煅烧骨的安全性

背景：经高温处理的煅烧骨具有类似自然骨的连续微孔结构,良好的生物相容性和降解性。 目的：观察牛煅烧骨的生物相容性、细胞相容性及毒性。 方法：①细胞相容性实验：将牛煅烧骨与第3 代已诱导的Wistar大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞复合培养。②溶血实验：将煅烧骨浸提液、生理盐水与双蒸水加入兔血中。③凝血实验：将煅烧骨加入兔血浆中。④急性毒性实验：在昆明种小鼠尾静脉分别注射煅烧骨浸提液、生理盐水。⑤微核实验：在小鼠腹腔分别注射煅烧骨浸提液、生理盐水与环磷酰胺。⑥局部刺激性实验：将煅烧骨浸提液、生理盐水分别注射于兔两侧脊柱皮下。⑦热源检测实验：在兔耳静脉注射煅烧骨浸提液。⑧皮下植入实验：将煅烧骨材料植入Wistar大鼠背部皮下。 结果与结论：煅烧骨材料无细胞毒性,具有良好的细胞及血液相容性;对皮肤、肌肉无刺激作用;对心、肝、肾重要器官无毒性作用;皮下植入后对周围组织无刺激作用,能够部分降解吸收并被机体组织替代;无致热作用,对凝血功能无影响,对小鼠骨髓细胞无抑制及毒性作用。     

注射型可吸收聚氨基酸/硫酸钙复合材料动物体内的安全及组织相容性*☆

背景：临床上应用的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯和磷酸钙骨水泥可注射型骨修复材料在体内不能完全降解、吸收,且成骨能力较差。 目的：评估新注射型聚氨基酸/硫酸钙复合材料在动物体内的安全性及组织相容性。 方法：将注射型聚氨基酸/硫酸钙复合材料植入新西兰兔背部肌肉内,将其浸提液分别注射至昆明小鼠体内与新西兰兔背部皮内。 结果与结论：注射材料浸提液后,小鼠一般情况良好,体质量均呈上升趋势,腹腔各脏器无明显水肿、粘连、坏死等;兔背部浸提液注射部位未出现红斑、水肿等皮内刺激反应。聚氨基酸/硫酸钙复合材料植入兔背部肌肉早期材料周围炎症反应明显,后逐渐减弱,包膜样结构逐渐被吸收,未见明显排斥反应;材料周围肌肉细胞色素氧化酶和乳酸脱氢酶等氧化相关酶活性无明显减弱。提示新型可注射复合材料在动物体内具有良好的安全性和组织相容性。     

灌注法制备全肾脏脱细胞基质支架的体内生物相容性

背景：应用灌注法制备的大鼠全肾脏脱细胞基质支架具有良好的体外细胞相容性,但其体内生物相容性尚不明确。 目的：应用灌注法制备大鼠全肾脏脱细胞基质支架,检测其体内生物相容性。 方法：应用灌注法制备Wistar大鼠全肾脏脱细胞基质支架,进行以下实验：①急性毒性实验：在小鼠腹腔分别注射全肾脏脱细胞基质支架浸提液、生理盐水及苯酚。②溶血实验：将抗凝新西兰兔血分别与全肾脏脱细胞基质支架浸提液、生理盐水及蒸馏水混合。③热源实验：向新西兰兔耳缘静脉注射全肾脏脱细胞基质支架浸提液。④内皮刺激实验：在新西兰兔皮下注射全肾脏脱细胞基质支架浸提液,观察有无皮肤刺激反应。⑤皮下植入实验：将全肾脏脱细胞基质支架埋入新西兰兔背部皮下。 结果与结论：全灌注法制备的Wistar大鼠全肾脏脱细胞基质支架无细胞残留,未引起全身毒性反应、急性溶血反应、热源反应及皮肤刺激反应,植入兔体内具有良好的组织相容性。说明大鼠全肾脏脱细胞基质材料在动物体内具有很好的生物相容性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

D,L-聚乳酸基形状记忆聚合物的生物安全性和细胞相容性

背景：课题组前期实验研制了输卵管避孕器材料D, L-聚乳酸基形状记忆聚合物,依据国内《生物材料和医疗器材生物学评价技术要求》规定,植入体内的组织工程材料必须进行生物安全评价和细胞相容性实验。 目的：观察D, L-聚乳酸基形状记忆聚合物的生物安全性。 方法：①内毒素实验：在鲎试剂中分别加入聚合物浸提液、内毒素工作标准品溶液和细菌内毒素检查用水。②致敏实验：在昆明小鼠肩胛骨内侧分别注射聚合物浸提液+弗氏完全佐剂+生理盐水、弗氏完全佐剂+生理盐水,通过皮内诱导、局部诱导和激发阶段,观察动物激发部位皮肤红斑和水肿反应程度。③急性毒性实验：分别在昆明小鼠腹腔注射100%,50%,25%聚合物浸提液及生理盐水。④细胞增殖MTT实验：直接法为将人脐静脉内皮细胞分别接种于聚合物膜、聚乳酸与玻璃片上;间接法为将人脐静脉内皮细胞分别接种于聚合物浸提液、丙烯酰胺溶液及1640培养液。 结果与结论：D, L-聚乳酸基形状记忆聚合物材料无细菌污染状况,符合生物安全标准,无致敏性及毒性,并且具有较好的细胞相容性。     

钛酸钡压电陶瓷涂层的生物相容性评价

背景：课题组利用等离子喷涂技术在羟基磷灰石表面喷涂钛酸钡制备了压电陶瓷涂层,但其生物相容性尚不清楚。 目的：检测钛酸钡压电陶瓷涂层的生物相容性。 方法：①溶血实验：在兔抗凝血中分别加入受试样品浸提液、生理盐水与蒸馏水,检测溶血率。②短期全身毒性实验：对Wistar大鼠分别灌胃给予受试样品浸提液与生理盐水,观察动物体质量变化。③热源实验：自新西兰兔耳缘静脉分别注射受试样品浸提液与生理盐水,观察动物体温变化。④致敏实验：将豚鼠随机分为2组,实验组以材料浸提液与完全弗氏佐剂为供试液,对照组以生理盐水溶液与完全弗氏佐剂为供试液。按照GBT16886.10-2005医疗器械生物学评价第10 部分：刺激与迟发型超敏反应试验规定,用最大剂量法进行致敏实验。 结果与结论：受试材料钛酸钡压电陶瓷涂层无溶血作用、无毒性、不致热、无致敏作用,结果表明钛酸钡压电陶瓷涂层具有良好的生物相容性。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

鹿脱蛋白松质骨的生物相容性

背景：经过脱蛋白去抗原处理的异种松质骨作为骨移植材料,具有天然的多孔结构、可塑性及一定的机械强度。 目的：观察鹿脱蛋白松质骨的生物相容性。 方法：①热源实验与急性毒性实验：将鹿新鲜骨、脱蛋白松质骨及深低温冻干脱蛋白松质骨浸提液分别注入家兔耳缘静脉与小鼠腹腔。②溶血实验：将兔血混悬液分别加入鹿新鲜骨、脱蛋白松质骨、深低温冻干脱蛋白松质骨、碳酸钠(阳性对照)、生理盐水(阴性对照)中。③凝血实验：将鹿新鲜骨、脱蛋白松质骨及深低温冻干脱蛋白松质骨分别加入兔正常混合血浆中。④肌袋实验：在小鼠大腿肌袋处分别植入新鲜鹿骨、鹿脱蛋白松质骨及深低温冻干脱蛋白松质骨。 结果与结论：鹿脱蛋白松质骨及深低温冻干鹿脱蛋白松质骨无热源反应,未引起毒性、溶血及凝血反应,植入小鼠肌肉内后未发生排斥反应。新鲜鹿骨6种实验有轻度异常,但无动物死亡。表明鹿脱蛋白松质骨及深低温冻干鹿脱蛋白松质骨具有良好的生物相容性。     

聚L-乳酸合成新型烧伤材料的生物相容性

背景：最近有研究表明,高分子聚合物聚L-乳酸具有很好的生物相容性,可直接参与人体代谢且无任何不良反应,是一种可用作生物支架的高分子材料。目的：验证高分子聚合物聚L-乳酸的生物相容性。方法：检测胶原复合物及聚L-乳酸的吸湿性能。分别以正常HDMEM培养基、HDMEM培养基+二甲基亚砜、HDMEM培养基+胶原复合物浸提液、HDMEM培养基+聚L-乳酸浸提液培养C3H10T1/2细胞,72 h后观察细胞形态变化。MTT法检测聚L-乳酸浸提液、二甲基亚砜、胶原复合物浸提液对C3H10T1/2细胞的毒性。在兔血中分别加入生理盐水、蒸馏水、聚L-乳酸浸提液及胶原复合物浸提液,检测溶血度。通过兔耳缘静脉分别注射生理盐水、聚L-乳酸浸提液、二甲基亚砜及胶原复合物浸提液,观察过敏反应、热源反应。将胶原复合物及聚L-乳酸分别植入兔背部皮下,4周后检测血清中炎性因子白细胞介素10和白细胞介素23的水平。结果与结论：胶原复合材料单位质量和单位面积的吸湿率均明显低于聚L-乳酸材料(P < 0.05)。在聚L-乳酸浸提液中培养的C3H10T1/2细胞生长状态良好,细胞相对增殖率高,材料毒性为1级;聚L-乳酸材料溶血率较低,无过敏反应及热源反应,植入体内后的炎症反应低于胶原复合材料(P < 0.05)。证实聚L-乳酸新型皮肤烧伤支架材料具有良好的吸收伤口液体性能及生物相容性。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：组织构建;骨细胞;软骨细胞;细胞培养;成纤维细胞;血管内皮细胞;骨质疏松;组织工程     

磁性壳聚糖微球的生物相容性

背景：采用壳聚糖对磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒表面进行改性,一方面可改善磁性纳米氧化铁颗粒的团聚性,增加其稳定性,另一方面将来可用于肿瘤热疗及基因治疗。 目的：制备将来可用于肿瘤热疗及基因治疗的磁性壳聚糖微球,评价其生物相容性。 方法：采用改良的化学沉淀法制备磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒。采用超声乳化法将壳聚糖加入到磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒中制备磁性壳聚糖微球,进行以下实验：①MTT实验检测磁性壳聚糖微球浸提液的细胞毒性：分别以1640培养液、聚丙烯酰胺单体溶液、100%,75%,50%,25%的磁性壳聚糖微球浸提液培养L-929细胞。②溶血实验：在兔抗凝血中分别加入磁性壳聚糖微球浸提液、生理盐水及蒸馏水。③微核实验：在昆明小鼠腹腔分别注射含氧化铁磁流体5,3.75,2.5,1.25 g/kg的磁性壳聚糖微球混悬液、环磷酰胺及生理盐水。 结果与结论：磁性壳聚糖微球粒径200-300 nm,分散效果有所提高。不同浓度的磁性壳聚糖微球浸提液对L-929 细胞毒性为1级,属对细胞无毒性范畴。磁性壳聚糖微球浸提液的溶血率为0.69%,小于5%,符合医用材料的溶血实验要求。磁性壳聚糖微球混悬液未导致细胞DNA断裂和非整倍体化,未导致微核产生的遗传毒理作用,材料无致畸或致突变作用,因此磁性壳聚糖微球具有良好的生物相容性。     

羟丁基壳聚糖的生物相容性研究

目的研究新型温敏性生物材料羟丁基壳聚糖的生物安全性,初步探讨该材料植入体内有无毒副作用。方法将壳聚糖进行羟丁基化制备出温敏性水凝胶,选用小鼠成纤维细胞L929细胞,通过MTS法、倒置显微镜观察等方法进行体外细胞毒性试验。通过SD大鼠尾缘静脉浸提液注射,进行急性毒性试验,通过新西兰兔耳缘静脉浸提液注射及皮内浸提液注射,进行致热原反应试验及皮内刺激试验。结果羟丁基壳聚糖无细胞毒性,不引起试验动物体温升高,无皮肤刺激反应,急性毒性试验不引起试验动物死亡或者其它不适。结论羟丁基壳聚糖材料生物相容性好,是一种安全的生物材料,有望作为新型药物载体应用于临床。     

复合水凝胶人工角膜裙边支架材料的生物相容性评价

背景：β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶具有高含水量、良好柔软性优点,有利于成纤细胞生长及胶原沉积,适用于做人工角膜裙边支架材料。 目的：评价β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶人工角膜裙边支架材料的生物相容性。 方法：①迟发型超敏反应：在豚鼠脊柱两侧皮内由头到尾分别注射A液(完全弗氏佐剂与生理盐水等体积混合液)、B液(β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶浸提液或生理盐水或2-巯基苯并噻唑)、C液(A液与B液等体积混合稳定性乳化剂),并进行局部诱导及激发。②急性全身性毒性实验：由昆明小鼠尾静脉分别注射生理盐水与β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶浸提液。③体外细胞毒性实验：分别以β-磷酸三 钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶浸提液、细胞培养液及含苯酚的细胞培养液培养MRC-5细胞。④皮内反应：在兔脊柱皮内分别注射β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶生理盐水(或芝麻油)浸提液、生理盐水及芝麻油。 结果与结论：β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶人工角膜裙边支架材料的迟发型超敏反应分级为0-1级,急性全身毒性实验结果为正常无症状,体外细胞毒性均为0级或1级,皮内反应为极轻微。表明β-磷酸三钙/聚乙烯醇复合水凝胶人工角膜裙边支架材料生物相容性指标达到生物植入医用材料的要求。     

磷酸钙骨水泥/纤维蛋白胶复合材料填充桡骨缺损的生物相容性

BACKGROUND: The chemical compositions and structure of calcium phosphate bone cement are similar to those of human bone, which can fill the bone collapse caused by fracture and induce osteogenesis, but its degradation rate is slow. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biocompatibility of the calcium phosphate cement/fibrin glue and the feasibility of repairing radius defects. METHODS: In vitro cytotoxicity experiment: Mouse fibroblasts were cultured in the calcium phosphate bone cement/fibrin glue extracts, phenol solution, and RPMI 1640 culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, respectively, to detect the cytotoxicity grade. Hemocompatibility experiment: Calcium phosphate bone cement/fibrin glue extracts, normal saline and distilled water were respectively added into the rabbit anticoagulation, to detect the hemolytic rate. Forty-five New Zealand white rabbits were enrolled and modeled into bilateral radius defects, followed by randomly allotted into three groups: blank control group without any intervention, experimental and control groups were given the implantation with calcium phosphate bone cement/fibrin glue and autologous radius, respectively. X-ray, histology, bone mineral density and biomechanical test were performed at postoperative 4, 8 and 16 weeks. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The toxicity grade of the calcium phosphate cement/fibrin glue was 0 to 1. The hemolytic rate of the calcium phosphate cement/fibrin glue was 3.15%. At 16 weeks postoperatively, X-ray showed that in the experimental and control groups, the fracture line disappeared completely, pulp cavity was recanalized, and in plastic completely. Histology showed that the reconstructed bone trabecular was obvious, plate layer of bone was mature, and medullary cavity recanalization appeared in the control group; there were a large number of new grid-shaped woven bone tissues growing into the material in the experimental group, with overt degradation, and degradation rate was in parallel to bone ingrowth. The bone density, the maximum load, maximum stress and failure energy in the experimental and control groups were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (P < 0.05), and all above indicators showed no significant differences between the experimental and control groups. These results manifest that the calcium phosphate bone cement/fiber protein glue composite material holding a good biocompatibility can promote bone tissue regeneration for bone defect repair, achieving similar curative effect with autologous bone transplantation.     

磁性复合骨水泥的体外细胞毒性

背景：磁性复合骨水泥作为一种新型骨转移治疗材料,不仅能对骨缺损进行修复,还能在交变磁场下升温杀死骨肿瘤。 目的：检测磁性复合骨水泥对小鼠L929成纤维细胞增殖活性的影响及细胞毒性反应。 方法：采用CCK-8法检测含0%(即磷酸钙骨水泥组),10%,20% Fe3O4的磁性磷酸钙骨水泥浸提液及含0%(即聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥组),10%,20%Fe3O4的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥浸提液对对数生长期小鼠L929成纤维细胞的毒性作用,每种浸提液又分为50%与100%两个浓度梯度;以正常培养基培养的小鼠L929成纤维细胞作为阴性对照组。 结果与结论：①在100%浓度梯度下：除含20%Fe3O4的磁性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥组细胞数量较少、细胞形态异常外,其余磁性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥组细胞生长状态良好;含10%Fe3O4的磁性磷酸钙骨水泥组培养24 h时表现出轻度细胞毒性,毒性2级;含20%Fe3O4的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥在24-  72 h为表现出轻、中度细胞毒性,毒性为2,3级。各磁性磷酸钙骨水泥组细胞数量及形态正常。②在50%浓度梯度下：各组细胞形态均正常,细胞毒性为0级或1级。表明磁性聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥具有轻、中度细胞毒性,磁性磷酸钙骨水泥细胞相容性良好,基本无细胞毒性。     

原位生长纳米羟基磷灰石晶须增强β-磷酸三钙多孔支架的生物安全性

背景：通过纳米羟基磷灰石原位生长明显提高了磷酸钙支架的强度与韧性。 目的：体外评价纳米羟基磷灰石晶须/β-磷酸三钙(nHAW/β-TCP)作为人工骨支架材料的生物相容性。 方法：急性全身毒性试验：30只小白鼠随机分为静脉实验组,腹腔实验组和对照组,分别注射浸提液及生理盐水,24,48,72 h观察动物的一般状态。溶血试验：材料浸提液与稀释人鲜血混合观察红细胞溶解情况,545 nm下检测A值计算溶血率;致敏试验：16只豚鼠随机分为实验组、阴性对照组和阳性对照组,每只豚鼠脊柱两侧皮内注射等体积nHAW/β-TCP支架材料浸提液、生理盐水及二硝基氟苯。于注射后即刻和24,48,72 h观察局部皮肤反应。细胞毒性试验：材料浸提液培养细胞进行细胞形态大体观察,采用CCK-8法观察细胞活性。 结果与结论：急性全身毒性试验：人工骨浸提液静脉及腹腔注射后不引起小鼠呼吸、进食改变或死亡,体质量稳定。溶血试验：nHAW/β-TCP的溶血率小于ISO规定的5%,可认为这种材料无溶血作用。致敏试验：豚鼠皮内注射后未出现过敏反应。细胞毒性试验：CCK-8细胞毒性试验显示不同浓度人工骨浸提液的细胞毒性为0级。提示nHAW/β-TCP复合支架不引起全身毒性反应、溶血反应和过敏反应,且无细胞毒性,生物相容性良好,符合组织工程人工骨支架材料的应用要求。     

A new porous titanium-nickel alloy: part 2. Sensitization,irritation and acute systemic toxicity evaluation

Porous titanium-nickel (PTN) represents a new biomaterial with orthopedic applications as a long-term implant. Because of its nickel content, PTN was tested for its potential to stimulate sensitization, irritation, and systemic toxicity reactions after semi-physiological extraction. In order to do so, an in vivo biocompatibility evaluation was performed following three ISO-standardized methods using accepted animal models for immunity testing: the classical skin sensitization assay (Buehler patch test) in guinea pigs, the rabbit intracutaneous test, and the systemic injection test in mice. The Buehler patch test in guinea pigs revealed no significant change in skin reactions such as erythema or swelling between the induction and the challenge period. In the rabbit intracutaneous irritation test, no irritation or sensitization reactions were observed in saline-extracted PTN samples. Negligible to slight irritation was observed at some of the sites involving PTN samples extracted in cottonseed oil, however the resulting primary irritation index was similar to the one elicited by the blank solution itself. Finally, no toxic symptoms were observed with any of the mice injected with porous titanium-nickel extracts during the acute systemic toxicity test. Based on the above results, porous titanium-nickel is considered to be a non-sensitizing, non-irritant, and non-toxic biomaterial for medical applications.     

Biocompatibility evaluation of dicalcium phosphate/calcium sulfate/poly (amino acid) composite for orthopedic tissue engineering in vitro and in vivo

In vitro cytocompatibility of ternary biocomposite of dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and calcium sulfate (CS) containing 40 wt% poly (amino acid) (PAA) was evaluated using L929 ?broblasts and MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. Thereafter, the biocompatibility of biocomposite in vivo was investigated using an implantation in muscle and bone model. In vitro L929 and MG-63 cell culture experiments showed that the composite and PAA polymer were noncytotoxic and allowed cells to adhere and proliferate. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirmed that two kinds of cells maintained their phenotype on all of samples surfaces. Moreover, the DCP/CS/PAA composite showed higher cellular viability than that of PAA; meanwhile, the cell proliferation and ALP activity were much higher when DCP/CS had added into PAA. After implanted in muscle of rabbits for 12 weeks, the histological evaluation indicated that the composite exhibited excellent biocompatibility and no inflammatory responses were found. When implanted into bone defects of femoral condyle of rabbits, the composite was combined directly with the host bone tissue without fibrous capsule tissue, which shown good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity. Thus, this novel composite may have potential application in the clinical setting.     

Alpha-tricalcium phosphate cement: "in vitro" cytotoxicity

Calcium phosphate-based bioceramics have revolutionized orthopedic and dental repair of damaged parts of the bone system. Among these materials, calcium phosphate-based cements, with hydraulic setting, stand out due to their biocompatibility and in situ hardening, which allow easy manipulation and adaptation to the shape and dimensions of bone defects. An investigation was made of the in vitro cytotoxic effect of calcium phosphate cement based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate, immersed for different lengths of time in simulated body fluid (SBF), based on the ISO-10993 "Biological Evaluation of Medical Devices" standard. The culture medium was Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in contact with diluted cement extracts. The results revealed that the calcium phosphate cement used was cytotoxic and that the material's cytotoxicity decreased the longer the cement was immersed in SBF.     

纳米TiO2:C薄膜涂层的生物相容性评价

背景：前期实验采用溶胶-凝胶法在纯钛片表面制备了纳米TiO₂:C薄膜涂层。 目的：评估纳米TiO₂:C薄膜涂层的生物相容性。 方法：①溶血实验：取新西兰大白兔静脉血,分别加到TiO₂-生理盐水、TiO₂:C-生理盐水、蒸馏水和生理盐水中。②细胞毒性实验：将TiO₂:C浸提液加入对数生长期的L929 细胞培养基中。③短期全身毒性实验：将60只BALB/C小白鼠随机分为3组,分别灌胃给予TiO₂浸提液、TiO₂:C浸提液及生理盐水。④口腔黏膜刺激实验：将牙胶圆片与TiO₂:C纳米薄膜涂片分别缝合固定于仓地鼠颊黏膜上。 结果与结论：纳米TiO₂:C涂层未引起急性溶血,毒性等级为0-1 级,未对细胞产生明显毒性,细胞周期未见明显异常;TiO₂:C浸提液对小鼠无短期全身毒性;对仓鼠口腔黏膜无刺激性。表明纳米TiO₂:C薄膜涂层具有良好的生物安全性。