CD28/CTLA4-B7协同刺激分子与角膜移植免疫

角膜移植排斥反应是移植失败的主要原因。致敏T淋巴细胞在角膜移植排斥反应中起着重要的作用，是角膜排斥过程中的主要效应细胞。而T淋巴细胞的激活需要两个信号刺激，即除了通过APC递呈MHC处理过的抗原给抗原特异性T细胞提供第1信号外，还需协同刺激分子作为辅助信号的协同作用。才能使T细胞产生正常的免疫应答。如果缺少协同刺激分子的第2信号，将会导致调节性T细胞的无反应性或特异性免疫耐受。[眼科新进展2005；25（5）：476—478]     

白细胞分化抗原在角膜移植排斥反应中的作用

白细胞分化抗原是与一类T细胞识别、粘附及活化有关的细胞膜分子,在同种异体移植免疫排斥反应中发挥重要作用.目前,已知的与角膜移植排斥反应有关的CD分子主要有CD4、CD8、CD28/CTLA4-B7协同刺激分子、CD40-CD154协同刺激分子、CD25、CD69等.本文对近年来该方面的研究进展进行综述.     

细胞间黏附分子与角膜移植免疫

角膜移植免疫是多种免疫细胞和免疫分子参与的复杂的免疫反应过程。近来研究表明ICAM1在角膜移植免疫排斥反应的发生机制中起重要作用。ICAM1协同抗原递呈,促使免疫细胞在植片聚集,触发和促进移植排斥反应的发生和发展,引发粒细胞聚集于角膜基质层,导致组织损伤、破坏、角膜新生血管化使移植失败。目前研究抗ICAM1药物抑制角膜移植排斥反应已进入实验阶段。就细胞间黏附分子与角膜移植免疫的研究现状进行综述。     

树突状细胞在角膜移植免疫排斥反应中的作用

角膜移植术后的免疫排斥反应是导致手术失败的主要原因,树突状细胞在角膜移植免疫排斥反应中起着多方面作用,其作用机制成为研究热点.近年来,通过角膜移植动物模型发现,树突状细胞能够诱导不同类型的免疫反应.通过减少树突状细胞数量、抑制树突状细胞提供双信号的能力以及通过树突状细胞诱导免疫耐受等防治角膜移植免疫排斥反应的研究方法,目前取得了一定进展.     

CD40-CD154共刺激信号及其在角膜移植排斥中的研究进展

角膜移植手术失败的主要原因是T细胞介导的免疫排斥反应，T细胞的充分活化需要共刺激信号的协同作用。研究表明CD40-CD154信号在角膜移植排斥中具有重要意义，阻断该信号可延长移植物的存活、本文就其分子特性、免疫学功能进行了综述，重点探讨了阻断该信号抑制角膜移植排斥反应的效应和机制。     

转化生长因子—β防治角膜移植免疫排斥反应的实验研究

转化生长因子-β（TGF）是一具有免疫调节活性的多肽分子，包括抑制T细胞和B细胞的分化以及灭活巨噬细胞功能。本研究建立兔同种异体偏中心穿透性角膜移植和异位角膜移植模型，观察了TGF-β对角膜移植排斥反应的影响。发现使用TGF-β具有延长移植片存活和抑制供体特异性迟发型超敏反应的作用。结果提示TGF-β具有作为免疫抑制剂抑制角膜移植排斥反应的能力。     

细胞与角膜移植免疫耐受

角膜移植术后免疫排斥反应是角膜移植失败的主要原因。免疫耐受是指抗原特异性的免疫无应答。诱导受体产生针对移植物的免疫耐受是彻底克服移植排斥反应的根本方法。角膜移植排斥反应是一个复杂且有多因素参与的过程。多种免疫细胞在抑制角膜移植术后排斥反应、诱导免疫耐受中,发挥着关键作用。因此,我们就近几年通过细胞诱导角膜移植免疫耐受的机制作一综述。     

角膜移植免疫排斥反应机制的研究进展

在所有器官移植中 ,角膜移植是成功率最高的手术。尽管这样 ,免疫排斥仍是导致植片失败的最常见原因 [1 ]。因此 ,提高对角膜移植免疫排斥反应机制的了解 ,以预防或治疗排斥反应是很重要的。角膜的免疫排斥是一个复杂的多因素的过程 ,其具体的启动 ,发展机制还不清楚。随着近代分子免疫学的发展 ,对这一机制的认识正不断深入。近年来 ,对角膜移植免疫排斥反应的研究取得了一些新的进展 ,现综述如下。1　角膜排斥的移植抗原同种移植中引起宿主免疫应答的抗原分为 2类 :主要组织相容性抗原和次要组织相容性抗原 ,对于这二类抗原在角膜移植排斥…     

RANTES—与角膜移植排斥反应有关的细胞因子

细胞因子是体内细胞之间相互作用的主要介质,在机体的免疫应答、炎症反应、细胞分化增殖、生长发育等各方面都起着关键作用。RANTES是一种对T细胞,单核细胞和嗜酸性细胞特异趋化的小分子因子,在免疫应答中对杀伤T细胞的活化有重要作用。内皮细胞、成纤维细胞、肾脏、肝脏及角膜基质细胞等也可产生RANTES。在肾、皮肤、角膜移植期间,RANTES蛋白和RANTESmRNA在肾小管上皮、CD8^ T细胞及出现排斥反应的角膜匀浆中高表达,它参与增强淋巴细胞的免疫效应和淋巴因子的分泌;诱发整合素变化;调节信号传递;趋化嗜酸性粒细胞并刺激其脱颗粒,诱导嗜碱性粒细胞和肥大细胞释放组织胺;增强抗CD3抗体活化的T细胞与IL-1刺激的内皮细胞之间的粘附能力;影响抗原呈递过程;破坏移植物,参与排斥反应过程。     

FK506抑制大鼠角膜移植免疫排斥反应的免疫病理学研究

目的 研究角膜移植免疫排斥反应的免疫病理学变化及免疫细胞和某些相关免疫分子在角膜移植免疫排斥反应中的作用,阐明了ＦＫ５０６的免疫抑制机理。方法 应用免疫组织化学染色方法检测ＦＫ５０６,环胞霉素Ａ及对照组角膜植片中ＣＤ＾＋４,ＣＤ＾＋８,巨噬细胞,白细胞介素－２受体,Ⅱ类主要组织相容性抗原,细胞间粘附分子－１及淋巴细胞功能相关抗原－１的表达。结果 排斥的角膜组织大表达上述免疫细胞和分子,ＦＫ５０６可     

加强我国角膜移植免疫研究

通过角膜移植更换混浊或病变的角膜,是帮助角膜盲患者恢复视力的有效措施,但植片排斥反应的发生是导致角膜移植手术远期失败的主要原因,如何减少因植片排斥引起的再次致盲是角膜病研究的重点。本文分析了我国角膜移植免疫研究存在的问题：（1）没有建立标准的抗排斥治疗方案;（2）缺乏安全、有效的抗排斥反应治疗药物;（3）忽视围手术期的并发症处理;（4）角膜移植免疫基础研究薄弱。针对上述问题产生的原因,提出了相应的处理措施和建议,以增强角膜病专科医生对角膜移植免疫临床和基础研究的重视,促进我国角膜盲的防治工作取得更大的发展。     

Corneal allograft rejection. The role of the major histocompatibility complex

The greater success of corneal transplantation compared to other organ transplants has led to the concept that the cornea is a site of "immunological privilege." Corneal cells possess the antigens of the major histocompatibility complex responsible for allograft rejection in other tissues (i.e., HLA antigens). The avascularity of the cornea accounts for the relative protection of the donor cornea from the immunological surveillance of the recipient. As the roles and functions of the major histocompatibility complex are unravelled, the mechanisms responsible for host sensitization, lymphocyte activation and allograft rejection are becoming better understood. In particular, the HLA-DR antigen in humans is believed to play an integral part in allograft rejection. Langerhans cells in human corneal epithelium have been shown to bear this antigen. Evidence suggests that these cells or similar HLA-DR-bearing cells in the cornea play a major role in corneal allograft rejection. In light of these advances in transplantation immunobiology, new methods of suppressing and possibly preventing allograft rejection in corneal transplantation are presented.     

Lymphocyte infiltration and activation in iris-ciliary body and anterior chamber of mice in corneal allograft rejection

AIM: To investigate the infiltration and activation of lymphocyte in iris-ciliary body and anterior chamber after allogenic penetrating keratoplasty (PK), for further revealing the role of iris-ciliary body in corneal allograft immune rejection. METHODS: In the mice models of PK, BALB/C mice received orthotopic isografts (n =35) or C57BL/6 donor allografts (n =25). Grafts were examined daily for 3 weeks by slit-lamp microscopy and scored for opacity. The infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocyte in iris-ciliary body and anterior chamber was examined by immunohistology and the mRNA of CD80 and CD86 in both cornea graft and iris-ciliary body by RT-PCR was analyzed in allograft recipient at days 3, 6, 10 and the day when graft rejection occurred. Isograft recipients were examined as control at the corresponding time points. Transmission electron microscope was used to study the ultrastructure, especially cell infiltration, of iris-cilary body and corneal graft at day 3, 7 and the day when rejection occurred after allogenic PK. RESULTS: Rejection was observed in all the allograft recipients followed more than 10 days, at a median time of 15 days (range 12-18 days), but not in any of isografts. CD4+ T cells were first detected at day 6 after transplantation in limbus and Ciliary body, and then in the stroma of recipient, iris, anterior chamber and corneal allograft with an increased number until graft rejection occurred. CD80 and CD86 mRNA were detected under RT-PCR examination in both graft and iris-ciliary body of allograft recipient, but not in any of isograft recipient. Three days after operation, lymphocytes and monocytes macrophages were visible in iris blood vessels and the anterior chamber, and vascular endothelial cell proliferation and activation were significant under transmission electron microscopy examination. At day 7, corneal endothelial cells became thinner. Lymphocytes and mononuclear macrophages were found with great number in the anterior chamber and adhered to the corneal endothelium. Blood vessels in iris increased and were filled with lymphocytes. And lymphocytes were detected to migrate through endothelial cell gap out of vessels. When allograft rejection occurred, macrophages attached to endothelial cells with large number of lymphocytes and macrophages infiltrating in iris. CONCLUSION: Lymphocyte infiltration and activation occurred in iris-ciliary body after allogenic PK, and the lymphocytes could migrate from iris blood vessel to the anterior chamber, which might play an important role in corneal allograft immune rejection.     

DCD角膜移植术后角膜内皮细胞与排斥反应的相关性分析

目的：探讨心脏死亡供体器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)来源角膜植片术后排斥反应与角膜内皮细胞的相关性。

方法：用角膜内皮显微镜对心脏死亡供体来源角膜植片行穿透性角膜移植术后发生排斥反应的28例28眼角膜植片分别于术后<1、2～3、4～6、7～12mo行角膜内皮镜检查。

结果： 28例患者术后<1、2～3、4～6、7～12mo的角膜内皮细胞变异系数分别为38.23%、49.56%、57.18%、65.04%; 角膜内皮细胞密度分别为2071.15±311.47、1771.33±348.18、1626.59±353.92、1553.14±307.31个/mm²; 角膜内皮细胞变异系数与排斥反应呈正相关关系(r=0.95,P<0.05); 术后角膜内皮细胞密度与排斥反应呈负相关关系(r=-0.93,P<0.05)。

结论：DCD穿透性角膜移植术后发生排斥反应时有角膜内皮细胞变异系数逐步增高,角膜内皮细胞密度逐步降低的趋势; 角膜内皮细胞变异系数、角膜内皮细胞密度可作为早期检测术后排斥反应的指标。     

新生淋巴管与角膜移植排斥的研究进展

角膜新生淋巴管构成了角膜免疫反应的传入弧,在免疫反应中发挥了重要作用。由于新生淋巴管的出现破坏了免疫机制使角膜移植术后排斥反应发生率升高。随着淋巴管内皮标记物的相继出现和对淋巴管生成因子的研究深入,众多学者对角膜淋巴管在角膜免疫排斥反应机制、治疗和预防等方面进行了大量研究,通过抑制新生淋巴管提高植片存活率。     

ICOS共刺激通路参与角膜移植免疫排斥反应的研究

目的研究可诱导共刺激分子（ICOS）共刺激通路与角膜移植急性免疫排斥反应的关系。方法建立大鼠同种异体穿透角膜移植模型,分别于术后7d、14d取植片进行病理学观察,采用RT-PCR法检测植片组织ICOS mRNA的表达情况,免疫组织化学法检测植片组织淋巴细胞ICOS蛋白水平;同时采用流式细胞术检测外周血CD3^＋ICOS^＋T／CD3^＋T的表达情况。均以正常大鼠作为正常对照。结果正常大鼠角膜组织未检测到ICOS蛋白及ICOS mRNA的表达,移植术后植片组织可以检测到ICOS蛋白及ICOS mRNA的表达,且术后14d高于术后7d（P=0．000）;与正常大鼠外周血CD3^＋ICOS^＋T／CD3^＋T的表达相比术后表达皆升高（方差齐性,P=0．156）,且术后14d外周血CD3^＋ICOS^＋T／CD3^＋T的表达高于术后7d的表达（P=0．000）。结论共刺激分子ICOS与角膜移植急性免疫排斥反应密切相关。     

角膜共焦显微镜早期诊断兔高危角膜移植排斥反应的价值

目的:角膜共焦显微镜检查对兔碱烧伤角膜移植排斥反应进行研究,找寻排斥反应早期诊断的客观指标。方法:制作兔角膜碱烧伤模型,36d后行穿透性角膜移植,于角膜移植术后4,9,14,21~28d诊断排斥反应时,角膜共焦显微镜检查角膜。结果:排斥反应时角膜共焦显微镜检查见角膜植片炎性细胞浸润,角膜细胞丢失,新生血管生长。结论:角膜共焦检查有助于早期诊断排斥反应。     

Corneal graft rejection

Penetrating keratoplasty is the most widely practiced type of transplantation in humans. Irreversible immune rejection of the transplanted cornea is the major cause of human allograft failure in the intermediate and late postoperative period. This immunological process causes reversible or irreversible damage to the grafted cornea in several cases despite the use of intensive immunosuppressive therapy. Corneal graft rejection comprises a sequence of complex immune responses that involves the recognition of the foreign histocompatibility antigens of the corneal graft by the host's immune system, leading to the initiation of the immune response cascade. An efferent immune response is mounted by the host immune system against these foreign antigens culminating in rejection and graft decompensation in irreversible cases. A variety of donor- and host-related risk factors contribute to the corneal rejection episode. Epithelial rejection, chronic stromal rejection, hyperacute rejection, and endothelial rejection constitute the several different types of corneal graft rejection that might occur in isolation or in conjunction. Corneal graft failure subsequent to graft rejection remains an important cause of blindness and hence the need for developing new strategies for suppressing graft rejection is colossal. New systemic pharmacological interventions recommended in corneal transplantation need further evaluation and detailed guidelines. Two factors, prevention and management, are of significant importance among all aspects of immunological graft rejection. Preventive aspects begin with the recipient selection, spread through donor antigenic activity, and end with meticulous surgery. Prevention of corneal graft rejection lies with reduction of the donor antigenic tissue load, minimizing host and donor incompatibility by tissue matching and suppressing the host immune response. Management of corneal graft rejection consists of early detection and aggressive therapy with corticosteroids. Corticosteroid therapy, both topical and systemic, is the mainstay of management. Addition of immunosuppressive to the treatment regimen helps in quick and long term recovery. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of graft rejection may allow a better understanding of the immunological process thus helping in its prevention, early detection and management.