他克莫司和环孢素A对肾移植后患者炎性细胞因子和血脂的影响

背景：环孢素A与他克莫司是肾移植后临床广泛应用的免疫抑制剂。 目的：观察他克莫司和环孢素A对肾移植后炎性细胞因子和血脂的影响。 方法：选择首次接受同种异体肾移植后患者112例,随机分为环孢素A组和他克莫司组,移植后分别给予环孢素A+吗替麦考酚酯+糖皮质激素三联疗法与他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+糖皮质激素三联疗法。 结果与结论：他克莫司组的1年人/肾存活率、治疗逆转率高于环孢素A组(P < 0.05),急性排斥反应发生率低于环孢素A组(P < 0.05);移植后1个月及1年的血清白细胞介素2,6,8和血糖水平高于移植前(P < 0.05),低于环孢素A组(P < 0.05),血清白细胞介素4,10低于移植前(P < 0.05),高于环孢素A组(P< 0.05);移植后1个月的血清总胆固醇、三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于移植前(P < 0.05),但低于环孢素A组(P < 0.05);移植后1年的血清总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于环孢素A组(P < 0.05)。说明他克莫司可通过抑制肾移植后炎性细胞因子释放,改善糖脂代谢等途径降低患者的排斥反应,提高肾移植的存活率。     

免疫抑制剂对肾移植术后新发糖尿病的影响

目的 探讨免疫抑制剂对肾移植术后新发糖尿病的影响.方法 对本院2004至2008年期间实施的同种异体肾移植患者资料进行回顾性分析,研究肾移植术后糖尿病发病情况,并按免疫抑制剂的不同分为环孢素A组和他克莫司两组,探讨不同免疫抑制剂对新发糖尿病的影响.结果 入选532例,新发糖尿病发生率6.0%(32/532).两组患者的年龄、性别、体质量、术前空腹血糖差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05).他克莫司组糖尿病发病率[8.5%(20/236)]明显高于环孢素A组[4.1%(12/296)],P<0.05.结论 他克莫司可能与新发糖尿病有关.     

亲属活体供肾移植后低剂量钙调蛋白酶抑制剂的应用

背景：亲属活体肾移植供、受者移植前准备充分,供肾热、冷缺血时间较短,HLA配型的组织相容性好,移植后排斥反应发生率低,为亲属活体供肾肾移植后采用低剂量免疫抑制剂方案提供了可能性。 目的：探讨亲属活体供肾移植后低剂量钙调蛋白酶抑制剂的安全性和有效性。 方法：选取2006-01/2008-06在南京医科大学第一附属医院肾移植中心行亲属活体供肾移植的受者38例,移植后常规使用环孢素A/他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+泼尼松的三联免疫抑制方案。将38例患者随机分为两组：CNI常规剂量组(n=18),移植后初始药物剂量为环孢素A 6 mg/(kg•d)或他克莫司0.12 mg/(kg•d);CNI低剂量组(n=20),术后初始药物剂量为环孢素A 4 mg/(kg•d)或他克莫司0.08 mg/(kg•d);两组吗替麦考酚酯和泼尼松使用剂量相同。移植后密切随访,比较两组患者移植后不同时期的肾功能以及急性排斥反应、肺部感染、肝功能损害、肾毒性等并发症的发生情况。 结果与结论：随访12个月,CNI常规剂量组重度肺部感染死亡1例,CNI低剂量组无死亡病例。两组移植肾功能及急性排斥反应发生率比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05);CNI低剂量组肝功能损害、钙调蛋白酶抑制剂肾毒性发生率显著低于CNI常规剂量组 (P < 0.05)。此外,采用低剂量钙调蛋白酶抑制剂免疫抑制方案明显减轻了亲属肾移植患者的经济负担。说明亲属活体供肾移植后采用低剂量钙调蛋白酶抑制剂的免疫抑制剂方案安全、有效。     

肾移植后吗替麦考酚酯联合低剂量他克莫司加皮质激素的应用

背景：足量吗替麦考酚酯联合低剂量他克莫司和皮质激素可能是目前针对肾移植受者的理想治疗方案,该方案因其具有低肾毒性以及较少的不良反应和较强的免疫抑制作用已在临床上开始逐渐普及。 目的：以吗替麦考酚酯联合标准剂量他克莫司加皮质激素为对照,评估吗替麦考酚酯联合低剂量他克莫司加皮质激素在肾移植患者中的疗效和安全性。 方法：210例首次接受单一器官同种异体移植的肾移植成人受者被随机分配到他克莫司标准剂量组(n=104)和他克莫司低剂量组(n=106),并接受12个月的治疗。主要疗效指标包括肾移植后第12个月慢性移植物损伤指数(CADI)以及肾小球滤过率;次要疗效指标主要包括急性排斥反应发生率、治疗失败率以及患者和移植肾的存活率等;同时对新发移植后糖尿病,新发高血压,新发高血脂等安全性指标进行评价。 结果与结论：两组绝大多数患者使用了足量的吗替麦考酚酯(1.5 g/d及以上)。在他克莫司剂量方面,他克莫司标准剂量组大多数受试者的实际血药浓度水平偏低,与低剂量组的实际血药浓度水平类似,由此反映了吗替麦考酚酯联合低剂量他克莫司和皮质激素方案已广泛为目前临床医师接受和使用。因此,两组也表现出类似的疗效和安全性：他克莫司标准剂量组和低剂量组肾移植后12个月肾脏病理改变的平均CADI评分分别为1.82分和2.13分(P=0.081 3),平均肾小球滤过率分别为77.08 mL/min和       80.12 mL/min(P=0.794 9),急性排斥反应发生率分别为2.6%和5.2%(P=0.681 2),患者和移植肾存活率分别高达100%和99.1%(P=1.000 0)。在安全性方面,他克莫司标准剂量组和低剂量组新发移植后糖尿病的比例分别为2.9%和1.9%,新发高血脂的比例分别为2.9%和3.8%。结果显示在吗替麦考酚酯联合他克莫司和皮质激素的肾移植免疫抑制治疗方案中,足量吗替麦考酚酯的使用,可以减少他克莫司的剂量,在保持较强的免疫抑制作用即成功地降低急性排斥反应发生率的同时,显著减少他克莫司所致的肾毒性、高血脂和新发糖尿病等不良反应,较好地达到了疗效和毒性间的平衡。     

环孢素A和他克莫司对肾移植受者血脂的影响

背景:高血脂为肾移植后常见的并发症,常用的免疫抑制剂包括环孢素A,泼尼松和他克莫司都会对患者血脂产生影响。目的:探讨他克莫司与环孢素对肾移植术后患者血脂的影响。方法:按照不同的服药方案将肾移植后的患者随机分成2组:环孢素A组(n=20),免疫抑制剂方案为环孢素A+麦考酚酸莫酯+泼尼松;他克莫司组(n=23),免疫抑制剂方案为他克莫司+麦考酚酸莫酯+泼尼松。于移植前,移植后1个月及6个月对患者抽血化验,观察两组患者总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇的变化。结果与结论:两组各项指标移植前后比较均有差异,两组间比较,移植后1个月和6个月总胆固醇和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇差异显著(P0.05);高密度脂蛋白胆固醇和三酰甘油之间差异不显著。结果表明:对肾移植后肾功能稳定的患者实施以环孢素A为免疫抑制剂的方案,三酰甘油和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇更易升高,他克莫司在脂类代谢方面表现出更少的不良反应。与环孢素A相比,肾移植后患者应用他克莫司高脂血症的发病率明显降低。     

撤除糖皮质激素对肾移植受者发生尿微量蛋白的影响

背景：肾移植后长期使用糖皮质激素(以下简称激素)可导致明显的不良反应,少用和不用激素的免疫抑制方案已成为国内外众多肾移植工作者研究的热点。但是,激素减量或撤除存在一定的风险,目前尚未有统一的方案。由于尿微量蛋白在肾小管损伤后可以立刻被检测出来,对肾移植受者而言,监测尿微量蛋白能及早发现移植后肾功能异常,为临床治疗争取时间。 目的：探讨撤除激素(以泼尼松为代表)对肾移植受者发生尿微量蛋白的影响。 方法：35例撤除泼尼松肾移植受者均采用环孢素A或他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯二联免疫抑制方案,泼尼松开始剂量为30 mg/d,以后逐渐减量(每周减量5 mg),肾移植后1个月停用。其中环孢素A组16例,他克莫司组19例。分别对两组患者肾移植后3,6,12,24个月和加服泼尼松后3,6,12个月进行尿微量蛋白测定与尿蛋白定性测定,同时记录肾移植后2年血肌酐、空腹血糖、体质量增加、急性排斥率、感染、人/肾存活率与加服激素前后24 h尿蛋白定量情况。 结果与结论：两组撤除泼尼松后6个月,尿α1-微球蛋白开始升高;12个月,尿微量白蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿转铁蛋白明显升高,其中尿蛋白阳性：环孢素A组5例,他克莫司组3例;24个月时,尿微量白蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿转铁蛋白、尿免疫球蛋白(Ig)G均明显升高,其中尿蛋白阳性：环孢素A组11例,他克莫司组10例,其24 h尿蛋白定量均大于1 g。在此基础上两组加服激素后6个月,尿α1-微球蛋白、尿微量白蛋白开始下降,各1例尿蛋白转阴;12个月,尿微量白蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿转铁蛋白均下降,尿蛋白转阴：环孢素A组2例,他克莫司组3例,24 h尿蛋白定量在0.7 g左右。肾移植后2年时,环孢素A组血肌酐、急性排斥率高于他克莫司组(P < 0.05),空腹血糖、体质量增加、感染、人/肾存活率两组均无明显差异。结果表明撤除泼尼松对肾移植受者尿微量蛋白的出现影响较大,尤其在肾移植后2年,尿微量白蛋白、尿α1-微球蛋白、尿转铁蛋白、尿免疫球蛋白(Ig)G均明显升高,其安全性有待进一步探讨。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

他克莫司替换环孢素A联合雷公藤多甙片治疗慢性移植肾肾病

背景：近年来,多项研究表明环孢素A转换成他克莫司的免疫抑制方案对慢性移植肾肾病有一定疗效。 目的：探讨他克莫司替换环孢素A联合雷公藤多甙片治疗慢性移植肾肾病的疗效及安全性。 方法：回顾性分析经临床及病理证实为慢性移植肾肾病的患者57例,诊断前均采用环孢素A+吗替麦考酚酯+泼尼松免疫抑制治疗,然后根据不同的治疗方案分成两组：环孢素A组(n=27),继续采用原方案治疗;他克莫司+雷公藤多甙片组(n=30),环孢素A切换成他克莫司的同时再联用雷公藤多甙片治疗。 结果与结论：转换后3,6个月两组间血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白水平比较差异均有显著性意义(P < 0.05),各组3个月与6个月的血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白水平比较差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05),血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、丙氨酸氨基转换酶、天冬酸氨基转换酶等指标两组间差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。他克莫司+雷公藤多甙片组震颤发生率较环孢素A组高(P < 0.05),但高血压、多毛症、血糖升高、牙龈增生的发生率显著低于环孢素A组(P < 0.05)。结果表明他克莫司替换环孢素A联合雷公藤多甙片的治疗方案对慢性移植肾肾病有显著的疗效,且安全性能好,有助于移植肾的长期存活。     

低剂量他克莫司为基础四联免疫抑制方案在肾移植中的应用：4年随访结果

背景：免疫抑制药物日新月异的发展及药物应用存在较大的个体差异使得目前国内外对于肾移植后免疫抑制的选择和应用剂量等仍无法达成完全统一的共识。 目的：观察以低剂量他克莫司为基础的四联免疫抑制剂方案的免疫抑制效能、保护肾功能的作用和安全性。 方法：以他克莫司+酶酚酸酯+泼尼松龙(方案1)为对照组;将方案1中他克莫司和酶酚酸酯减量为方案2,以方案2+西罗莫司为组1;方案2+咪唑立宾为组2。检测3组受者肾移植后第2,4周、6个月及1年时淋巴细胞对供体树突状细胞的反应强度;每6个月测定1次受者尿转化生长因子β1;移植后每1~3个月检查肝肾功能、血尿常规、血糖,随访时间为4年。 结果与结论：3组急性排斥反应发生率及感染发生率无显著差异;移植4周,组1,组2的反应强度明显低于对照组 (P < 0.05);移植1年,组1、组2尿转化生长因子β1浓度均显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);移植2年,组1、组2血肌酐和肌酐清除率降低值均显著低于对照组(P < 0.05);组1、组2肝功损害、高血糖等不良反应发生率均低于对照组 (P < 0.05)。提示与常规剂量他克莫司为基础的三联免疫抑制方案相比,低剂量他克莫司为基础的四联免疫抑制方案能够发挥同样的免疫抑制效果,同时能减轻移植肾纤维化进程,改善移植肾功能,减少严重不良反应发生率,更有利于移植肾长期存活。     

他克莫司替代环孢素A肾移植患者35例:1年随访

背景:自环孢素A应用于临床以来,肾移植患者人肾存活率得到了显著的提高,但随后出现的肾毒性、高血压、高血脂等不良反应,增加了排斥反应的发生。目的:观察以他克莫司替换环孢素A对肾移植患者移植后肾功能、血脂及血压的影响。方法:选择郑州人民医院接受同种异体肾移植患者35例,其中男21例,女14例,平均年龄(38.3±22.6)岁。移植后均采用环孢素A、霉酚酸酯及泼尼松三联免疫抑制方案,移植时间27(11～53)个月,血清肌酐水平为134.4～232.8μmol/L。随访1年以上,有12例患者血压持续高于140/90mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),6例患者出现多毛症和牙龈增生,17例有高脂血症。停服环孢素A的同时增加霉酚酸酯剂量至750mg,2次/d,2d后加服他克莫司0.10～0.15mg/kg,随后根据血药浓度调整药物剂量。监测血清肌酐、肾小球滤过率、24h尿蛋白定量、血脂等生化指标的变化情况,并观察随访期间药物的不良反应。结果与结论:35例患者中32例完成了1年随访,2例患者重新服用环孢素A,其中1例是因服用他克莫司导致产生的糖尿病,另1例因中度脱发问题而放弃服用他克莫司,1例患者随访丢失。替代治疗1年后,12例患者血压明显改善(P0.05),服用高血压药物已基本能控制;绝大多数患者血脂浓度显著降低,其中7例患者血脂水平已明显正常;6例患者多毛症和牙龈增生现象好转,换药后无新发糖尿病或恶化现象;所有患者肌酐和尿素氮清除率明显改善(P0.05)。提示在某些情况下,以他克莫司替换环孢素A可以明显改善心脑血管和肾功能,减轻或消除不良反应。     

CRTER关注“肾移植免疫用药”内容

<正>经环孢素A在器官移植中的免疫抑制作用环孢素A和他克莫司对移植肾P-糖蛋白表达的影响:3年随访移植肾活检环孢素A在肾移植后的应用及血药浓度监测分析稳定期肾移植受者微乳化环孢素峰浓度监测     

中国传统文化和观念对器官捐献意愿的影响分析

背景：中国需要接受器官移植的患者数量还以每年超过10%的增量扩大,由于缺乏公民自愿捐献,中国较世界其他国家面临着更为严峻的供体短缺问题。导致目前中国器官供体短缺的具体原因是什么？中国公民究竟如何看待遗体器官捐献,他们对遗体器官捐献的态度如何？是哪些因素影响了中国公民遗体器官捐献行为的实施？目的：了解中国传统观念对中国公民逝世后器官捐献意愿的影响程度。方法：采用随机整群抽样法,选取来自不同社会阶层的900名接受问卷调查者为研究对象,应用自制的公众对人体器官捐献的认知、态度和行为调查表进行问卷调查。结果与结论：①有55.16%的民众认为进行器官捐献的主要目的是想帮助他人,有24.22%的民众认为进行器官捐献的主要目的是一种社会公德的体现,11.94%的民众认为进行器官捐献其实是自己生命的延续。②有70.00%的民众认为捐献的器官应该用于器官移植事业,以便挽救更多患者的生命,其平均得分为 2.53 分;而建议将捐献器官应用于医学教学用和病理解剖用的比较接近,平均得分依次为 1.72 和 1.75。③有65.01%的民众支持采取心肺死亡的标准来判断人死亡,24.33%的民众支持采取脑死亡的标准判断人死亡,还有10.66%的民众认为不清楚采取什么方式。④有50.52%的民众认为影响器官捐献的主要因素是中国传统文化和观念的影响,其次是捐献程序和家属感情。调查结果发现,中国传统文化和观念是影响民众进行器官捐献的主要因素,大部分民众认为以心肺死亡的标准来判断人死亡为最佳方法,认为捐献器官的主要目的是想帮助别人,捐献的器官应首先应用于器官移植,以便挽救更多的生命。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：肾移植;肝移植;移植;心脏移植;组织移植;皮肤移植;皮瓣移植;血管移植;器官移植;组织工程全文链接：     

Second toe-to-hand transplantation: A surgical option for hand amputations

Background:

The toe to hand transplantation is a method of reconstruction on the unique or multiple amputations of the fingers. It can be used the whole toe or with certain modifications as a wrap-around flap from the big toe or fingertip. It is a widely accepted option for the thumb.

Methods:

It is a series of patients with amputation of one or more fingers of the hand were operated with second toe to hand transplantation. The survival was evaluated and the sensory recovery by 2-point discrimination.

Results:

We practiced 12 transplants, 8 thumb, and 4 in other fingers. Ten were adults and two children. All transplants survived. Two patients required tenolysis flexor. The sensibility was recovered with good 2-point discrimination of 8 mm.

Discussion:

In the more proximal finger amputations, a second toe is the most appropriate, with lower morbidity of the donor site. The rates of success are between 95 to 100%. We had a success rate of 100%. The resulting defect is in the foot is minimum when the second toe was used. The decision to use one of these techniques depends on the decision and transplant surgeon training. We always used the second toe for transfers to the hand, considering that it will be thinner than the original thumb; our patients had no complaint about the appearance.

Conclusion:

Toe-to-hand transplantation is a good technique, providing a very good aesthetic appearance and allowing the recovery of sensitivity. The defect that is created in the foot does not produce significant aesthetic and functional alterations.     

Non-adherence with drug treatment after heart or lung transplantation in adults: A systematic review

Objective

Heart or lung transplantation is a complex intervention requiring medication adherence. The objective of this systematic review is to estimate the prevalence of non-adherence (NA) with post-transplantation medication in heart or lung recipients and to assess its clinical impact. We examined in the selected studies if the authors considered the patient's perspective in their evaluations.

Methods

The electronic database MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Central Register were searched. Only studies that reported the number of non-adhere subjects were eligible. The different methods of measurement, the ways in which authors defined NA and if authors had integrated patient's perspective in their secondary objectives were also assessed.

Results

The range frequency of NA was 1-42.9% for all drugs. Non-adherent patients tend to experience worse outcomes compared to adherent patients. The patient's perception of drug side-effects is the most reported patient-related factor for impairing adherence.

Conclusion

NA after heart or lung transplantation is an important issue and concerns not only immunosuppressant treatments. The main striking point of the selected studies is the lack of patient perspective and the omission of patients-healthcare providers’ relationship.

Practice implications

Future research must focus on patients’ motivation for the medication-taking behaviour.     

腹部多器官联合移植供器官切取方法探讨

目的:总结腹部多器官联合移植供器官的切取方法,观察其临床应用效果。方法:1999～2006年共行肝肾联合移植18例,肝胰联合移植1例,胰肾联合移植6例,均采用腹部多器官联合切取技术,优先灌注腹主动脉,于小肠系膜根部分离肠系膜上静脉,插管灌注肝门静脉,整块切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠。结果:腹腔多器官联合切取时间为(16.0±3.0)min,热缺血时间(3±1.2)min,所有供器官、血管无损伤,灌注良好。术后移植物功能恢复顺利,无移植肝原发无功能发生,无严重胆道并发症发生。肝肾联合移植患者术后ALT恢复正常时间为(8±3.2)d,Scr恢复正常时间为(6±2.8)d)。肝胰联合移植患者1周内ALT恢复正常并脱离胰岛素治疗。胰肾联合移植患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素治疗,2周内Scr功能恢复正常。所有患者随访至今,存活1～7年,移植物功能正常。结论:采用尸体腹部多器官联合切取技术能快速优质切取肝、脾、肾、以及胰腺和部分十二指肠,缩短热缺血时间,减少动脉损伤,提高腹部多器官联合移植存活。     

Critical care issues in adult liver transplantation

Over the last decade, liver transplantation has become an operational reality in our part of the world. As a result, clinicians working in an intensive care unit are more likely to be exposed to these patients in the immediate postoperative period, and thus, it is important that they have a working knowledge of the common complications, when they are likely to occur, and how to deal with them. The main focus of this review is to address the variety of critical care issues in liver transplant recipients and to impress upon the need to provide favorable circumstances for the new liver to start functioning and maintain the function of other organs to aid in this process.     

Comparison of potentiality to induce graft-versus-host reaction with small bowel, pancreas/spleen, and liver transplantation in the rat.

Although small bowel transplantation (SBT), or pancreas-spleen transplantation (PST) often lead to lethal graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in experimental animals, fatal GVHR is rare after clinical liver transplantation. This study describes a modified model of SBT and PST in the rat using cuff techniques applied to the renal artery and vein of the recipient. The ability of LEW (RT1(1)) or BN (RT1n) lymphocytes accompanying intestinal, splenic, or hepatic grafts to induce lethal GVHR in (LEW x BN) F1 hybrid recipients was compared. SBT and PST experiments showed that lethal GVHR always occurred in LEW-into-F1 combination, but was much less frequent in BN-into-F1 SBT. In mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), LEW mesenteric or splenic T cells showed significantly higher proliferative responses against BN stimulators than did BN mesenteric or splenic T cells against LEW. Adoptive cell transfer experiments using mesenteric or splenic cells also showed that LEW cells were higher responders than BN. In contrast with SBT and PST results, a lethal GVHR was not induced after liver or pancreas grafting alone in either parent-to-F1 combination. In MLR, hepatic T cells from either parent failed to elicit a proliferative response against allostimulators. These results indicate that the occurrence of lethal GVHR is dependent upon the reactivity of parental lymphocytes against allo-antigenicity of F1 hybrids and also upon the lymphoid tissue transplanted. The lack of alloreactivity of hepatic T cells accounts for the absence of lethal GVHR after liver grafting.     

Macrochimerism and clinical transplant tolerance

Current theory holds that macrochimerism is essential to the development of transplant tolerance. Hematopoietic cell transplantation from the solid organ donor is necessary to achieve macrochimerism. Over the last 10–20?years, trials of tolerance induction with combined kidney and hematopoietic cell transplantation have moved from the preclinical to the clinical arena. The achievement of macrochimerism in the clinical setting is challenging, and potentially toxic due to the conditioning regimen necessary to hematopoietic cell transplantation and due to the risk of graft-versus-host disease. There are differences in chimerism goals and methods of the three major clinical stage tolerance induction strategies in both HLA-matched and HLA-mismatched living donor kidney transplantation, with consequent differences in efficacy and safety. The Stanford protocol has proven efficacious in the induction of tolerance in HLA-matched kidney transplantation, allowing cessation of immunosuppressive drug therapy in 80% of study participants, with the safety profile of conventional transplantation. In HLA-mismatched transplantation, multi-lineage macrochimerism of over a year’s duration can now be consistently achieved with the Stanford protocol, with complete withdrawal of immunosuppressive drug therapy during the second post-transplant year as the next experimental step and test of tolerance.     

Autologous Is Superior to Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia in Second Complete Remission

To identify favored choice of transplantation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in second complete remission, we studied 294 patients with APL in second complete remission (CR2) receiving allogeneic (n = 232) or autologous (n = 62) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplantation Research (CIBMTR) from 1995 to 2006, including 155 with pre-HCT PML/RAR∝ status (49% of allogeneic and 66% of autologous). Patient characteristics and transplantation characteristics, including treatment-related mortality, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival, were collected and analyzed for both univariate and multivariate outcomes. With median follow-up of 115 (allogeneic) and 72 months (autologous), 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) favored autologous with 63% (49% to 75%), compared with allogeneic at 50% (44% to 57%) (P = .10). OS was 75% (63% to 85%) versus 54% (48% to 61%) (P = .002), for autologous and allogeneic transplantation, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed significantly worse DFS after allogeneic HCT (hazard ratio [HR], 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 3.06; P = .011) and age > 40 years (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.44 to 3.67; P = .0005). OS was significantly worse after allogeneic HCT (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.52 to 4.65; P = .0006); age > 40 (HR, 3.29; 95% CI, 1.95 to 5.54; P < .001), and first complete remission < 12 months (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.26; P = .021). Positive pre-HCT PML-RAR∝ status in 17 of 114 allogeneic and 6 of 41 receiving autologous transplantation did not influence relapse, treatment failure, or survival in either group. The survival advantage for autografting was attributable to increased treatment-related mortality (TRM) in the allogeneic group of 30% compared to 2% in the autologous group, in addition to the added mortality associated with GVHD. We conclude that autologous HCT yields superior OS for APL in CR2. Long-term DFS in autologous recipients, even with minimal residual disease–positive grafts, remains an important subject for further study.     

Anatomic bases for liver transplantation

Summary This study gathers the anatomic implications for a good liver transplantation. During hepatic removal a left hepatic a.exists in 20% of cases; a right hepatic artery originating from the superior mesenteric a. (SMA) can be the only arterial supply in 9% of cases; the whole lesser omentum has to be removed and the SMA from 6 cm to its origin. The SMA must be freed from the celiac ganglia and its ostium removed with the celiac trunk in an aortic patch cut on the anterior side in order to avoid the renal ostia. During total hepatectomy, dissection of the portal triad is often difficult because of portal hypertension dilating accessory portal veins (parabiliary arcade) and pedicular lymphatics. Nerve plexuses are thick in front of the hepatic artery or behind the portal triad. Transection of triangular ligaments leads to the retrohepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) that must be freed from its posterior tributaries (right suprarenal vein and inferior phrenic veins flowing either into the IVC or into the hepatic veins). One big problem during hepatic replacement is the biliary anastomosis which must be well irrigated. In the recipient, dissection up to the hilum preserves hepatic and pancreatico-duodenal pedicles. The biliary tract of the graft must be cut low, behind the pancreas, and several centimeters of the gastroduodenal artery must be preserved to save hepatic and gastroduodenal pedicles.

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Bases anatomiques de la transplantation hépatique

Résumé Ce travail rassemble les notions anatomiques nécessaires au bon déroulement d'une transplantation hépatique. Le prélèvement du greffon doit enlever tout le petit omentum contenant une éventuelle a. hépatique gauche née de l'a. gastrique gauche (20%) et emporter l'a. mésentérique supérieure jusqu'à 6 cm de son origine pour ne pas oublier une a. hépatique droite née de cette dernière: son ostium est pris avec le tronc clique dans un patch aortique découpé sur la face antérieure. Lors de l'hépatectomie totale, la dissection du pédicule hépatique est rendue délicate par l'hypertension portale qui dilate les veines portes diets accessoires (arcade parabiliaire) et les lymphatiques pédiculaires. Les plexus nerveux sont riches devant l'artère hépatique et derrière le pédicule. La section des ligaments triangulaires droit et gauche amène à la veine cave inférieure (VCI) rétro-hépatique qu'il faut libérer de ses afférences postérieures (en particulier la veine surrénale principale droite toujours haut située et les veines phréniques inférieures qui s'abouchent soit dans la VCI soit dans les veines hépatiques du carrefour). Lors du remplacement, l'anastomose biliaire doit être vascularisée. Chez le receveur la dissection jusqu'au hile permet de conserver les pédicules. La voie biliaire du greffon doit être coupée bas derrière le pancréas et les premiers centimètres de l'artère gastro-duodénale conservés pour préserver les pédicules hépatique et pancréaticoduodénal.

     

Risk Factors for Depression in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Despite the prevalence and known adverse impacts of depression after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), little is known about the trajectory of depression occurring after HCT, or which pretransplantation risk factors might help predict new or worsening post-HCT depression. This secondary analysis evaluated the relationships between pre-HCT patient-reported outcomes and demographic characteristics and post-HCT depression. A total of 228 adult HCT patients were evaluated pre-HCT (T1) and again at 6 to 7 weeks post-HCT (T2), using touch-screen computers in the transplantation clinic during participation in a larger trial. Measures evaluated included the Symptom Distress Scale, the EORTC QLQ-C30 for quality of life, a single-item pain intensity question, and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 for measurement of depression. At T1, rates of depression were quite low, with only 6% of participants reporting moderate or higher depression. At T2, however, the prevalence of moderate or higher depression was 31%. We observed a strong linear relationship in PHQ-9 scores between T1 and T2 (P < .0001). Depression score at T1 was a significant predictor of depression score at T2 (P = .03), as was poorer emotional function at T1 (P < .01). Our results indicate that post-HCT depression is common, even in patients with a low pre-HCT depression score. Frequent screening for symptoms of depression at critical time points, including 6 to 7 weeks post-HCT, are needed in this population, followed by referrals to supportive care as appropriate.