Bismuth Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗

<正>目的 BismuthⅣ型肝门部胆管癌一直被归类为不能手术切除的疾病。本研究目的总结BismuthⅣ型肝门部胆管癌行手术治疗的经验。方法回顾性分析2006年至2015年期间BismuthⅣ型肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料,分析手术治疗的效果和影响生存的因素。结果 332例Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者中,216例(65.1%)行手术切除,其中左三叶切除术112例,左半肝切除术43例,右三叶切除术41例,右半     

"两步评估法"对肝门部胆管癌手术治疗价值初探

目的探讨两步评估方法对肝门部胆管癌术前评估价值。方法根据术前影像学资料,肝门部胆管癌的术前评估可分两步进行:首先对67例肝门部胆管癌病人进行改良T分期,并分析T分期对肿瘤切除率、手术方法的指导作用及与预后相关性;再采用改良T分期结合Bismuth分型方法分层,分析两者结合后对可治愈性手术方式选择及切除率的指导价值。结果改良T分期与肿瘤切除率、切缘阴性率及预后相关。随着T分期的增高,切除率及切缘阴性率显著下降(P= 0.032),T3期手术切除机会很小并且不能行治愈性切除;随T分期的增加,1、3年生存率下降(P<0.001)。但不同T分期的可治愈性手术方式无差异(P>0.05)。再结合Bismuth-Corlette分型表明T1/Bismuth-Ⅰ型的手术切除率和根治性切除率均显著高于其他分期/分型(P<0.05),T1及T2期治愈性手术方式符合Bismuth-Corlette分型手术原则。多普勒彩超联合MRI和MRCP对肿瘤的T分期、Bismuth分型最有价值。结论"两步评估方法"能较好地评估肿瘤可切除性、根治切除率及预后情况,并能指导具体的治愈性手术方式的选择,是一种理想的胆管癌术前评估方法。     

Da Vinci机器人辅助下肝门部胆管癌手术治疗术式选择与改进

目的总结daVinci机器人手术系统在肝门部胆管癌切除手术中的早期应用经验。方法复习第二炮兵总医院2009年1~6月57例机器人辅助的肝胆胰手术病例临床资料,介绍其中6例肝门部胆管癌切除术的临床效果。结果6例中,男5例,女1例;年龄(60±8)岁。Bismuth分型I型1例,Ⅲb型2例,Ⅳ型3例(1例术前行PTCD1个月)。BismuthI型病人实施机器人辅助下根治性胆管癌切除、胆肠吻合术;Ⅲb型病人1例实施左半肝切除术,1例实施肝门部胆管癌切除、胆管外引流术;BismuthⅣ型病人均实施机器人辅助下胆管癌切除、间置胆囊胆道重建术。术后1例进食后发生不全性肠梗阻,禁食1d后缓解;未发生胆漏、腹膜炎等其他并发症。中位随访时间3个月,未见明确肿瘤复发征象。结论daVinci机器人手术系统实施肝门部胆管癌切除术完全可行,具有手术视觉更扩大清晰,深度操作更确切容易,解剖性探查精细灵巧,手术方案可进可退,创伤小恢复快等优点。机器人辅助下肝门部胆管癌手术对病人的远期生存的影响,仍须进一步观察。     

左半肝联合肝右动脉、门静脉整块切除治疗Bismuth Ⅲb型肝门部胆管癌

肝门部胆管癌约占肝外胆管癌的50%～75%,大多数胆管癌为腺癌.沿肝外胆管的淋巴分布及流向转移,并沿肝十二指肠韧带内神经鞘浸润是肝门部胆管癌转移的特点;由于肝门区的神经纤维主要是分布在肝动脉周围,肝门部胆管癌常累及肝动脉和门静脉.在肝门部胆管癌的手术中,联合切除肝门部血管并予以重建,增加了肿瘤的切除率和根治率,保护了剩余肝脏的功能,降低了手术并发症发生率、病死率.笔者报道1例Bismuth Ⅲb型肝门部胆管癌,肿瘤侵犯肝右动脉、门静脉分叉部;采用左半肝联合肝右动脉、门静脉整块切除的方法治疗该病人,取得满意的效果.     

肝门部胆管癌223例临床分析

目的:探讨肝门部胆管癌临床分型、手术方式、组织病理等因素对预后的影响.方法:对223例肝门部胆管癌临床特征、手术方式、病理分化程度等资料进行回顾性分析.结果:1)223例中根治性切除85例,切除率38.1%,术后1、3、5年生存率分别为58.8%、30.9%、8.8%.姑息性治疗110例,中位生存期为8个月.未经外科治疗者28例,平均生存时间为5个月.2)行病理学检查132例,腺癌121例,占91.7%.高、中、低矧匕分别29例(24.0%)、43例(35.5%)、4g例(40-5%).根治性切除高中分化组,1、3、5年生存率分别为55.0%、40.0%、15.0%,低分化组为45.8%、16.7%、0.3)按照Bismuth分型法1型占20.%,Ⅱ型占23.2%, Ⅲa型占10.3%,Ⅲb型占23.2%,Ⅳ型占7.2%,未分型者占16.0%.结论:1)根治性切除是提高肝门部胆管癌远期疗效的关键.2)肝门部胆管癌的低分化癌占有相当大比例,且病理分化程度与预后关系密切.3)肝门部胆管癌Bismuth分型法尚有一定局限性,仍需改进.     

CT三维重建在肝门部胆管癌的诊疗中的应用价值

目的:探讨术前CT三维重建在肝门部胆管癌的诊断和可切除性评估中的应用价值。方法:回顾性分析安徽医科大学附属省立医院自2015年1月—2016年12月收治的15例肝门部胆管癌患者资料,所有患者术前常规行CT三维重建,分析肿瘤的位置与毗邻关系以及Bismuth分型,从而进行手术的可切除性评估。结果:15例患者均完成手术探查,其中Bismuth分型Ⅱ型1例,Ⅲ型5例(Ⅲa型2例,Ⅲb型3例),Ⅳ型9例,其中根治性手术11例,姑息性切除术4例。CT三维重建在术前诊断肝门部胆管癌分型、肿块与门静脉及肝动脉比邻关系、肿块体积的准确率分别为93.3%、86.7%、53.3%、93.3%;术前模拟手术与实际手术方式符合率为80%。结论:术前CT三维重建可以准确、直观、动态的显示肝门部胆管癌及三维毗邻关系,对于判断肝门部胆管癌的可切除性具有较高的准确性,值得临床推广。     

204例肝门部胆管癌的临床分析

目的 探讨肝门部胆管癌的手术疗效及影响其预后的因素.方法 回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院1996年1月至2007年5月收治的204例肝门部胆管癌的临床资料,并进行多因素Cox回归模型预后因素分析.结果 204例按Bismuth-Corlette分型:Ⅰ型18例,Ⅱ型40例,Ⅲa型30例,Ⅲb型53例,Ⅳ型57例.其余6例未分型.术前行彩超、CT检查和MRCP检查与术中Bismuth分型对照,诊断符合率分别为53.7%、76.4%、100%.手术切除肿瘤92例,其中根治性切除(R0)55例,姑息性切除(R1、R2)37例.胆道探查置管引流98例,开腹探查6例,同种异体原位肝移植手术2例.手术切除组和非手术切除组生存率差异有统计学意义(x2=36.4,P<0.01),根治性切除组和姑息性切除组生存率差异有统计学意义(X2=22.9,P<0.05).Cox模型多因素分析表明手术方式、肿瘤细胞分化程度是二个独立的预后因素.结论 肝门部胆管癌的治疗以手术切除为主,只有根治性切除才能达到最佳疗效.     

二十年来肝门胆管癌切除率的变迁——附64例报告

目的探讨20年来肝门部胆管癌切除率的变化,并分析其变化的因素。方法按不同年份对64例行手术治疗并经病理证实的肝门部胆管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究。1982年1月至1992年1月收治的22例患者无一例切除;1998年1月至2004年1月收治的42例患者中有34例行肿瘤切除,手术切除率为81%。结果1998年1月至2004年1月收治的中位生存期25个月,1年生存率为78.9%,2年生存率为47%,4年生存率为22.4%。1982年1月至1992年1月收治的22例患者的中位生存期6个月,1年生存率为25.0%。两组相比差异均有统计学意义。结论近10年来肝门部胆管癌的切除率有了极大的提高,而手术器械的改进和手术技术的进步是提高肝门部胆管癌切除率的主要因素。     

原位肝移植联合胰十二指肠切除术治疗肝门部胆管癌1例

2007年11月21日我院对1例Bismuth分型为Ⅳ型且合并肝门部及胰头后淋巴结转移的肝门部胆管癌患者施行了肝、胰头十二指肠联合切除同时原位肝移植手术,受者至今已存活1年.     

BismuthⅢ和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的整块切除

目的提高肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率和远期生存率。方法对12例BismuthⅢ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌患者施行包括部分肝脏、受侵门静脉和肝动脉在内的整块切除。结果术后病理证实9例(75%)获根治性切除,3例(25%)为姑息性切除。术后发生胆漏、肝功能不全和肺部感染各1例,无严重并发症和手术死亡。中位随访5年。9例获根治性切除者1年、3年、5年存活率分别为88.8%(n=8)、55.6%(n=5)和44.4%(n=4),最长存活已达9年。获姑息性切除(n=3)和同期仅放置胆道内支架者(n=5),平均中位生存8.2和9.1个月。结论肝门部胆管癌合并左肝叶和受侵门静脉干联合整块切除能显著提高BismuthⅢ型和Ⅳ型肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率。只有获得根治性切除的患者才有可能长期生存。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.