早孕期超声检测胎儿颈项透明层及鼻骨的临床意义

目的通过早孕期超声检测胎儿颈项透明层(NT)及鼻骨,探讨其在临床中的价值。方法选择2010年2月至2014年1月期间在甘肃省妇幼保健院产科进行产前检查的5 305例单胎妊娠孕妇采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪检测NT的厚度并判定鼻骨有无。以NT厚度≥3mm作为NT增厚。结果在5 287例单胎孕妇中,发现62例NT值≥3mm,其中染色体核型异常5例,包括21-三体3例,18-三体1例,XXY1例。鼻骨缺失20例,其中染色体核型异常3例均为21-三体。检测NT增厚胎儿染色体异常检出率为8.06%,鼻骨缺失胎儿染色体异常检出率为15.00%。按孕11~11^(+6)周、孕12~12^(+6)周和孕13~13^(+6)周分成3组,各组间NT测量值比较差异有统计学意义(F=423.097,P<0.05)。按正常胎儿孕妇年龄段分为<25岁、25~29岁、30~34岁、≥35岁4组,各组间NT测量值比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.889,P>0.05)。结论 NT增厚及鼻骨缺失对于早期发现胎儿异常有较高的临床价值,早孕期超声筛查可成为一种独立的手段来评价早孕期的胎儿异常情况。     

妊娠11～13~(+6)周胎儿三尖瓣反流与染色体异常的关系

目的:确定妊娠11～13+6周胎儿三尖瓣返流(TR)与染色体异常的关系。方法:选取产前检查的孕妇共3 100例,于妊娠11～13+6周进行胎儿染色体非整倍体畸形联合筛查[孕妇年龄、胎儿颈项透明层厚度(NT)、孕妇血清妊娠相关蛋白A(PAPP-A)和游离β绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-HCG)],同时应用脉冲多普勒检查胎儿三尖瓣血流,三尖瓣返流定义为:返流时相至少占收缩期一半,速度超过80cm/s。筛查高风险的孕妇(风险界值为1∶270)进行侵入性产前诊断(经腹绒毛活检)确定胎儿核型,核型正常及低风险孕妇妊娠22～24周行孕中期胎儿结构畸形系统检查,所有孕妇产后进行随访。结果:接受筛查的3 100例孕妇中共发现26例非整倍体核型异常,其中10例为21-三体、6例为18-三体、1例为13-三体、7例为45X0、1例为47XXY、1例为47XXX,1例为染色体平衡易位t(1;2)(p11.1;11.2);核型正常者中1例胎儿脊柱裂、1例Pierre Rob-in综合征。胎儿核型异常组三尖瓣返流发生率55.6%,核型正常组为2.2%;无论胎儿染色体正常与否,合并心脏畸形者三尖瓣返流发生率为75.4%,而未合并心脏畸形者三尖瓣返流发生率为1.3%。染色体核型正常胎儿,NT<3.5 mm、3.5～4.4 mm、≥4.5 mm 3组胎儿心脏畸形发生率分别为0.7%、20.5%、40.0%。结论:妊娠11～13+6周胎儿三尖瓣返流与21-三体及其他染色体异常密切相关,胎儿三尖瓣返流发生率随NT增厚而增高,胎儿心脏缺陷者三尖瓣返流明显高于无心脏缺陷者,早孕期胎儿三尖瓣血流可作为胎儿染色体非整倍体畸形超声标志物。     

超声测量胎儿颈项透明层增厚与染色体异常的关系

目的探讨超声检查胎儿颈项透明层（nuchal translucency,NT）增厚与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法参照英国胎儿医学基金会（FMF）的关于胎儿NT厚度的测量标准,对孕11~13周＋6孕妇胎儿进行超声NT标准化测量,对NT增厚（NT≥2.5 mm）胎儿行染色体核型分析。结果孕11~13周＋6成功测量胎儿NT厚度5 543例,NT≥2.5 mm者82例,阳性检出率1.48%;82例NT增厚胎儿的NT测量值为2.6~12.3 mm,平均（4.5±2.3）mm。82例NT增厚胎儿检出染色体异常14例,异常检出率17.1%;其中结构异常2例,染色体数目异常12例;发生率最高染色体核型为21三体（7例,50.0%）,三体征总共检出10例（71.4%）。不同胎儿性别、孕妇分娩年龄、NT厚度的胎儿染色体异常检出率之间存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）。NT增厚胎儿NT测量值与胎儿染色体异常发生率呈明显的正相关关系（r=0.387,P〈0.001）。结论在妊娠早期通过超声检查胎儿NT厚度可以作为胎儿染色体异常介入性产前诊断的重要超声筛查指标。     

NT超声检查在早孕期胎儿筛查中的临床价值

目的 在早孕期畸形胎儿筛查中分析颈后透明层(NT)超声的应用价值。方法 选取2021年3月-2022年3月在本院建档立卡的1974例孕妇为研究对象,所有患者均在早期接受NT超声检查,并以胎儿分娩、手术或尸检病理结果为标准。观察NT超声检查结果及应用价值。结果 1974例孕妇中出现NT增厚27例,经超声诊断出胎儿畸形6例,其中伴有染色体异常5例。超声诊断出早孕期NT增厚、胎儿畸形及合并染色体异常胎儿与NT增厚伴胎儿结构异常总数比较,其畸形灵敏度83.33%(5/6),特异度为98.93%(1947/1968),准确度为98.63%(1947/1974),阴性预测值为99.94%(1968/1969)、阳性预测值22.22%(6/27);对比观察1947例NT超声检查正常胎儿与6例异常胎儿颈后透明层厚度发现,5例检查结果提示异常胎儿颈后透明层厚度显著较高(P<0.05);经NT超声检查异常且染色体核型显示异常的胎儿有5例,以21-三体综合征较为常见,占比60.00%(3/5),对比观察三组研究对象孕周及NT厚度发现,21-三体孕周时间最长,18-三体综合征NT厚度最厚;后续超声随访监测胎儿畸形类型发现,以颜面部鼻骨问题较为常见,其次为心脏畸形,骨骼畸形,颈部淋巴水囊瘤、脐膨出及全身皮肤水肿异常。结论 新生儿生育质量与我国人口质量息息相关,加强对畸形胎儿的防治具有重要意义,在早孕期开展NT超声检查能够提高筛查诊断准确率,为孕妇优生优育提供有力的诊断依据,值得在临床推广运用。     

胎儿颈项透明层厚度在诊断染色体异常中的应用价值

目的:探讨胎儿颈项透明层(NT)增厚与胎儿染色体异常的关系。方法:2009年2月～2012年1月在舟山市妇幼保健院进行产前检查的312名NT增厚孕妇行胎儿染色体核型分析。结果:312名孕妇NT增厚孕妇中14例胎儿为染色体核型异常,比例为4.49%,并且NT≥3.0 mm对染色体异常的诊断灵敏度为96.45%,特异性为94.45%。结论:NT增厚对染色体异常的早期筛查具有重要意义,NT≥3.0 mm是进行染色体筛查的一个重要的指标。     

孕11~13~(+6)周超声检查胎儿颈项透明层厚度的临床研究

目的探讨孕11~13+6周超声检查胎儿颈项透明层厚度(NT)诊断胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法对2286例单胎妊娠孕妇于孕11~13+6周进行腹部超声检查,测量胎儿NT值,并对所有胎儿进行随访。结果共36例胎儿发育异常,31例NT值≥3 mm,其中染色体核型异常6例,25例染色体核型正常胎儿均为结构异常;36例发育异常胎儿中5例NT值3mm,其中4例为结构异常,1例为染色体核型异常。正常胎儿NT值随孕周增大而增大,不同孕周NT值比较差异有统计学意义(F=5.638,P=0.004);不同年龄孕妇的正常胎儿NT值比较差异无统计学意义(F=0.162,P=0.736),所有2 286例孕妇中,NT值≥3 mm共63例,其中31例胎儿存在结构异常,6例存在染色体核型异常,平均检出时间为孕12+4周,孕妇年龄平均为34.1岁。25例胎儿染色体核型正常,结构异常平均检出时间为孕12+6周,孕妇年龄平均为32.8岁。结论胎儿NT厚度与发育异常存在密切联系,孕11~13+6周超声检测NT厚度可作为胎儿畸形筛查的重要指标。     

超声监测颈项透明层厚度在胎儿染色体异常诊断中的价值

目的分析探讨超声监测颈项透明层(NT)厚度在胎儿染色体异常中的诊断价值。方法选取2013年1月-2016年12月在该院行孕早期(孕11~13~(+6)周)超声检查的孕妇9 780例,对入选孕妇行超声测量,NT增厚胎儿行染色体核型分析,并追踪至出生后。结果 9 780例孕妇中有112例NT增厚(NT≥2.5 mm),发生率为1.15%。检测出染色体异常者19例,染色体异常发生率为16.96%,其中染色体数目异常15例,染色体结构异常4例。染色体数目异常患儿中发生率最高的是21-三体综合征(9例,60.00%)。染色体核型异常患儿中,各个年龄段产妇比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中以年龄35岁产妇染色体异常检测率居高(30.23%);出生婴儿性别比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),其中以女性胎儿染色体异常检测率居高(30.0%);NT厚度比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中以NT5.5 mm者染色体异常检测率居高(35.71%)。NT增厚与染色体异常呈正相关(r=-0.286,P=0.001)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,随着NT厚度测量值的增加,胎儿染色体异常的发病风险也明显增加。结论在孕早期通过超声监测胎儿NT厚度筛查胎儿染色体异常具有重要的临床价值,是产前筛查的重要指标之一。     

早期产前筛查中胎儿颈项透明层厚度与绒毛染色体异常的相关性分析

目的探究早期产前筛查中胎儿颈项透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)厚度与绒毛染色体异常的相关性。方法选择2013年10月至2016年10月于恩施州中心医院行产前超声检查的孕11~13周单胎孕妇、且胎儿NT厚度≥2.5 mm者150例,对所有孕妇进行胎盘绒毛染色体核型分析,并根据不同NT厚度分析出现绒毛染色体异常的差异。结果胎儿NT厚度越高,则绒毛染色体异常比例越高(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析,NT厚度测量值与胎儿染色体异常发生率存在正相关关系,胎儿发生染色体异常的概率随NT厚度测量值的上升而增加。NT增厚胎儿中有30例绒毛染色体异常,其中21三体所占比例最高(43.33%,13/30);120例正常绒毛染色体核型中出现4例多态性;4例核型为嵌合体,嵌合率为2.67%(4/150)。结论早期产前运用超声检查胎儿NT厚度可作为筛查胎儿染色体异常的重要手段,NT厚度与绒毛染色体异常发生率呈正相关关系,胎儿NT厚度≥3 mm时应进行介入性检查。     

胎儿颈部透明带增厚与不良妊娠结局的关系

目的 探讨胎儿颈部透明带(nuchal translucency,NT)增厚与不良妊娠结局的关系.方法 随访观察1621例门诊行NT检查的单胎孕妇中NT≥2.5 mm的孕妇产前检查情况及妊娠结局.结果 NT≥2.5 mm的胎儿54例,经过无创DNA检查或羊水穿刺检查显示,共有9名染色体异常;NT增厚、孕妇年龄增加,染色体异常的检出率增加(P＜0.05).NT增厚且无染色体异常的45例孕妇中查出胎儿先天性心脏病3例,胎儿全身水肿2例,脐膨出2例,骨骼异常2例,自然流产2例;正常健康出生34例.结论 孕早期超声检查胎儿NT,有利于早期筛查胎儿染色体异常尤其21-三体综合征,对于预测胎儿不良妊娠结局有重要的临床指导意义.     

超声检测胎儿颈项透明层厚度与染色体异常的相关性研究

目的探讨胎儿颈项透明层(nuchal translucency,NT)厚度与染色体异常之间的关系。方法选取2015年10月至2019年11月在内蒙古自治区妇幼保健院因超声检测NT值异常而进行羊水染色体核型分析的孕妇217例,并对其NT值增厚的情况及羊水染色体核型检测结果进行整理与分析。结果217例NT值增厚(NT≥2.5 mm)的孕妇中,检出染色体核型异常48例(22.12%)。其中,染色体数目异常42例,染色体结构异常4例及嵌合体2例。在NT值分别为2.5~<3.0 mm、3.0~<4.0 mm、4.0~<5.0 mm、5.0~<6.0 mm、>6.0 mm 5个组中,染色体异常率分别为15.38%、19.47%、22.45%、33.33%、42.86%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。单纯NT值增厚孕妇130例,检出染色体核型异常18例(13.85%);NT值异常合并其他指标异常者87例,检出染色体异常30例,染色体异常发生率为34.48%,明显高于单纯NT值增厚病例组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论NT值增厚与胎儿染色体异常密切相关,NT值增厚程度越大,染色体核型异常检出率越高;NT值增厚合并其他超声指标异常较单纯NT值增厚胎儿染色体异常检出率更高。NT值增厚对胎儿非整倍体的检出有重要的临床价值。     

CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺调节性T细胞及Foxp3在儿童传染性单核细胞增多症发病中的作用

目的探讨CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺调节性T细胞(Treg)及其转录因子Foxp3在儿童传染性单核细胞增多症(IM)发病中的作用。 方法选择2010年4月至2011年1月于四川省人民医院诊治的35例IM患儿的外周静脉血标本(每例患儿分别采集2个)为研究对象,并按照标本采集时期分为IM急性期组(n＝35)和IM恢复期组(n＝35)。选择同期于本院儿童保健门诊进行常规体检的35例健康儿童的外周静脉血标本(每例儿童采集1个)为对照组(本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试对象监护人的知情同意,并与之签署临床研究知情同意书)。分别检测3组血样标本中CD₃⁺,CD₃⁺CD₄⁺,CD₃⁺CD₈⁺,CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺ Treg表达率及Foxp3 mRNA水平,并进行统计学分析。IM患儿与健康儿童的年龄及性别分布比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结果IM急性期组外周血CD₃⁺,CD₃⁺CD₄⁺,CD₃⁺CD₈⁺,CD₄⁺/CD₈⁺和CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺ Treg测定结果分别与IM恢复期组和对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);IM急性期组Foxp3 mRNA表达水平显著降低,分别与IM恢复期组和对照组比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.01),IM恢复期组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IM急性期组CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺ Treg与Foxp3 mRNA表达呈正相关关系(r＝0.823,P<0.05)。 结论IM急性期存在明显免疫失衡,即CD₃⁺CD₈⁺明显增高,CD₃⁺CD₄⁺及CD₄⁺/CD₈⁺明显降低,其免疫失衡原因可能是由于CD₄⁺CD₂₅⁺ Treg数量降低及其转录因子Foxp3表达下调导致的免疫抑制功能不足所致。     

An Investigation of the Early Detection of Radiation Induced Apoptosis by ^99mTc-Annexin V and ²⁰¹Thallium-Chloride in a Lung Cancer Cell Line

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of in vitro Thallium-201 Chloride (Tl-201) and in vitro and in vivo Tc-99m HYNIC-coupled Annexin V (TAV) in the early detection of radiation induced apoptosis, a proxy indicator of radiation therapy (RT) efficacy. In vitro Tl-201 and TAV accumulation and efflux in non-small cell lung cancer were measured post irradiation at 5 different gamma ray doses. The replication rates (RR) of the cell lines were also measured. The same non-small cell lung cancer line was inoculated into the left femur. In vivo non-invasive Tl-201 and TAV tracer biodistribution studies were performed. Cell RR decrease with increased radiation dose was observed 48 hours after irradiation. Apoptotic cell number was found to have increased in response to 9 Gy and 12 Gy radiation dose. Tl-201 accumulation in the 9 Gy and 12 Gy irradiation groups was found to be higher than the lower irradiation groups. Quick Tl-201 efflux was observed in the 9 Gy and 12 Gy irradiated cells. At 48 hours after irradiation with 9 Gy and 12 Gy, Annexin V accumulation was found to be higher than in the control and 3-6 Gy groups. In vivo mouse model confirmed the increased TAV uptake in implanted tumors for relatively high 9 Gy irradiation as compared to non-irradiated controls. TAV may prove to be an effective radiotracer for early assessment of radiation therapy efficacy, via apoptosis, in human lung cancers.     

Differences in the Susceptibility to Iodine¹³¹-induced Thyroid Tumours amongst Inbred Mouse Strains

Genetic factors can modify susceptibility to the carcinogenic effect of ionising radiation. To establish if radioiodine-induced thyroid cancer is similarly genetically influenced, we studied F1 hybrid crosses between inbred mouse strains. Mice were perinatally exposed to iodine-131 and thyroid tissues examined after 18 months. Differences in the incidence and distribution of histological subtypes were quantified in relation to genetic background. As expected, the occurrence of thyroid lesions was significantly higher in irradiated mouse hybrids than in unirradiated controls. The most frequent alterations were the simple and the complex hyperplasias, followed by follicular adenoma and, less frequently, follicular carcinoma. Both the incidence and distribution of the histiotype were different between the hybrid mouse crosses. Crosses using JF1 mice (M. m. molossinus) produced F1 offspring that were more resistant to radiation-induced thyroid lesions. Sequence analysis of Braf, Ret, Hras, Kras, Kit and Trp53, all genes that are commonly mutated in human thyroid cancers, did not show any evidence of mutation in the tumours. However, microsatellite analysis of genomic DNA revealed frequent allelic imbalances in complex hyperplasia and follicular adenoma. We conclude that genetic background, in particular the JF1 genotype, confer differences in susceptibility to the carcinogenic effects of radioiodine on the thyroid.     

Evaluating the effect of various intracavitary applicators on dosimetric parameters of <Superscript>192</Superscript>Ir, <Superscript>137</Superscript>Cs,and <Superscript>60</Superscript>Co sources

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of various applicator compositions on dosimetric parameters and dose distribution of ¹⁹²Ir, ¹³⁷Cs, and ⁶⁰Co sources, using Monte Carlo simulation techniques. To study the effect of applicators on source dosimetry, the dose rate constant, and radial dose function and isodose curves for the above noted sources were calculated in the presence and absence of plastic, titanium, and a stainless steel applicators. The effects of the applicators on the dosimetric parameters and isodose curves of these sources were dependent of the source type and materials of the applicator. The ¹⁹²Ir source with the stainless steel applicator has the maximum difference of dose rate (4.2 %) relative to the without applicator case. The ⁶⁰Co source with plastic applicator has the minimum dose variation. Moreover, this effect is higher for lower energy sources. Ignoring the effect of applicator composition and geometry on dose distribution may cause discrepancies in treatment planning. Plastic applicators have the least radiation attenuation compared to the other applicators, therefore, they are recommended for use in brachytherapy. A table of correction factors has been introduced for different sources and applicators with different materials for the clinical applications.     

<i>KiSS-1</i>及<i>MTA1</i>基因在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨肿瘤转移抑制基因KiSS-1与肿瘤转移相关基因MTA1在卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达及其临床意义。 方法选择1994年1月至2003年12月在哈尔滨医科大学附属第三医院和牡丹江医学院附属红旗医院进行卵巢肿瘤切除术的121例卵巢肿瘤患者为研究对象。采用免疫组织化学SP法检测受试者切除卵巢肿瘤组织中KiSS-1及MTA1的表达,并统计学比较二者在不同病理类型卵巢上皮性肿瘤中的表达阳性率差异,在卵巢上皮性癌的不同临床病理参数下表达阳性率差异,以及在卵巢上皮性癌中表达的相关性及其表达与卵巢上皮性癌患者5年生存率之间的关系。 结果①卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤及卵巢交界性上皮性肿瘤细胞质中,KiSS-1表达阳性率均显著高于卵巢上皮性癌,且差异均有统计学意义(83.3% vs 29.5%,χ²＝23.375,P＝0.000 1;63.3% vs 29.5%,χ²＝29.536,P＝0.000 2);而卵巢良性上皮性肿瘤及卵巢交界性上皮性肿瘤细胞质中,MTA1表达阳性率均显著低于卵巢上皮性癌,且差异均有统计学意义(23.3% vs 73.8%,χ²＝20.889,P＝0.000 4;40.0% vs 73.8%,χ²＝9.800,P＝0.002 0)。② KiSS-1或MTA1在卵巢上皮性癌的国际妇产科联盟(FIGO)临床分期、淋巴结转移及腹水等临床病理参数下的表达阳性率比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而在年龄、肿瘤直径、组织学类型及世界卫生组织(WHO)病理分级的临床病理参数下,表达阳性率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③ KiSS-1和MTA1在卵巢上皮性癌中的表达呈负相关关系(r＝－0.268,P＝0.038)。④在卵巢上皮性癌中,KiSS-1表达呈阳性者的5年生存率(33.3%)显著高于KiSS-1表达呈阴性者(14.0%),而MTA1表达呈阳性者的5年生存率(11.1%)显著低于MTA1表达呈阴性者(43.8%),且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝6.473,14.869;P<0.05)。 结论KiSS-1与MTA1基因可能参与了卵巢上皮性肿瘤的发生、发展和转移过程,或可作为评估恶性上皮性卵巢肿瘤预后的可行性指标。     

Studying of <Superscript>210</Superscript>Po and <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb Deposition in Some Lichen Species in Manisa,Turkey

Lichens are very useful for monitoring of the radionuclide deposition because having a high efficiency capturing the radionuclides from the atmospheric fallout. In the present work, ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb deposition in some lichen species were determined using an alpha spectrometer. Different lichens were collected around Demirci-Manisa and investigated their uses as biomonitor for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb deposition. The highest activity concentrations for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb were detected in Neofuscelia pulla (898 Bq kg^?1 and 1207 Bq kg^?1, respectively). The mean activities in the lichen species ranged from 164 to 584 Bq kg^?1 for ²¹⁰Po and from 175 to 671 Bq kg^?1 for ²¹⁰Pb. The activity ratios for ²¹⁰Po/²¹⁰Pb ranged from 0.75 to 1.57.     

Fluid intake in urban China: results of the 2016 <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liq.In</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">7</Emphasis></Superscript> national cross-sectional surveys

Purpose

To describe total fluid intake (TFI) and types of fluid consumed in urban China by age, gender, regions and city socioeconomic status relative to the adequate intakes (AI) set by the Chinese Nutrition Society.

Methods

In 2016, participants aged 4–9, 10–17 and 18–55 years were recruited via a door-to-door approach in 27 cities in China. In total, 2233 participants were included. The volumes and sources of TFI were collected using the Liq.In ⁷ record, assisted by a photographic booklet of standard fluid containers.

Results

The mean daily TFI among children, adolescents and adults were 966, 1177 and 1387 mL, respectively. In each age group, TFI was significantly higher in male vs female (981 vs 949, 1240 vs 1113, 1442 vs 1332; mL). Approximately 45, 36 and 28% of children, adolescents and adults reached the AI. Although plain water was the highest contributor to TFI, the contribution of sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) was ranked in the top three together with water and milk and derivatives. Approximately 27, 48 and 47% of children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day, respectively.

Conclusions

A relatively large proportion of participants did not drink enough to meet the AI in urban China. Many children, adolescents and adults consumed more than one serving of SSB per day. A majority of children, adolescents and adults in the study population do not meet both quantitative and qualitative fluid intake requirements, and signal socioeconomic disparities.

     

A comparison of drinking behavior using a harmonized methodology (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Liq.In</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">7</Emphasis></Superscript>) in six countries

Purpose

To assess drinking occasions (volume and type) according to consumption with food in or outside meals, and location, for six countries.

Methods

A total of 10,521 participants aged 4–65 years from Argentina, Brazil, China, Indonesia, Mexico and Uruguay completed a validated 7-day fluid intake record. For each drinking event, the volume consumed, the fluid type, the location of intake, and whether the drink was accompanied by food (meal or snack) or not, was recorded.

Results

Similar drinking behaviors were found in Mexico and Argentina; fluid intake during meals was 48 and 45% of total fluid intake (TFI), respectively. In Brazil (55%), Indonesia (58%) and China (66%) most fluid was consumed without food. In Uruguay, 34% of TFI was with a main meal, 31% with food between meals and 35% without food. Indonesia had the highest median (25–75th percentile) TFI; 2520 (1750–3347) mL/day, and China the lowest 1138 (818–3347) mL/day. Water was consumed with meals for 37% of Chinese and 87% of Indonesian participants, while the four Latin-American American countries showed a preference for sweet drinks; 54% in Mexico, 67% in Brazil, 55% in Argentina and 59% in Uruguay. Diversity in fluid type was noted when drinking with food between meals. Apart from China, most drinking occasions (>?75%) occurred at home.

Conclusions

Three distinct drinking behaviors were identified, namely, drinking with meals, drinking as a stand-alone activity, and a type of ‘grazing’ (i.e., frequent drinks throughout the day) behavior. Most drinking occasions occurred at home.

     

Fluid intake of Latin American children and adolescents: results of four 2016 <Emphasis Type="Italic">LIQ.IN</Emphasis><Superscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">7</Emphasis></Superscript> National Cross-Sectional Surveys

Purpose

The primary aim of this survey was to report total fluid intake (TFI) and different fluid types for children (4–9 years) and adolescents (10–17 years) in Mexico, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. The second aim was to compare TFI with the adequate intake (AI) of water from fluids as recommended by the USA Institute of Medicine.

Methods

Data were collected using a validated liquid intake 7-day record (Liq.In ⁷ ). Participants’ characteristics, including age, sex and anthropometric measurements were recorded.

Results

A total of 733 children and 933 adolescents were recruited. Over 75% of children in Uruguay met the IOM’s recommended intake. Fewer children in Argentina (64–72%) and Brazil (41–50%) obtained AI and the lowest values were recorded in Mexico (33–44%), where 16% of boys and 14% girls drank 50% or less of the AI. More adolescents in Argentina (42%) met the AIs than other countries; the lowest was in Mexico (28%). Children and adolescents in Mexico and Argentina drank more sugar sweetened beverages than water.

Conclusions

Large numbers of children and adolescents did not meet AI recommendations for TFI, raising concerns about their hydration status and potential effects on mental and physical well-being. Given the negative effects on children’s health, the levels of SSB consumption are worrying.