肾虚血瘀型膝骨性关节炎大鼠模型的建立

背景：建立骨性关节炎的中医证候模型,有利于对其进行辨证施治研究。 目的：采用病、证结合的方法建立肾虚血瘀型膝骨关节炎大鼠模型。 方法：选择2月龄雌性SPF 级SD大鼠30只,随机分为正常组、膝骨关节炎组和复合模型组,每组10 只。采用经典的Hulth造模法建立膝骨关节炎模型,去卵巢法建立肾虚模型,肾上腺皮质激素和肾上腺素法建立血瘀模型。复合模型由上述3种模型复合而成,先建立肾虚模型,8周后同时进行血瘀模型与骨关节炎模型造模。 结果与结论：复合模型组大鼠在肾虚模型建立后第3周时出现精神萎靡、活动不灵活、便溏等表现,在血瘀模型建立后第6周时大鼠出现皮毛无光泽、喜背光、舌质瘀紫、尾色及爪甲瘀青,体质量下降;低切还原黏度增高,血小板聚集性增强等血流缓慢、循环障碍特点;组织学染色观察发现膝骨关节炎组关节软骨结构有一定破坏但轻于复合模型组。可见实验成功建立了大鼠肾虚血瘀型大鼠膝骨关节炎模型,而肾虚血瘀加重了膝骨关节软骨的退变。     

白松片对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学及血浆CORT、ACTH的影响

目的：观察白松片对慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型行为学和血浆CORT、ACTH含量的影响。方法：SD雄性大鼠28只随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、氟西汀对照组及白松片试验组，选用慢性轻度不可预见性应激加孤养造模，观察各组大鼠敞箱实验和液体消耗等行为学指标变化，采用放射免疫方法检测大鼠血浆皮质醇(CORT)和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)含量。结果：慢性应激抑郁大鼠体重增加缓慢，敞箱实验中的水平运动、垂直运动得分、清洁动作次数显著减少，中央格停留时间显著延长；糖水消耗明显下降，纯水消耗显著增多，而且其血浆皮质醇和促肾上腺皮质激素含量增加。氟西汀和白松片均显著改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠模型的行为学和神经内分泌变化。结论：慢性轻度不可预见性应激可使大鼠行为及神经内分泌发生异常改变，引起抑郁状态，白松片对此具有一定拮抗作用。     

前庭功能锻炼对运动病大鼠血浆应激相关激素水平的影响

 目的：探讨前庭功能锻炼对运动病大鼠接受旋转刺激后血浆应激相关内分泌指标的变化,进一步阐明激素与运动病的内在联系。方法：旋转刺激72只雌性SD大鼠,根据大鼠条件性味觉厌恶程度判断其运动病敏感性。用放射免疫分析法测定血浆皮质酮、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、促肾上腺皮质素释放激素（CRH）和精氨酸加压素（AVP）水平,观察旋转刺激对血浆激素水平的影响。接着,进行前庭功能锻炼1个月,等大鼠对运动病产生耐受后,再观察旋转刺激对血浆激素水平的影响。结果：（1）大鼠经过1个月的前庭功能锻炼后,糖精水厌饮行为完全被抑制,说明达到了习服的效果;（2）旋转刺激可引起大鼠血浆皮质酮、ACTH和AVP水平升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,但经前庭功能锻炼后,旋转刺激对皮质酮的升高作用明显减弱;（3）不敏感组大鼠血浆皮质酮、ACTH、CRH和AVP的水平均高于敏感组,尤其是旋转刺激后的皮质酮、ACTH水平与CRH的基础水平（P<0.05或P<0.01）。并且,经过前庭功能锻炼,皮质酮、ACTH与CRH的基础水平在2组均高于前庭功能锻炼前（P<0.05或P<0.01）,AVP基础水平也有一定程度的升高。结论：（1）给大鼠进行前庭功能锻炼可以达到习服的目的,抑制运动病的发生;（2）大鼠运动病敏感性的个体差异可能与血浆应激相关激素基础水平的高低相关。     

实验性应激对糖尿病大鼠模型免疫炎症状态影响的研究

本文旨在探讨实验性应激对糖尿病大鼠血清IL-2、IL-6、TNF-α水平和脾淋巴细胞活力和凋亡率的影响以及胰岛素和氟西汀对此的干预作用。采用高糖高脂饲养加腹腔少量注射链脲菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病大鼠,实验大鼠分为正常大鼠对照组、糖尿病大鼠对照组、糖尿病大鼠胰岛素组、糖尿病大鼠氟西汀组,各组大鼠进行为期8周的随机实验性应激,实验第4、8周分别采血测定血清IL-2,IL-6,TNF-α水平,同时检测脾淋巴细胞活力和凋亡率。结果显示糖尿病大鼠应激后IL-6,TNF-α水平明显升高,IL-2水平明显下降;同时脾淋巴细胞活力下降,凋亡率增加,胰岛素或氟西汀治疗能不同程度改善这些变化。     

消渴汤方剂对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠GLP-1分泌的影响

目的　探讨消渴汤方剂对Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠类胰高血糖素肽 1(GLP 1)水平和血糖分泌的影响, 为Ⅱ型糖尿病的治疗提供新的思路。方法　应用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法测定正常组、Ⅱ型糖尿病模型组 和口服消渴汤大鼠组血浆GLP 1和血糖水平。结果　Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠血糖水平明显高于正常大鼠,口服消渴 汤大鼠GLP 1水平明显高于Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠、血糖水平低于Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠,对正常组大鼠无影响。结论　 消渴汤使Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠GLP 1水平升高、血糖水平降低。     

小檗碱对2型糖尿病大鼠肾脏GLUT1表达的影响

目的 探讨小檗碱(Berberine,BBR)对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)大鼠肾脏葡萄糖转运蛋白1(glucose transporter protein 1,GLUT1)表达的影响及其对肾保护作用的机制,为临床用其防治糖尿病肾病打下理论基础.方法 45只健康雄性SD大鼠适...     

应激大鼠下丘脑5-羟色胺1A受体活性与促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子表达的关系

目的:观察连续单一应激(SPS)前阻断大鼠5-羟色胺1A(5-HT1A)受体下丘脑促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(CRF)表达的改变,初步探讨5-HT1A受体活性与CRF表达的关系.方法:将健康雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组、模型组和阻断组,模型组和阻断组给予SPS.阻断组在给予SPS应激前使用5-HT1A受体阻断剂WAY100635进行干预.采用免疫组织化学和逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法检测下丘脑CRF蛋白和mRNA的表达.结果:对照组、模型组和阻断组免疫阳性细胞吸光度分别为6.94±0.61、22.36±1.55和16.86±1.65,mRNA相对表达分别为0.72±0.07、2.08±0.06和1.16±0.11,模型组高于对照组,阻断组低于模型组.结论:5-HT1A受体活性与下丘脑CRF表达有关.     

脑内源性β-内啡肽对应激诱发促肾上腺皮质激素和催乳素释放的调节

在预先埋植第三脑室导管和预置颈外静脉导管的SD大鼠中,脑室内微量注射β-内啡肽抗血清,并与脑室内注射正常兔血清的大鼠对比。看到注射β-内啡肽抗血清后,ACTH和催乳素因限制性应激的释放,分别被抑制了46.1％和71.2％。说明中枢内源性β-内啡肽可能是ACTH和催乳素在某种应激时相伴释放的重要调节因素之一。     

黄芪多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏CHOP表达的影响

目的:探讨黄芪多糖(APS)对2型糖尿病(T2DM)大鼠肝脏内质网应激标志蛋白CHOP表达的影响。方法:雄性SPF级SD大鼠44只,随机分为:空白对照组(C组)、单纯APS灌胃对照组(CA组)、T2DM模型组(T2DM组)、T2DM+APS治疗组(T2DM+APS组)。定期监测各组动物体重(BW)、随机血糖(随机BG)、空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)水平、口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HO-MA-IR);用Westernblot法检测各组动物肝组织CHOP的表达水平。结果:T2DM组大鼠BW、随机BG、FBG、Fins、HOMA-IR均显著高于C组,同时伴OGTT异常(P0.01);T2DM+APS组大鼠BW、随机BG、FBG、HOMA-IR较T2DM组显著下降(P0.01),OGTT各时点BG较T2DM组均显著降低(P0.01);肝组织CHOP表达水平在T2DM组显著高于C组(P0.01),T2DM+APS组表达水平明显低于T2DM组(P0.05)。C组和CA组比较各项指标无显著性差异。结论:APS可显著降低T2DM大鼠血糖和改善胰岛素抵抗,其机制可能与APS减弱T2DM大鼠肝组织内质网应激蛋白CHOP表达有关。     

内质网应激蛋白BiP在姜黄素抗2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛大鼠的作用

目的: 探讨姜黄素对2型糖尿病诱导的神经病理性疼痛(DNP)大鼠机械痛敏(MWT)、热痛敏(TWL)、脊髓背角和背根神经节(DRG)的保护作用及机制。方法: 高脂高糖饲料喂养8周诱导胰岛素抵抗后,继以单次小剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)35 mg/kg腹腔注射,在注射STZ前和14 d后采用Electronic Von Fery触觉测痛仪和甩尾/足底测试仪测大鼠MWT和TWL,注射STZ 3 d后血糖≥16.7 mmol/L且在注射STZ 14 d后痛阈下降至基础值85%以下者入选为D组(81只)。将D组随机分为3组(n=27): DNP组、DNP+姜黄素100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1组(DCur组)和DNP+溶剂组(DSC组),另取27只为正常对照组(C组),给予普通饲料喂养。给姜黄素3、7、14 d后测血糖、MWT与TWL,并在同时点取大鼠L4~L6脊髓和DRG,用免疫组化和免疫印迹法测定脊髓背角和DRG中免疫球蛋白重链结合蛋白(BiP)的表达。结果: 与C组相比,DNP组各时点MWT降低,TWL缩短,血糖值升高,脊髓背角和DRG中BiP均出现表达上调(P<0.05)。与DNP组相比,DCur组在给姜黄素7 d后MWT升高,TWL延长;给姜黄素14 d后脊髓背角和DRG中BiP表达下调(P<0.05)。DSC组和DNP组相比差异无统计学意义。结论: BiP参与了2型糖尿病神经病理性疼痛的发病机制。姜黄素减轻2型糖尿病大鼠神经病理性疼痛的机制可能与抑制BiP表达有关。     

糖尿病大鼠颌下腺肥大细胞数量及转化生长因子β1的表达

背景：研究表明,持续高血糖可导致大鼠颌下腺的细胞出现退行性改变,表现为细胞因子表达增加,糖原代谢改变,分泌功能减弱。关于肥大细胞及转化生长因子β1与糖尿病颌下腺组织病变的关系研究较少。 目的：观察糖尿病状态下颌下腺组织中肥大细胞数量与形态变化和转化生长因子β1的表达。 方法：雄性SD大鼠32只,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组注射四氧嘧啶成模后的4,8,12周测量体质量和血糖,并与对照组大鼠一同取下颌下腺组织做苏木精-伊红染色和甲苯胺蓝染色观察并计数肥大细胞,SP 免疫组织化学染色方法检测转化生长因子β1棕黄色阳性细胞数量。 结果与结论：①肥大细胞在正常鼠及糖尿病鼠颌下腺组织中均有表达,实验组与对照组比较肥大细胞数随病程延长而增多,实验组不同时期明显多于对照组(P < 0.01)。②转化生长因子β1阳性细胞数在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠颌下腺的腺泡细胞、颗粒曲管及纹状管细胞中均有表达,阳性颗粒位于胞浆内,糖尿病时,随病程延长而增多,实验组不同时期明显多于对照组(P < 0.01)。结果可见糖尿病大鼠颌下腺中肥大细胞与转化生长因子β1表达增强与糖尿病病程呈正相关。     

Effects of long-term experimental diabetes on adrenal gland growth and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate formation in growth hormone-deficient dwarf rats

The availability of growth hormone (GH)-deficient dwarf rats with otherwise normal pituitary function provides a powerful tool to examine the relative role of hyperglycaemia and the reordering of hormonal factors in the hypertrophy-hyperfunction of the adrenal gland that is seen in experimental diabetes. Here, we examine the effects of long-term (6 months) experimental diabetes on the growth of the adrenal glands; their content of phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP); and the activity of the PRPP synthetase, G6P dehydrogenase and 6PG dehydrogenase enzymes in GH-deficient dwarf rats compared to heterozygous controls. These parameters were selected in view of the known role of PRPP in both de novo and salvage pathways of purine and pyrimidine synthesis and in the formation of NAD, and in view of the role of the oxidative enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway in both R5P formation and the generation of the NADPH that is required in reductive synthetic reactions. This study shows that GH deficiency prevents the increase in adrenal gland weight, PRPP synthetase, PRPP content and G6P dehydrogenase and 6PG dehydrogenase. This contrasts sharply with the heterozygous group that showed the expected increase in these parameters. The blood glucose levels of the groups of long-term diabetic rats, both GH-deficient and heterozygous, remained at an elevated level throughout the experiment. These results are fully in accord with earlier evidence from studies with somatostatin analogues which showed that the GH-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-axis plays a key role in the adrenal diabetic hypertrophy-hyperfunction syndrome.     

Crystallization of oral fluid components in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

We systematized and described morphological criteria characterizing crystalline aggregates in mixed saliva from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.__________This revised version was published online in August 2005 with the addition of the issue titleTranslated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 139, No. 1, pp. 22–24, January, 2005     

The effects of palm vitamin E on stress hormone levels and gastric lesions in stress-induced rats

Introduction

This study examines the effects of palm vitamin E (PVE) or α-tocopherol (α-TF) supplementation on adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and gastric lesions in rats exposed to water-immersion restraint stress (WIRS).

Material and methods

Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were divided into three groups. Group I: 20 rats as a control group were given a normal diet. Group II: 20 rats received oral supplementation of PVE at 60 mg/kg body weight. Group III: 20 rats received oral supplementation of α-TF at 60 mg/kg body weight. After the treatment period of 28 days, each group was further subdivided into two groups: 10 rats not exposed to stress, and the other 10 rats subjected to WIRS for 3.5 h. Blood samples were taken to measure the ACTH and corticosterone levels. The rats were then sacrificed and the stomach excised and opened along the greater curvature and examined for lesions.

Results

Rats exposed to WIRS had lesions in their stomach mucosa. Our findings showed that dietary supplementation of PVE or α-TF was able to reduce gastric lesions significantly in comparison to the stressed controls. The WIRS increased plasma ACTH and corticosterone significantly. Palm vitamin E and α-TF treatments reduced these parameters significantly compared to the stressed controls.

Conclusions

Supplementation with either PVE or α-TF reduces the formation of gastric lesions, probably by inhibiting the elevation of ACTH and corticosterone levels induced by stress.     

Characterization of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in recent-onset diabetes mellitus type 1

Dendritic cells (DC) may play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM-1). In this study, we have analyzed phenotypical changes during cytokine-driven maturation from CD14+ monocytes to mature DC and DC-dependent T-cell stimulation in recent-onset pediatric DM-1 patients and healthy controls. DC maturation was monitored by flow cytometric analyses for the expression of surface markers (HLA-DR, CD1a, CD40, CD80, CD86, CD83, CD14, CD32, mannose-receptor, and CD11c). Flow cytometric analysis of isolated peripheral blood monocytes did not reveal apparent differences between patients and controls. During DC maturation no obvious differences in the expression patterns of surface markers over time or evidence for maturation impairments in DM-1 patients could be appreciated. Solely, a marginal, but significant, transient down-regulation of CD1a on Day 3 (mean MDFI 3.82 vs 7.25; P = 0.021), which was accompanied by an increase of IL-6, could be observed. The comparison of mature DCs (Day 10) between patients and controls indicated no significant differences, except for CD83 (mean MDFI 1.7 vs 1.5; P = 0.042) and CD80 (mean MDFI 15.92 vs 12.73; P = 0.042). Moreover, no difference in T-cell stimulatory capacity was seen. In conclusion, our analysis of a cohort of recent-onset DM-1 patients and controls does not support a role for disease-related alterations in cytokine-driven maturation of monocyte-derived DC.     

Insulin gene VNTR, CTLA-4 +49A/G and HLA-DQB1 alleles distinguish latent autoimmune diabetes in adults from type 1 diabetes and from type 2 diabetes group

Recent research has underlined the need to explore pathogenic, genetic and clinical spectrum of adult onset autoimmune diabetes, also known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). We aimed to investigate whether genetic factors that are associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility, namely HLA-DQB1 alleles, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 gene (CTLA-4) and insulin gene (INS) polymorphisms, are also associated with an atypical subset of patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The case-control study included 70 T1D, 305 T2D and 252 nondiabetic controls. The T2D group was divided into atypical T2D (LADA, n = 61) or typical T2D (n = 244) subgroups based on the presence of at least one pancreas-specific antibody. Our data suggested that HLA-DQB1 alleles of all three risk classes, INS variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) I/I and CTLA-4 +49 GG or AG genotypes, were independent risk factors for developing LADA and could be used as a diagnostic tool to discriminate between LADA and T2D. Additionally, there was an increased association between LADA and CTLA-4 diabetes-susceptibility genotypes and decreased association with INS VNTR and high-risk HLA-DQB1 alleles, compared with T1D. Our study suggested the need for further investigation into the genetic background and functional genomics of LADA in comparison with T1D and T2D.     

2型糖尿病易感位点的功能性L1逆转录转座子的研究

目的通过一种新的策略寻找2型糖尿病的易感基因.方法应用美国生物技术信息中心提供的BLAST(basic local alignment search tool)检索工具,对已报道的2型糖尿病易感位点的核酸序列进行检索分析,发现功能性L1逆转录转座子可能是易感基因.然后应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测25例2型糖尿病患者和22名正常对照的L1逆转录转座子表达水平,用SPSS10.0软件包进行统计学分析,并对6例患者和4名正常人的L1逆转录转座子进行定位克隆、基因组序列测定.结果对人类基因组及GenBank数据库进行全面搜索分析发现L1逆转录转座子分布在除19号、21号和Y染色体外的其它染色体上.这种分布情况与已报道的易感位点在染色体上的分布情况有相似性.功能性L1逆转录转座子在2型糖尿病患者组的表达水平明显低于正常对照组(P＜0.001).L1逆转录转座子在2型糖尿病患者有不同程度的缺失和(或)无意义突变,而在正常对照无突变.结论功能性L1逆转录转座子可能是2型糖尿病的某一易感基因或者是其易感基因的重要调节因子之一.功能性L1逆转录转座子表达水平的高低可能可以作为筛选2型糖尿病的一个生物学指标.     

用核酸序列测定1型糖尿病HLA-DPB1和DQB1第2外显子基因

目的 研究山东省汉族1型糖尿病与HLA－DPB1和HLA－DQB1等位基因的相关性。方法 采用基于核酸序列测定的基因分型技术对52例1型糖尿病患者及38例正常对照进行了DPB1和DQB1基因分析。结果 DPB1＊2201（P＜0．01）和DQB1＊0201（P＜0．01）、＊0303（P＜0．05）及＊0604（P＜0．05）等位基因频率在糖尿病患者组显著高于对照组,而PB1＊0402（P＜0．01）和DQB1＊0301（P＜0．01）等位基因在糖尿病患者组显著低于对照组。结论 DPB1＊2201和DQB1＊0201、＊0303及＊0604等位基因可能是山东省汉族1型糖尿病的易感性等位基因,而DPB1＊0402和DQB1＊0301等位基因可能是山东省汉族1型糖尿病的保护性等位基因。     

雌激素替代治疗对2型糖尿病围绝经期妇女血糖的影响

目的:分析激素替代治疗对2型糖尿病围绝经期妇女血糖的影响.方法:随机选取2014年6月至2016年6月于石家庄市第二医院就诊的2型糖尿病围绝经期患者82例,随机分为观察组(n=41)与对照组(n=41),两组均给予降血糖等常规治疗,观察组给予替勃龙治疗,对照组给予复合维生素B进行安慰剂治疗,对比两组患者的临床疗效、血糖水平、胰岛素抵抗相关指标水平.结果:观察组治疗总有效率为97.56％,对照组为80.48％,两组疗效比较差异有统计学意义(x2=6.116,P=0.013);治疗前E2,FPG,2hPG,HbAlc,HOMA-IR,resistin,TNF-α和CRP等水平两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);治疗后观察组FPG,2hPG,HbAlc,HOMA-IR,resistin,TNF-α和CRP水平明显下降,与治疗前比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);E2水平有所升高,但与治疗前比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);对照组治疗后上述指标变化不明显,与观察组治疗后相关指标比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:采用替勃龙治疗2型糖尿病围绝经期患者,能够显著降低患者的血糖水平,治疗效果良好.