神经梅毒患者22例神经眼科表现分析

目的:分析神经梅毒患者神经眼科表现的临床特征.方法:采用回顾性、非随机对照病例分析方法.共分析神经梅毒患者22例39眼,其中男17例30眼,女5例9眼,年龄34~65(平均49.6)岁.描述并分析患者临床表现,包括视力、瞳孔、视神经、视网膜脉络膜改变以及与眼球运动相关的颅神经病变.并分析血清及脑脊液检验结果.结果:临床表现为视神经萎缩11例22眼,其中1例1眼伴左眼动眼神经麻痹;视神经炎急性期3例5眼,视神经视网膜炎4例6眼;伴有视盘水肿的脉络膜视网膜炎1例2眼;视网膜中央动脉阻塞1例1眼;仅表现为阿罗瞳孔2例3眼.在所有病例中,有阿罗瞳孔体征的共10例19眼.所有患者血清梅毒螺旋体抗原凝集试验(TPPA)检查均为阳性,21例行梅毒快速血浆反应素实验(RPR),19例阳性,2例阴性.所有患者均行腰椎穿刺,检测脑脊液RPR、脑脊液蛋白、白细胞计数,13例脑脊液RPR阳性,18例脑脊液蛋白大于450mg/L,13例脑脊液白细胞计数大于5个/mm3.结论:累及神经眼科的神经梅毒患者多发于中老年男性,亚急性起病,临床表现多样,多为双眼同时或相继发生的视神经疾患,少数可表现为视神经以外的其他颅神经麻痹,容易误诊而导致不能及时进行病因学治疗,造成视功能严重损害.综合病史、临床表现、眼科检查及血清、脑脊液等实验室检查可提高诊断率.     

VEP与视力对多发性硬化诊断的相关性分析

多发性硬化 (MS)是侵犯中枢神经系统多灶性的免疫介导的炎性脱髓鞘病。最常侵犯的部位是视神经、脊髓、脑干、小脑及大脑半球。尤以前三者受累为多见。视神经的损害往往提示该病处于早期病理损害阶段。使用视觉诱发电位(VEP)检查 ,可以较客观提供视通路神经传导及视中枢是否被病变波及 ,配合视力检查 ,可以对该病的早期诊断提供帮助。本文介绍 35例 MS的 VEP与视力相互关系 ,提示两者有一定内在联系 ,现介绍如下。一、临床资料1.一般情况 :共 35例 ,男 7例 ,女 2 8例 ,年龄最小 2 1岁 ,最大 6 6岁 ,平均 38岁 ;病程最短 2天 ,最长 7年 ,…     

急性黄斑区神经视网膜病变一例

患者女,19岁.因双眼前突发性黑影遮挡感半个月于2007年12月来我院就诊.无视物变形、畏光和色觉改变.在当地医院诊断为双眼球后视神经炎,予以泼尼松60 mg口服治疗6 d,视觉症状无明显好转.患者出现视觉症状前2 d患感冒,体温38.7℃.既往体格健康,无全身用药及遗传性疾病家族史.肝肾功能、血清蛋白、系统性红斑狼疮因子试验、类风湿因子测定等血液免疫学和生物化学检查未见异常,头颅磁共振成像(MRI)检查正常.眼科检查:视力:右眼0.2,+0.75 D矫正至1.0;左眼0.1,+0.50 D矫正至0.2.色觉检查正常.     

视觉诱发电位检查在多发性硬化诊治中的价值

多发性硬化(MS)是自身免疫性中枢神经系统疾病.在视觉系统,病变可累及视网膜、视神经、视交叉、视丘、视放射等全部视觉通路.目前研究显示,视觉诱发电位(VEP)检查能早于临床症状对MS进行诊断,在反映MS的视觉传导通路病变上优于磁共振成像(MRI).VEP、视网膜电图(ERG)结合相干光断层扫描(OCT)、扫描激光偏振仪(SLP)等技术可以对MS患者视网膜的病变进行评价和诊断.对VEP检查技术的改进能够为MS的诊治提供更多资料.     

Leber先天黑矇的临床研究

目的 观察中国Leber先天黑嚎(LCA)患者的临床特征.方法 前瞻性临床研究,分析15例LCA患者的临床资料.其中,男性10例,女性5例,年龄2～31岁,平均13.6岁.所有患者就诊时详细记录病史、家族史、围产期情况,并进行详细的外眼情况及眼前后节检查.12例患者行验光检查、10例患者行视网膜电流图(ERG)检查、8例患者行光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查.结果 所有患者均有眼球震颤及瞳孔反射迟钝.患者视力为光感～0.1.5例有怕光症状,占33.3%;7例有夜盲史,占46.7%.12例验光患者中,6例双眼等效球镜＞+5D,占50.0%;1例单眼等效球镜＞5D,占8.3%;2例双眼轻至中度远视,占16.7%;1例1只眼正视,1只眼轻度近视,占8.3%;2例双眼中至高度近视,占16.7%.8例有眼球凹陷,占53.3%,4例有指眼征,占26.7%.10例行ERG检查的患者均为熄灭型,占100.0%.8例行OCT检查的患者中,7例中心凹视网膜厚度较正常人薄,占87.5 0%;1例较正常人增厚但同时合并黄斑前膜,占12.5%;2例视网膜各层结构正常,内外节(IS/OS)反光带较正常减弱且不连续,占25.0%;6例外界膜反光带、IS/OS强反光带消失,外界膜及其以外的视网膜各层结构紊乱,但内界膜以内的各层视网膜结构正常,占75.0%.结论 严重视力损伤或盲、眼球震颤、瞳孔反射迟钝、熄灭型ERG及远视是Leber先天黑矇的主要临床特征.     

重视眼与神经系统疾病关系，提高神经眼科疾病诊治水平

眼与神经系统的解剖生理关系非常密切，中枢神经系统中约有40％的纤维与视觉有关；十二对颅神经中7对与视觉传入或眼球运动直接相关。神经系统疾病可从很多方面表现为眼部损害；很多全身性疾病可以造成神经系统的继发性损害，甚至首发表现为神经系统损害，继而表现为眼部症状和体征。正确认识眼与神经系统疾病的关系，提高我国神经眼科疾病的诊治水平，需要眼科、神经内外科以及其他相关学科专业人员密切合作和共同努力。 （中华眼底病杂志，2008，24：82-85）     

全面评价Adie瞳孔一附三例典型病例

Adie瞳孔又称强直性瞳孔、Adie综合征或Holmes—Adie综合征,其主要表现是单侧瞳孔散大,双侧者少见,在临床偶有误诊为青光眼、外伤性瞳孔散大或球后视神经炎,甚至有被误诊为急性闭角型青光眼并行手术治疗者。该病有其固有的眼部特征,通过仔细检查,容易诊断此病。现对解放军总医院收治的3例典型Adie瞳孔患者进行简要分析。     

糖尿病性自主神经病变的瞳孔体征

本文详细研究了糖尿病性自主神经病变(排除了视网膜敏感性降低的影响)的瞳孔功能,并与自主神经及四肢性体干神经功能的其他指标作了比较。对比了36例需用胰岛素治疗的糖尿病人及与其年令、性别相匹配的36例对照者的血压、心率、震动觉阈值、神经传导速度和瞳孔。瞳孔检查均在暗室用双目红外线电视瞳孔机测量其直径,经计算机分析得出各项检查的平均值。     

多发性硬化与视神经脊髓炎患者的眼部特征及其治疗效果

目的 观察伴有眼部异常的多发性硬化(MS)及视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者的眼部特征及治疗效果.方法 回顾分析我院确诊为MS及NMO且伴有眼部异常的107例患者的临床资料.其中,MS患者81例,NMO患者26例.所有患者均接受MRI、腰椎穿刺脑脊液(CSF)检测红、白细胞计数、蛋白含量及寡克隆带,确定MS及NMO临床诊断.对所有患者行视力、裂隙灯显微镜、眼底等常规眼科检查,并行计算机视野和视觉诱发电位(VEP)检查,对比分析MS、MMO患者眼部临床特征的异同.对患者进行大剂量甲泼尼龙冲击治疗或中药活血化瘀、营养神经治疗后,分析不同治疗方法对眼部症状改善的影响.所有患者随访1个月～5年,平均随访时间26个月.结果 MS患者中球后视神经炎24例,占MS患者总数的29.6%;麻痹性斜视和复视36例,占44.4%.NMO患者中急性视盘炎12例,占NMO患者总数的46.2%;球后视神经炎14例,占53.8%.MS和NMO患者视野检查异常率分别为71.6%、96.2%.MRI检查结果显示MS患者脱髓鞘斑块位于脑室旁最常见;NMO患者病灶多累及脊髓.脑脊液检查结果显示MS患者寡克隆带阳性率为75.3%,NMO患者为19.2%.MS和NMO患者VEP检查主要表现为P100波潜伏期延长和(或)波幅降低.接受甲泼尼龙冲击治疗与未接受冲击治疗的患者视力提高率分别为84.7%、80.0%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.221,P>0.05).结论 MS及NMO患者均可能发生视神经炎.糖皮质激素冲击治疗可加速患者眼部症状的改善.     

急性视神经炎的视觉诱发电位表现及与磁共振成像的对比研究

目的探讨急性视神经炎患者的视觉诱发电位（visual evoked potential,VEP）表现及其与磁共振成像（MRI）的对比分析。方法对40例（61只眼）诊断为急性视神经炎（包括视神经乳头炎和球后视神经炎）患者VEP资料进行分析,并与MRI结果进行对比分析。结果 40例中34例行P-VEP检查,成功获得检查结果共54只眼,其中50只眼主要表现为P100波潜伏期延迟（47只眼）,振幅下降（14只眼）,有4只眼记录不到典型P100波,6例（7只眼）F-VEP主要表现为P2波潜伏期延迟;头颅MRI有5例表现为单侧或双侧视神经增粗,6例表现为脑白质异常信号和/或脑白质脱髓鞘改变以及大脑皮层下缺血灶、梗死灶、软化灶、老年性脑改变。VEP检查阳性率明显高于头颅MRI。结论 VEP有助于急性视神经炎的早期诊断,VEP结合MRI能提高急性视神经炎诊断的准确率。     

颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤

目的 探讨颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤的临床诊断和治疗。方法 回顾分析了颅外伤合并间接性视神经损伤36例（36眼）的临床资料。11例行视神经减压术，25例接受药物治疗。结果 全部患者伤侧眼的相对瞳孔传入障碍（RAPD）阳性；眼眶CT扫描显示有眶壁和／或鼻窦骨折。药物治疗组有8例（32．00％）视力提高1行，其余17例（68．00％）视力无改善，手术治疗组有1例（909％）由数指／1．5m提高到03，5例（45．46％）恢复了瞳孔直接对光反应，1例（9．09％）恢复了VEP波，其余4例（36．36％）视力无改善。结论 对颅外伤患者应进行RAPD检查及眼眶CT扫描，确定有无间接性视神经损伤。皮质类固醇和视神经减压联合应用可能更有利于视功能的恢复。     

The visual evoked potential in glaucoma and ocular hypertension: effects of check size, field size, and stimulation rate

In order to determine the optimum stimulus conditions for the detection of optic nerve damage due to glaucoma and ocular hypertension, checkerboard pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were recorded from 20 glaucoma patients, 20 ocular hypertensive patients, and 20 age-matched normals. Two check sizes (12' and 48'), two field sizes (14 degrees and 28 degrees), and two alternation rates (1.9 and 7.5 alt/sec) were used. All subjects had visual acuities of 20/40 or better in each eye and equal pupils of 2 to 5 mm diameter. The largest number of VEP abnormalities were found with large checks (48') reversing at a fast rate (7.5 alt/sec). After correcting for the effects of age, visual acuity, and pupil size, 16 of 30 eyes with glaucomatous visual field defects had abnormally long VEP latencies under this condition (beyond the 99% confidence limit of the normal subjects). Nine of 40 ocular hypertensive eyes also had abnormally long latencies. Increased pattern VEP latency was significantly correlated with both the severity and location of visual field defects and the degree of cupping and pallor of the optic disc. VEP latency was not significantly related to intraocular pressure.     

Normative data and control studies of flash VEP's for comparison to a clinical population

The effects of aging, interocular comparisons, pupil dilation, iris pigmentation, and simulated cataracts on bright flash visual evoked potentials (VEP's) of normal observers were studied to assess the flash VEP as a potential predictor of postsurgical visual function in cataract patients. Seventy-six observers (from 20 to 80 years old) were tested for age differences in flash VEP's. Implicit time measures for transient responses increased significantly as a function of age, but neither transient nor steady-state response amplitudes were altered significantly. Moreover, no significant changes in VEP's occurred as a function of interocular comparisons, pupil dilation, or differences in iris pigmentation of normal observers. Simulation of cataracts with 14 observers did not affect implicit time measures, but did change response amplitudes significantly. Therefore, implicit time measures of cataract patients should be compared either to those of normal age-matched controls or, in the case of a unilateral problem, to the normal fellow eye. Delayed implicit time measures, after the appropriate comparison, suggest optic nerve/pathway dysfunction. However, comparisons of amplitude measures require compensation for opacity density.     

Neurological problems presenting to an ophthalmic casualty department.

All patients presenting with neurological problems to an eye hospital casualty department over one year were prospectively studied. A total of 119 patients were identified. The most frequent diagnoses were retrobulbar neuritis (34; 28.5%), sixth cranial nerve palsy (22; 18.5%), third cranial nerve palsy (15; 12.6%) and Adie's tonic pupil (11; 9%). Cranial nerve palsies were most commonly due to diabetes or hypertension (16; 43.2%). Only one intracranial aneurysm was found. Symptoms included blurred vision (52; 43.7%), binocular diplopia (51; 42.8%), and eye pain (27; 22.7%). Fifty patients (42.0%) were referred by a general medical practitioner. Twenty-two (18.5%) were admitted to hospital. Forty-nine skull X-rays were requested and all were normal. Twenty-nine chest X-rays were requested. One (3.4%) showed an abnormality (carcinoma of the bronchus). Neurological patients present to ophthalmic casualty departments because of ophthalmic symptoms. Ophthalmic casualty officers are able to make working diagnoses and to direct patients appropriately. The use of investigations in the casualty department, however, is unlikely to be productive.     

视觉诱发电位在挫伤眼视神经损伤的应用

目的探讨视觉诱发电位（VEP）对挫伤眼的视神经损伤诊断和鉴定的意义。方法对单侧眼挫伤59例（59眼）进行视力检查及VEP检查，以自体健侧眼为对照。按视力与VEP结果是否相符分为两组，相符者为A组，40例，占67．80％；不相符者为B组，19例，占32．20％。分析两组间VEPP100波幅值及P100峰潜时值。结果A组中伤眼VEPP100波幅明显降低，P100峰潜时明显延长，差异有统计学意义。B组有16例证实为伪盲，另3例伤眼眼睑、球结膜肿胀减退后视力好转。结论VEP对挫伤眼的视神经损伤的诊断和鉴定有重要价值。     

Vitreopapillary traction in proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy

AIM: To present the clinical profile of a new entity in advanced proliferative diabetic vitreoretinopathy (PDVR). Mechanisms of vision loss due to vitreopapillary traction on the nasal optic disc are described, followed by an introduction of methods for prevention and treatment in such cases. METHODS: 17 patients with PDVR and traction on the nasal side of the optic disc, pallor of the optic nerve head, and reduced visual acuity were included in the study. Six patients were observed retrospectively and 11 patients prospectively before and after pars plana vitrectomy. Pre- and postoperative examinations included visual acuity, Goldmann's visual field, fluorescein angiography, and measurements of visual evoked potentials (VEP). RESULTS: During a postoperative follow up period of 3 to 24.5 months (mean 14.5 months) an improvement in optic disc appearance combined with an increased visual acuity (mean increase in VA = 0.171) was observed in 15/17 (88.3%) patients. In addition, 8/17 (47%) of these patients showed higher VEP amplitudes (mean 3.83 microV), and eight (6/8 of the same patients as VEP amplitudes) patients showed a reduction of latency (mean reduction 22.25 ms) during VEP assessment. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vitreopapillary traction may damage the anterior optic nerve, via decreased axoplasmatic flow in the optic nerve fibres and/or mechanical reduction of perfusion in the posterior ciliary arteries. The effects of each mechanism appear to be reversible, but in the long term might lead to irreversible optic nerve atrophy. Therefore, in patients with vitreopapillary traction, early vitrectomy should be considered as a method to prevent optic neuropathy.     

Visual outcome in optic nerve injury patients without initial light perception

PURPOSE: To assess the prognosis for recovery of vision in patients with blindness due to head injury, and to analyse the predictive value of visual evoked potential (VEP). METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients with unilateral/bilateral blindness as a result of minor head injury were studied with regard to their visual status, CT scan, MRI scan and serial VEPs. Steroids were given to those presenting within one month of injury, 5 patients among them received methyl prednisolone. Transethmoidal decompression was done in 6 patients. RESULTS: Visual improvement was recorded in 23 patients. Initial VEP failed to reveal any wave in 29 patients and was abnormal in 71. All the 14 patients in whom VEPs were repeatedly normal, irrespective of initial VEP status, showed varying degrees of visual improvement and none of the 15 patients with persistently negative VEPs showed visual improvement. CONCLUSION: Recovery of VEP from no response to abnormal wave or abnormal wave to normal VEP were indicators of relatively good visual prognosis. Overall, 23 patients showed visual improvement, but did not return to normal. Mode of injury, CT findings and timing of surgery did not influence the outcome.     

Adie's syndrome from a neurological standpoint (author's transl)]

The findings in 22 examinations of tonic pupils, 15 of which presented Adie's syndrome, are described. The neurological and chemical as well as liquor analyses are normal except for the well known tendon reflex anomalies. Neurophysiologically, in 7 of 10 examinations mild disruptions in the sensory nerve conduction velocity were observed. The literature of the last 10 years, where it is of interest from a neurological standpoint and where it relates to the site of damage or to the origin of the tendon reflex abnormalities in Adie's syndrome, is discussed. Adie's syndrome is interpreted as damage to the peripheral nervous system in a polyneuropathic form.     

Contrast sensitivity and pattern visual evoked potential in patients with glaucoma

Contrast sensitivity and pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) were measured in cases of ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma at various stages. The visual field of each eye was examined quantitatively and the retinal nerve fiber layer and optic disc were precisely assessed with magnified stereoscope fundus photography.This study revealed that contrast sensitivity of the eyes with glaucoma was within the normal range in the very early stage of the disease. As optic nerve damage advanced, high-or low-frequency loss developed. Further optic nerve damage produced a level type of loss.Pattern VEPs also showed increasing abnormalities as glaucomatous optic nerve damage progressed. Measurements of contrast sensitivity and pattern VEP were found not to be as sensitive as quantified precise visual field measurment or color stereosopic fundus photography for detection of minor optic nerve damage in cases of early glaucoma. These methods may be useful, however, as an objective and subjective monitor of progression of optic nerve damage in glaucoma.     

视觉诱发电位在颌面外伤致视神经挫伤诊断及预后中的应用

目的:应用视觉诱发电位检查颌面外伤致视神经挫伤程度,确定视功能损伤程度及预后估计。方法:对颌面外伤引起的单侧挫伤眼65例65眼进行治疗前、治疗后视觉诱发电位(visual evoked potontial,VEP)检查,以自体的健眼作为对照。结果:损伤眼视力及VEP的P100潜伏期及波幅异常,视力损害越重,VEP改变越明显,且预后越差。结论:VEP是视神经挫伤早期诊断,判断预后的客观检查方法。