automatic PFM contraction during daily life activities. The last Cochrane review asserted that PFMT is an effective treatment in women with stress and mixed UI. But it is mandatory to emphasise the fundamental role of PFMT in the prevention of FUI, as could be assured by more extensive programs of adaptive physical activity in this field.     

Pelvic floor muscle training in the prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence in women - what is the evidence?

Many women suffer from urinary incontinence (UI). During and after pregnancy, women are advised to perform pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to prevent the development of UI. In established UI, PFMT is prescribed routinely as first-line treatment. Published studies are small, underpowered and of uneven methodological quality. Variations in study populations, intervention types and outcome measures make comparisons difficult. While further studies are needed, the available evidence suggests a lack of long-term efficacy of peripartum PFMT. In established UI, there seems to be a modest immediate response to PFMT. Based on the available evidence, we believe that a critical reappraisal of PFMT is needed, and judgments on the place of PFMT in current clinical practice should be reserved until further evidence, including cost-benefit analyses, has unequivocally demonstrated a clinically relevant efficacy.     

Early postpartum biofeedback assisted pelvic floor muscle training in primiparous women with second degree perineal laceration: Effect on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms

ObjectiveTo evaluate the short-term effect of routine early postpartum electromyographic biofeedback assisted pelvic floor muscle training on sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms.Materials and methodsFrom December 2016 to November 2017, primiparous women with vaginal delivery, who experienced non-extended second-degree perineal laceration were invited to participate. Seventy-five participants were assigned into a pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) group or control group. Women in the PFMT group received supervised biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training at the 1st week and 4th week postpartum. Exercises were performed at home with the same protocol until 6 weeks postpartum. The Pelvic Organ Prolapse Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire (PISQ-12) and the Urinary Distress Inventory short form questionnaire (UDI-6) were used to evaluate sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms respectively at immediate postpartum, 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum.ResultsForty-five women (23 in PFMT group,22 in control group) completed all questionnaires at 6 months postpartum. For overall sexual function and the three sexual functional domains, no statistically significant difference was found in PISQ scores from baseline to 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months postpartum between the PFMT and control groups. For postpartum lower urinary tract symptoms, all symptoms gradually improved over time for both groups without a statistically significant difference between groups.ConclusionOur study showed that supervised biofeedback-assisted pelvic floor muscle training started routinely at one week postpartum did not provide additional improvement in postpartum sexual function and lower urinary tract symptoms.     

产后压力性尿失禁相关因素及研究进展

压力性尿失禁（SUI）是妇科常见病,以育龄妇女和绝经期妇女多发。导致其发生的主要原因为妊娠和分娩对盆底组织的损伤。产后是女性的特殊时期,盆底经历分娩导致的损伤,尚未恢复,尿失禁的发病处于较高水平。为预防及减少产后SUI,必须对其病因进行研究。通过对可能引起的相关因素分析寻找导致产后SUI的高危因素,为预防其发生寻找可行途径。通过文献分析发现,产后早期盆底肌训练对SUI有明显预防和治疗作用,但存在宣教不足及产妇缺少相应指导的困难,需由社区保健人员或产科医师尽早给予指导实施。     

产后压力性尿失禁相关因素及研究进展

压力性尿失禁（SUI）是妇科常见病，以育龄妇女和绝经期妇女多发。导致其发生的主要原因为妊娠和分娩对盆底组织的损伤。产后是女性的特殊时期，盆底经历分娩导致的损伤，尚未恢复，尿失禁的发病处于较高水平。为预防及减少产后SUI。必须对其病因进行研究。通过对可能引起的相关因素分析寻找导致产后SUI的高危因素，为预防其发生寻找可行途径。通过文献分析发现，产后早期盆底肌训练对SUI有明显预防和治疗作用，但存在宣教不足及产妇缺少相应指导的困难，需由社区保健人员或产科医师尽早给予指导实施。     

盆底肌肉训练对产后女性盆底肌功能重建的研究

目的：评价盆底肌肉训练对盆底肌肉张力的影响及对盆底功能的作用。方法：选取2011年4月至2011年11月在我院进行复查的产后40～70天的妇女。经测定盆底肌力小于Ⅲ级者,分为训练组（30例）和对照组（30例）,训练组采用盆底肌肉训练（每周两次,10次为一疗程）,产后对照组进行健康教育及产后操锻炼。两组患者治疗前后进行盆底肌力测定。结果训练组和对照组的治疗后盆底肌力的比较差异有统计学意义（0．01〈P〈0．05）．结论盆底肌肉训练能有效提高肌肉张力,产后42天后开始治疗效果更好。     

Videourodynamic results in stress urinary incontinence patients after pelvic floor muscle training.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The mechanism by which clinical improvement occurs through pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) for genuine stress incontinence, detrusor instability, or mixed incontinence is not established. Videourodynamic assessment of the anatomical changes of the pelvic floor muscles has not been reported. This study investigated the anatomical change of bladder base descent as well as the functional changes of bladder and urethra after PFMT using videourodynamic study. METHODS: Forty women aged 35 to 67 years (median 45 years) with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) with or without urgency incontinence were enrolled in a PFMT program consisting of a structured 12-week treatment course. Videourodynamic study, urethral pressure profilometry (UPP), and abdominal leak point pressure study were performed at baseline and after PFMT. Videourodynamic changes and UPP results were also compared between patients with successful treatment and those with treatment failure. RESULTS: Treatment was successful in 22 patients (55%) and failed in 18 patients. After PFMT, the volume at bladder sensation and the cystometric capacity increased significantly in patients with successful treatment. In all patients, the mean bladder neck descent was significantly reduced during stress compared with that at rest. When pelvic floor contractions were performed voluntarily, the bladder neck elevation was significantly greater after PFMT than at baseline. Patients with successful treatment had a significantly greater bladder neck elevation and pelvic floor contraction pressure both before and after PFMT compared to patients who failed treatment. No significant difference was found in UPP parameters such as maximal urethral closure pressure, functional profile length, or pressure transmission ratio. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that pelvic floor muscles can be strengthened by PFMT in about one-half of women with SUI as shown by the increased bladder neck elevation during voluntary pelvic floor contraction in videourodynamic study and increased pelvic floor contraction pressure in dynamic UPP study.     

女性肛提肌损伤产前与产时相关影响因素的研究进展

肛提肌损伤（levator ani muscle injury,LAMI）是女性分娩后最常见的肌肉损伤,已被认为是盆腔器官脱垂的危险因素和独立预测因子,并在多种盆底功能障碍性疾病的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用。近年来,对女性产前和产时LAMI相关影响因素的了解虽尚不完全明确,但仍有一些进展。其中,以产钳助产为代表的经阴道分娩方式以及第二产程延长,被广泛认为是产时LAMI的危险因素;胎龄和多次分娩被认为是产前LAMI的无关因素;而剖宫产、硬膜外麻醉无痛分娩则在产时对肛提肌有一定的保护作用;其他因素与LAMI的关系暂不明确。关注女性产前与产时LAMI影响因素的研究现状,对于合理预估盆底疾病发生风险、及时有效实施产科干预具有重要的意义。     

Can pelvic floor muscle training prevent and treat pelvic organ prolapse?

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Pelvic floor muscle dysfunction may cause urinary and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse (POP), pain, and sexual disturbances. The aim of the present study is to review the literature on the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to prevent and treat POP, and the possible theories and mechanisms on how PFMT could prevent or reverse prolapse. RESULTS: No studies were found on prevention of POP. One uncontrolled study and one low-quality RCT were found in the treatment of prolapse. The results showed a positive effect of PFMT in severe, but not in mild prolapse. A review is presented of the main hypothesis of mechanisms on how PFMT may be effective. The two mechanisms are morphological changes occurring after strength training and use of a conscious contraction during increase in abdominal pressure in daily activities. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the theory of functional anatomy and exercise science, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) is supportive for a positive effect of PFMT in the treatment of POP. There is an urgent need for more RCT with high methodological quality, use of valid and reproducible methods to assess degree of prolapse, and appropriate training protocols to evaluate the effect of PFMT in the prevention and treatment of POP.     

Primary Prevention of Urinary Incontinence: A Case Study of Prenatal and Intrapartum Interventions

A wealth of information is available regarding the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence. However, there is a dearth of quality information and clinical practice guidelines regarding the primary prevention of urinary incontinence. Given the high prevalence of this concern and the often cited correlation between pregnancy, childbirth, and urinary incontinence, women's health care providers should be aware of risk factors and primary prevention strategies for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in order to reduce associated physical and emotional suffering. This case report describes several common risk factors for SUI and missed opportunities for primary prevention of postpartum urinary incontinence. The most effective methods for preventing urinary incontinence include correct teaching of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT; specifically Kegel exercises), moderate combined physical exercise regimens, counseling and support for weight loss, counseling against smoking, appropriate treatment for asthma and constipation, and appropriate labor management to prevent pelvic organ prolapse, urethral injury, and pelvic floor muscle damage.     

孕期及产后妇女发生尿失禁的影响因素

目的 探讨不同分娩方式对孕产妇发生尿失禁的影响和阴道分娩后发生产后压力性尿失禁(SUI)的相关因素.方法 选择2008年1-12月在首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院行产前检查并于分娩后6～8周复查的孕产妇788例.根据分娩方式不同分为剖宫产组212例、阴道顺产组534例、产钳助产组42例,将阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇合计后统计尿失禁发生情况.采用问卷调查方式了解各组孕产妇分娩方式及其与分娩有关的产科因素对产后SUI发生的影响.并使用盆底肌电图检测各组孕产妇盆底肌强度,了解产后SUI发生与盆底肌肉强度的关系.结果 (1)尿失禁发生率:孕期尿失禁总的发生率为15.4%(121/788),其中阴道顺产组为15.9%(85/534),产钳助产组为11.9%(5/42),剖宫产组为14.6%(31/212),3组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).产后6～8周SUI总的发生率为17.1%(135/788),其中阴道顺产组为19.1%(102/534),产钳助产组为26.2%(11/42),剖宫产组为10.4%(22/212).阴道顺产组产后SUI发生率明显低于产钳助产组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);剖宫产组产后SUI发生率明显低于阴道顺产组,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).(2)不同产科因素对产后SUI的影响:阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇共发生尿失禁113例,未发生尿失禁463例,将尿失禁发生与否两类孕产妇的一般情况和产科因素进行单因素分析和logistic多元回归分析,了解其对产后SUI的影响.结果显示,分娩方式、新生儿出生体质量、孕期发生尿失禁是产后SUI的主要影响因素.剖宫产术可使产后SUI发病率降低(P<0.01),新生儿出生体质量增加、孕期发生尿失禁可使产后SUI的发生风险加大.对阴道分娩组和产钳助产组孕产妇分析发现,新生儿出生体质量增加、产钳助产、孕期发生尿失禁与产后SUI发病率升高有关(P均<0.01);而与分娩镇痛、产程时间、会阴侧切、产后哺乳、产后出血量、分娩孕周、引产与否、孕前体质量等无明显相关(P均>0.05).(3)盆底肌电图检测结果:剖宫产组孕产妇盆底肌活力值为(19.7±9.9)μv,做功值为(84.5±37.2)μv,峰值为(25.5±12.5)μv,均高于阴道顺产组和产钳助产组[两组均值为:活力值(14.8±8.4)μv、做功值(78.8±28.2)μv、峰值(19.7±11.8)μv].两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.01).阴道顺产组和产钳助产组中尿失禁孕产妇盆底肌放松值[均值为(1.7±1.8)μv]较非尿失禁孕产妇[均值为(3.0±3.9)μv]低,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).尿失禁孕产妇放松值与活力值(r/a)比值为0.2±0.2,非尿失禁孕产妇r/a比值为0.3±0.5,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).阴道顺产组和产钳助产组孕产妇r/a比值为0.2±3.5,虽高于剖宫产组(0.2±0.2),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 产钳助产及阴道顺产产妇的产后SUI发生率高于剖宫产.孕期发生尿失禁、产钳助产、新生儿出生体质量增加是产后SUI发生的高危因素.     

Initial management of stress urinary incontinence: pelvic floor muscle training and duloxetine

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is common among women of all ages and can have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL). Often, women refrain from seeking treatment due to the fear that surgery might be the only option, or that no other treatments exist. SUI symptoms can often be treated with simple measures such as pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), weight loss, devices, etc. However, PFMT has low compliance rates, and few continue long term. More recently, another treatment option has been introduced, i.e. the relatively balanced serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) duloxetine. PFMT and/or SNRI are recommended as a first-line therapy for the initial management of SUI in women in the guidelines of the third International Consultation on Incontinence. SNRI have received a grade A recommendation. As PFMT and duloxetine target different areas (i.e. pelvic floor muscle and distal urethral sphincter/rhabdosphincter, respectively), combined therapy might provide additional benefit. A recent study comparing the effect of combined treatment with no active treatment found that combination therapy was significantly better for all outcomes, including frequency of SUI episodes, pad use, improvements in QoL and global impression of improvement scores. The data suggest that combination therapy might provide another treatment option for SUI symptoms in women.     

Pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy to prevent urinary incontinence: a single-blind randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Urinary incontinence is a chronic health complaint that severely reduces quality of life. Pregnancy and vaginal delivery are main risk factors in the development of urinary incontinence. The aim of this study was to assess whether intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy could prevent urinary incontinence. METHODS: We conducted a single-blind randomized controlled trial at Trondheim University Hospital and three outpatient physiotherapy clinics in a primary care setting. Three hundred one healthy nulliparous women were randomly allocated to a training (n = 148) or a control group (n = 153). The training group attended a 12-week intensive pelvic floor muscle training program during pregnancy, supervised by physiotherapists. The control group received the customary information. The primary outcome measure was self-reported symptoms of urinary incontinence. The secondary outcome measure was pelvic floor muscle strength. RESULTS: At follow-up, significantly fewer women in the training group reported urinary incontinence: 48 of 148 (32%) versus 74 of 153 (48%) at 36 weeks' pregnancy (P =.007) and 29 of 148 (20%) versus 49 of 153 (32%) 3 months after delivery (P =.018). According to numbers needed to treat, intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy prevented urinary incontinence in about one in six women during pregnancy and one in eight women after delivery. Pelvic floor muscle strength was significantly higher in the training group at 36 weeks' pregnancy (P =.008) and 3 months after delivery (P =.048). CONCLUSION: Intensive pelvic floor muscle training during pregnancy prevents urinary incontinence during pregnancy and after delivery. Pelvic floor muscle strength improved significantly after intensive pelvic floor muscle training.     

Childbirth and pelvic floor dysfunction: an epidemiologic approach to the assessment of prevention opportunities at delivery

Female pelvic floor dysfunction is integral to the woman's role in the reproductive process, largely because of the unique anatomic features that facilitate vaginal birth and also because of the trauma that can occur during that event. Interventions such as primary elective cesarean delivery have been discussed for the primary prevention of pelvic floor dysfunction; however, existing data about potentially causal factors limit our ability to evaluate such strategies critically. Here we consider the conceptual principles of epidemiologic function and the availability of data that are necessary to make informed recommendations about prevention opportunities for pelvic floor dysfunction at delivery. Available epidemiologic data on pelvic floor dysfunction suggest that there may be substantial opportunities for the primary prevention of pelvic organ prolapse at delivery. Although definitive recommendations await further epidemiologic studies of the potential risk and benefits of obstetric practice change, it is hoped that this discussion will provide a novel, quantitative framework for the assessment of pelvic floor dysfunction prevention opportunities.     

Urinary incontinence and obesity

Obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) more than or equal to 30kg/m(2), promotes pelvic floor disorders such as urinary incontinence (UI) and genital prolapse. Datas from cohort studies found an association between high BMI and the onset of UI. This association seems to be predominant with for mixed UI and stress UI. For the urge UI and overactive bladder syndrome, the analysis of the literature found a weaker association. The weight is therefore the only modifiable risk factor. Thus, the weight loss by a hypocaloric diet associated with pelvic floor muscle training should be the front line treatment in the obese patient suffering from UI. Bariatric surgery can be discussed in the most obese patient, even if the risk/benefit balance should be weighed because of significant morbidity of this surgery. The results of sub urethral sling (by retropubic tension-free vaginal tape or transobturator sling) in obese patients appear to be equivalent to those obtained in patients of normal weight. Datas on per- and postoperative complications for suburethral slings are reassuring.     

Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training for preventing and treating urinary incontinence: where do we stand?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Postnatal pelvic floor muscle training aims to rehabilitate the pelvic floor muscles. To be effective, a certain exercise dosage must be respected. Recent trials evaluated the effect of different programs on prevention/treatment of urinary incontinence immediately after delivery and in treatment of persistent incontinence. RECENT FINDINGS: Only three systematic reviews, six trials, and four follow-up studies have been published in the past two decades. High heterogeneity in postnatal pelvic floor muscle training programs is observed throughout the literature, making comparisons difficult. In the prevention/treatment of postnatal urinary incontinence immediately after delivery and in persistent incontinence, supervised intensive programs prove more effective than standard postnatal care. Longer-term results have yet to show advantages for postnatal training programs. SUMMARY: Although a certain exercise dosage must be respected for a postnatal pelvic floor muscle training program to be effective, a few randomized controlled trials present such dosage. Randomized controlled trials should study the effect of supervised, intensive training protocols with adherence aids. As standard care does not seem to reduce the prevalence of postnatal urinary incontinence, obstetrics services must address delivery of postnatal pelvic floor muscle training.     

Pelvic floor dysfunction,and effects of pregnancy and mode of delivery on pelvic floor

Pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD), although seems to be simple, is a complex process that develops secondary to multifactorial factors. The incidence of PFD is increasing with increasing life expectancy. PFD is a term that refers to a broad range of clinical scenarios, including lower urinary tract excretory and defecation disorders, such as urinary and anal incontinence, overactive bladder, and pelvic organ prolapse, as well as sexual disorders. It is a financial burden on the health care system and disrupts women's quality of life. Strategies applied to decrease PFD are focused on the course of pregnancy, mode and management of delivery, and pelvic exercise methods. Many studies in the literature define traumatic birth, usage of forceps, length of the second stage of delivery, and sphincter damage as modifiable risk factors for PFD. Maternal age, fetal position, and fetal head circumference are nonmodifiable risk factors. Although numerous studies show that vaginal delivery affects pelvic floor structures and their functions in a negative way, there is not enough scientific evidence to recommend elective cesarean delivery in order to prevent development of PFD. PFD is a heterogeneous pathological condition, and the effects of pregnancy, vaginal delivery, cesarean delivery, and possible risk factors of PFD may be different from each other. Observational studies have identified certain obstetrical exposures as risk factors for pelvic floor disorders. These factors often coexist; therefore, the isolated effects of these variables on the pelvic floor are difficult to study. The routine use of episiotomy for many years in order to prevent PFD is not recommended anymore; episiotomy should be used in selected cases, and the mediolateral procedures should be used if needed.     

Does regular exercise including pelvic floor muscle training prevent urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy? A randomised controlled trial

Please cite this paper as: Stafne S, Salvesen K, Romundstad P, Torjusen I, M?rkved S. Does regular exercise including pelvic floor muscle training prevent urinary and anal incontinence during pregnancy? A randomised controlled trial. BJOG 2012;119:1270-1280. Objective To assess whether pregnant women following a general exercise course, including pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), were less likely to report urinary and anal incontinence in late pregnancy than a group of women receiving standard care. Design A two-armed, two-centred randomised controlled trial. Setting Trondheim University Hospital (St. Olavs Hospital) and Stavanger University Hospital, in Norway. Population A total of 855 women were included in this trial. Methods The intervention was a 12-week exercise programme, including PFMT, conducted between 20 and 36?weeks of gestation. One weekly group session was led by physiotherapists, and home exercises were encouraged at least twice a week. Controls received regular antenatal care. Main outcome measures Self-reported urinary and anal incontinence after the intervention period (at 32-36?weeks of gestation). Results Fewer women in the intervention group reported any weekly urinary incontinence (11 versus 19%, P?=?0.004). Fewer women in the intervention group reported faecal incontinence (3 versus 5%), but this difference was not statistically significant (P?=?0.18). Conclusions The present trial indicates that pregnant women should exercise, and in particular do PFMT, to prevent and treat urinary incontinence in late pregnancy. Thorough instruction is important, and specific pelvic floor muscle exercises should be included in exercise classes for pregnant women. The preventive effect of PFMT on anal incontinence should be explored in future trials.     

Yoga and Pilates compared to pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence in elderly women: A randomised controlled pilot trial

Backgroundand purpose: There is limited evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) regarding the use of yoga and Pilates for the management of urinary incontinence (UI) in women. This study aims to investigate the preliminary effects of using Pilates and yoga to manage UI.Materials and methodsAn assessor-blinded, prospective, three-arm parallel-group randomised controlled pilot trial was conducted in three elderly care centres in Hong Kong. Thirty women aged 60 years or above were included in the study. Study centres were randomly assigned to each of the three interventions (yoga, Pilates and pelvic floor muscle training [PFMT; standard care control]). Study interventions were provided once a week for four weeks, followed by unsupervised CD-guided home exercises for eight weeks. Outcomes included the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF), 1-h pad test, and feasibility measures such as adherence to the intervention programme, recruitment and retention rates and safety. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way repeated measures analysis of covariance.ResultsAll three interventions demonstrated a statistically significant effect on ICIQ-SF scores from baseline to weeks 4 and 12. Significant effects in UI were reported for yoga compared with Pilates (mean: −2.93, 95% CI −5.35, −0.51; p = 0.02).ConclusionYoga poses intended to address the pelvic floor and core muscles were found to have superior benefits over Pilates exercises in terms of improved continence measured with the ICIQ-SF.     

产后盆底功能重建的研究进展

女性盆底功能障碍性疾病（PFD）包括盆腔器官脱垂（POP）、尿失禁（UI）和粪失禁（FI）,是妇女常见病,也是影响人类生活质量的五大疾病之一。PFD病因很多,流行病学调查显示,妊娠和分娩是PFD的独立危险因素。针对妊娠与分娩对盆底结构和功能影响、产后盆底功能障碍的发病机制、高危因素及其目前常用的康复技术,如盆底肌肉锻炼、电刺激和生物反馈等治疗方法、利弊、存在的问题及诊治进展等综述。