~(131)I治疗对青少年分化型甲状腺癌患者外周血的影响

观察131I治疗青少年分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)对外周血的影响。31例青少年(≤20岁,随访时间6～18个月)DTC患者接受131I治疗后(剂量2.96～11.1GBq),利用全自动血液分析仪,对131I治疗前、治疗后1个月、治疗后6个月及随访末白细胞(WBC)、中性粒细胞(Neut)、红细胞(RBC)、血红蛋白(HBG)及血小板(PLT)进行检测,对131I治疗前后结果进行对比分析。服用131I治疗后1个月,患者PLT下降(P<0.01),WBC下降(P<0.05),RBC下降(P<0.05)、HBG降低(P<0.05),Neut未见明显变化(P>0.05);治疗后6个月患者WBC、Neut、RBC、HBG及PLT均接近治疗前水平(P>0.05),大剂量组(7.4～11.1GBq)患者随访末外周血各指标均与首次治疗前水平无差异(P>0.05)。131I治疗青少年DTC,对外周血有一过性影响,是一种安全的治疗手段。     

Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in Salta,Argentina: a 40-yr study in relation to iodine prophylaxis

The natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in relation to iodine prophylaxis in the region of Salta, Argentina, where goiter is common was investigated over a time span of 40 yr. For analysis of thyroid cancer, the specimens were divided into two periods. The first 15 yr (59 cases), including 5 yr before prophylaxis, was compared with the second 25 yr (182 cases), a period well after salt iodination. Papillary carcinomas formed the largest group of tumors in both periods, with a significant increase in their proportion in the second period (44 vs 60%, x ²: p<0.05), while the percentage of follicular and undifferentiated carcinomas decreased and medullary carcinoma remained about the same. The ratio of papillary to follicular carcinoma rose from 1.7:1 in the first period to 3.1:1 in the second. Four thyroid lymphomas of non-Hodgkin’s B-cell type occurred in the second period in females over age 50. A severe lymphoid thyroiditis was present in the two cases with assessable background thyroid tissue. The frequency of moderate to severe lymphoid infiltrate in females rose from 2 of 12 (16.6%) in the preprophylaxis period to 34 of 114 (28.0%) in the last 25 yr after prophylaxis. After salt prophylaxis, thyroiditis was more frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma (36.2%) than in those with nonpapillary tumors (14.7%) (x ², p<0.02). These observations indicate that a high dietary intake of iodine may be associated with a high frequency of papillary carcinoma and thyroiditis, and that thyroiditis is more commonly associated with papillary carcinoma than with other thyroid tumors. The occurrence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas only in the postprophylaxis period may be linked to an increase in thyroiditis.     

Prognostic factors of response to laparoscopic splenectomy in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Laparoscopic splenectomy (LS) has become the treatment of choice for patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who do not respond to medical treatment. The aim of this study was to identify factors predictive of outcome after LS for ITP. From May 1997 to December 2002, we performed 30 LS on patients with ITP. A positive response was defined as a postoperative platelet count greater than 50,000/micro L and no requirement for maintenance therapy. Chi-square testing was performed to determine the predictive effects of the following variables: age, sex, preoperative response to steroids or immunoglobulin, duration of disease, antiplatelet antibody, platelet associated antibody, and antinuclear antibody. LS was successfully performed in all patients. For a mean follow-up interval of 24.3 months, response to LS was 73.3%. Splenectomy for steroid nonresponders resulted in an inferior complete response rate (10 of 18, 55.6%) as compared with those that experienced relapse after steroid treatment (11 of 12, 91.7%) (p=0.042). The other significant predictor of outcome by univariate analysis was the time between diagnosis and surgery (p=0.049). The other variables showed no significant correlation with successful splenectomy. We conclude that LS can be performed safely with a satisfactory remission rate in patients with ITP who do not respond to medical treatment, and that the factors most frequently associated with surgical success are a response to steroid and disease duration.     

Overcoming the immunologic response to foreign enzymes in cancer therapy

Foreign enzymes play a part in a variety of cancer treatments and have the potential for a much greater role. In most cases, repeated administration of the enzyme is required for effective therapy, however, this can be restricted by undesirable effects caused by immunogenicity. Repeated or prolonged treatment can lead to an antibody response, and this may neutralize the enzyme and prevent it from remaining in the circulation. Ultimately, this can lead to a diminished therapeutic effect and increase the risk of infusion reactions. More insidiously, there is a danger that antibodies will not only neutralize the foreign enzyme, but will crossreact with a vital component in normal tissue. Such responses can damage normal tissues and give rise to serious clinical syndromes. The aim for enzymes in cancer therapy is to allow repeated treatments without compromising safety or efficacy. This can potentially be achieved by understanding and controlling the immune response and by modifying the enzyme accordingly. A crucial requirement, and one that is particularly challenging for enzymes to achieve, is that the modifications introduced do not interfere with structure, function or stability.     

The rare occurrence of a radiation-induced osteosarcoma in the clavicule after treatment of thyroid cancer

The authors report on a postirradiation osteosarcoma of the clavicule in a patient treated for thyroid cancer. The total absorbed dose to the right clavicule was estimated 149 Gy (60 Co and 18 MeV elektron beam). The findings are demonstrated on plain radiographs, CT-scan and bone scintigraphy. The literature on this subject is reviewed and the possible pathogenesis discussed.     

分化型甲状腺癌侧颈部淋巴结转移特点及诊疗技术研究进展

目的:总结分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)侧颈部淋巴结转移的特点及诊疗技术研究进展。方法:以"分化型甲状腺癌""颈部淋巴结转移""侧颈淋巴结转移""颈淋巴结清扫术""侧颈淋巴结清扫术""differentiated thyroid cancer""cervical lymph node metastasis""lateral ...     

RET oncogene amplification in thyroid cancer: correlations with radiation-associated and high-grade malignancy

A radiation etiology is well known in thyroid carcinogenesis. RET oncogene rearrangement is the most common oncogenic alteration in Chernobyl-related papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). To find the characteristic alteration associated with RET rearrangements in radiation-induced thyroid cancers, we analyzed the RET oncogene by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The fluorescence in situ hybridization technique has the possibility of detecting RET rearrangements at a single-cell level regardless of the specific fusion partner involved and directly reveals RET copy number on a per-cell basis. Our study demonstrated RET amplification in all 3 cases of radiation-associated thyroid cancers but not in sporadic well-differentiated PTC (n = 11). Furthermore, RET amplification was observed in all 6 cases of sporadic anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATCs). The frequency of RET amplification-positive cells was higher in ATC (7.2%-24.1%) than in PTC (1.5%-2.7%). The highest frequency of RET amplification-positive cells was observed among ATC cases with a strong p53 immunoreactivity. In conclusion, we found RET amplification, which is a rare oncogenic aberration, in thyroid cancer. This report is the first one to suggest the presence of RET amplification in PTC and ATC. RET amplification was correlated with radiation-associated, high-grade malignant potency, and p53 accumulation, suggesting genomic instability. RET amplification might be induced by a high level of genomic instability in connection with progression of thyroid carcinogenesis and, subsequently, be associated with radiation-induced and/or high-grade malignant cases.     

Association of serum retinol binding protein 4 with adiposity and pubertal development in Korean children and adolescents

Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) has been postulated to provide a new link between obesity and insulin resistance. We aimed to assess the relationship between serum RBP4 and insulin resistance by investigating serum RBP4 levels in children and adolescents according to degree of obesity and pubertal stage. A total of 103 (30 lean, 39 overweight, 34 obese) were evaluated for serum RBP4, adiponectin, insulin, glucose and lipid profiles. RBP4 levels of obese and overweight groups were higher than those of lean group. RBP4 level was higher in pubertal group than in prepubertal group. RBP4 was positively correlated with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), abdominal circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol and triglyceride, and inversely with adiponectin. In the multiple linear regression analysis, RBP4 was found to be independently associated with pubertal stage, BMI and triglyceride but not with HOMA-IR. In conclusion, serum RBP4 level is related with degree of adiposity and pubertal development. The association of RBP4 with insulin resistance is supposed to be secondary to the relation between RBP4 and adipose tissue in children and adolescents.     

Attachment as a predictor of non response to CBT treatment in children with anxiety disorders

Children’s and parents’ attachment patterns have been linked with the presence of pediatric anxiety disorders. The present study examined the role of attachment in predicting cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) treatment outcomes. A total of 69 children aged 7–13 years were assessed using a semi-structured interview, and treated with CBT. Differences between responders and nonresponders with regard to pretreatment characteristics were explored, and the predictive power of factors significantly different between groups was assessed using binominal logistic regression. Responders and nonresponders did not significantly differ with regard to child’s attachment to parent. Maternal attachment anxiety was found to be the strongest predictor of treatment outcome, remaining significant after controlling for symptoms severity. Results suggest that clinicians should pay more attention to how the relationships formed between anxious children and their anxiously attached mothers may prohibit a positive treatment response, and augment treatment appropriately.     

Contactin 1 as a potential biomarker promotes cell proliferation and invasion in thyroid cancer

Contactin 1 (CNTN1) as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily plays important role in the development of nervous system. Recent studies find that elevated CNTN1 can promote the metastasis of cancer. However, the expression and function of CNTN1 in thyroid cancer are still unknown. Here, we firstly find CNTN1 is a new gene which can be regulated by RET/PTC3 (Ret proto-oncogene and Ret-activating protein ELE1) rearrangement gene and the protein level of CNTN1 is increasing in thyroid cancer. Besides this change is positively associated with the TNM stage and tumor size. Moreover, we confirm that knockdown of CNTN1 significantly inhibits the tumor proliferation, invasiveness and represses the expression of cyclin D1 (CCND1). In conclusion, CNTN1 will be a poteintial diagnosis biomarker and therapy target for thyroid cancer.     

Psychological aspects of cancer in children,adolescents, and their families

With improving medical management and survival of children and adolescents with cancer, increasing attention is being focused on the quality of life for the patient and family. This review will discuss the psychological aspects of various phases in the illness process and highlight major issues in intervention. It is concluded that the psychological care of children and adolescents with cancer can serve as a model for comprehensive care in other pediatric disorders as well.     

Single agent nanoparticle for radiotherapy and radio-photothermal therapy in anaplastic thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most aggressive human malignancies. The aggressive behavior of ATC and its resistance to traditional treatment limit the efficacy of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. The purpose of this study is aimed at enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy (RT) combined with photothermal therapy (PTT) in murine orthotopic model of ATC, based on our developed single radioactive copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticle platform. We prepare a new dual-modality therapy for ATC consisting of a single-compartment nanoplatform, polyethylene glycol-coated [⁶⁴Cu]CuS NPs, in which the radiotherapeutic property of ⁶⁴Cu is combined with the plasmonic properties of CuS NPs. Mice with Hth83 ATC were treated with PEG-[⁶⁴Cu]CuS NPs and/or near infrared laser. Antitumor effects were assessed by tumor growth and animal survival. We found that in mice bearing orthotopic human Hth83 ATC tumors, micro-PET/CT imaging and biodistribution studies showed that about 50% of the injected dose of PEG-[⁶⁴Cu]CuS NPs was retained in tumor 48 h after intratumoral injection. Human absorbed doses were calculated from biodistribution data. In antitumor experiments, tumor growth was delayed by PEG-[⁶⁴Cu]CuS NP-mediated RT, PTT, and combined RT/PTT, with combined RT/PTT being most effective. In addition, combined RT/PTT significantly prolonged the survival of Hth83 tumor-bearing mice compared to no treatment, laser treatment alone, or NP treatment alone without producing acute toxic effects. These findings indicate that this single-compartment multifunctional NPs platform merits further development as a novel therapeutic agent for ATC.     

Clinical use of PET/CT in thyroid cancer diagnosis and management

The incidence of thyroid cancer is low, but when it occurs, it is mainly of the papillary histopathological type. Although PET/CT has a limited role in the diagnosis, it plays a significant role in the overall post-surgery management of a patient with thyroid cancer. This follow-up role is important, especially in patients with elevated serum thyroglobulin, but negative radioiodine whole body scans. There is increasing evidence that PET/CT should be a part of routine care in the Tg positive Radioiodine scan negative patient.     

Prognostic value of podoplanin expression in intratumoral stroma and neoplastic cells of uterine cervical carcinomas

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the clinicopathological significance of podoplanin expression in the intratumoral stroma and neoplastic cells of early stage uterine cervical cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

A total of 143 patients with clinical stage I and IIA uterine cervical carcinomas underwent surgery between 2000 and 2007. Clinicopathological data and slides associated with these cases were retrospectively reviewed. Immunodetection of podoplanin expression in histologic sections of tissue microarray blocks was performed using the monoclonal antibody D2‐40.

RESULTS:

Expression of podoplanin was detected in neoplastic cells in 31/143 (21.6%) cases, with 29/31 (93.5%) of these cases diagnosed as squamous carcinoma. For all of the cases examined, the strongest signal for podoplanin expression was observed at the proliferating edge of the tumor nests. The rate of positive podoplanin expression for node‐positive cases was lower than that of node‐negative (18.9% vs. 22.6%, respectively). Furthermore, the rate of positive podoplanin expression in fatal cases was 10.5% vs. 21.6%, respectively. In 27/143 (18.8%) cases, podoplanin expression was detected in fibroblasts of the intratumoral stroma, and this expression did not correlate with patient age, clinical stage, tumor size, histologic type, depth of infiltration, or vascular involvement. Moreover, expression of podoplanin in intratumoral stroma fibroblasts was only negatively associated with nodal metastasis. A greater number of fatal cases was observed among negative intratumoral stroma fibroblasts (15.5% vs. 3.7%, respectively), although this difference was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS:

These preliminary results suggest that podoplanin may have a role in host‐tumor interactions and, as a result, may represent a favorable prognostic factor for squamous cervical carcinomas.     

Imaging of cancer lipid metabolism in response to therapy

Lipids represent a diverse array of molecules essential to the cell's structure, defense, energy, and communication. Lipid metabolism can often become dysregulated during tumor development. During cancer therapy, targeted inhibition of cell proliferation can likewise cause widespread and drastic changes in lipid composition. Molecular imaging techniques have been developed to monitor altered lipid profiles as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment response. For decades, MRS has been the dominant non‐invasive technique for studying lipid metabolite levels. Recent insights into the oncogenic transformations driving changes in lipid metabolism have revealed new mechanisms and signaling molecules that can be exploited using optical imaging, mass spectrometry imaging, and positron emission tomography. These novel imaging modalities have provided researchers with a diverse toolbox to examine changes in lipids in response to a wide array of anticancer strategies including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, signal transduction inhibitors, gene therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these strategies. The understanding of lipid metabolism in response to cancer therapy continues to evolve as each therapeutic method emerges, and this review seeks to summarize the current field and areas of unmet needs.     

利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症患者血清同型半胱氨酸、脂蛋白a、甲状腺激素水平的研究

目的探讨利培酮对精神分裂症患者血清同型半胱氨酸、脂蛋白a、甲状腺激素水平影响。方法选择首发精神分裂症患者50例,服用利培酮治疗前及8周后分别抽血检测血清同型半胱氨酸、脂蛋白a、甲状腺激素水平。结果治疗前FT3（3．30±0．60）ng／L、T4（9．25±2．25）mg／L;治疗后FT3（3．10±0．60）ng／L、T4（8．54±1．71）mg／L,结果均降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。FT4、T3、TSH、同型半胱氨酸、脂蛋白a治疗前后差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论长期服用抗精神分裂症药物患者需监测甲状腺激素水平。     

Cyfra 21-1表达与分化型甲状腺癌临床病理特征及其预后的相关性

目的:探讨术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平与分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer,DTC)临床病理特征的关系及对预后评估的意义.方法:收集2013年1月至2016年6月在第三军医大学附属西南医院治疗的124例DTC患者的临床资料,选取同时期152例甲状腺良性肿瘤及66名健康体检患者作为对照,比较3组患者术前血清Cyfra 21-1水平,并分析其与DTC患者临床病理特征及术后复发的关系.结果:DTC组及良性肿瘤组的血清Cyfra 21-1水平均显著高于正常对照组(均P<0.01),但DTC 组及良性肿瘤组间的血清Cyfra 21-1水平差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).术前血清Cyfra21-1水平与DTC病理类型、TNM分期、是否出现淋巴结转移及局部浸润相关(均P＜0.05),与年龄、性别及肿瘤大小无关(均P＞0.05).DTC患者的5年累计无瘤生存率为83.3％.单因素分析显示性别、病理类型、TNM分期、是否有淋巴结转移、局部浸润、术前血清Cyfra21-1水平与DTC术后复发相关(均P＜0.05);多因素分析显示TNM分期较晚及术前高水平的血清Cyfra21-1是DTC患者术后复发的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05).结论:术前血清Cyfra21-1水平对DTC的诊断帮助不大,但是有助于提示部分临床病理特征,而且术前血清Cyfra21-1升高是影响DTC患者术后复发的独立危险因素.     

A comparison of tobacco-related risk factors between adolescents with and without cancer

OBJECTIVE: To compare adolescents with and without cancer on current smoking status, intentions to smoke, and tobacco-related risk factors. METHODS: Ninety adolescents undergoing treatment for cancer (median time since diagnosis was 2.4 months) and a comparison sample of 279 adolescents without cancer, ages 12 to 18 years, completed questionnaires that asked about their smoking habits, intentions to smoke, and tobacco-related psychosocial risk factors. RESULTS: Approximately 2% of adolescents with cancer and 22% of adolescents without cancer reported current smoking. Compared to nonsmoking adolescents without cancer, nonsmoking adolescents with cancer were one third less likely to report intentions to smoke. No significant interactions were detected between group (having cancer or not) and each of the tobacco-specific and psychosocial variables tested in two separate multivariable models. Intentions to smoke were best predicted by variables most proximal to smoking. Adolescents who smoked in the past and who had lower tobacco knowledge and greater perceived instrumental value were more likely to report intentions to smoke. Adolescents who were less optimistic were also more likely to intend to smoke. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco-related risk factors for intentions to smoke appeared to be similar among adolescents with and without cancer. Implications of these findings for tobacco control among adolescents with cancer are discussed.     

Direct contact in inviting high-risk members of hereditary colon cancer families to genetic counselling and DNA testing

Background

Identification of hereditary predisposition to cancer has limited significance if not followed by efficient cancer prevention in the family. Probands are traditionally left to inform their relatives about the increased risk, but distant relatives may remain uninformed. An approach to contacting directly at‐risk persons assumed to be unaware of their increased cancer risk was taken. With cancer prevention as the ultimate goal, the study was aimed at investigating attitudes towards and psychosocial consequences of this novel strategy.

Methods

In families with hereditary non‐polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), 286 healthy adult relatives with a 50% risk of a predisposing mutation were contacted by letter. Of these, 112 participated in counselling and predictive testing. Baseline information and information obtained 1 month after the test for 73 respondents were compared with 299 corresponding subjects, approached via the proband (family‐mediated approach in our previous study) in these families.

Results

After the contact letter, 51% consented to the study. Of these, 92% approved of the direct contact and 33% had tried to seek information. In 34% of the mutation carriers, neoplasia was identified in the first post‐test colonoscopy. Although post‐test fear of cancer increased among the mutation carriers and decreased among noncarriers, almost all participants were satisfied with their decision to participate, independently of their test results, parallel to the family‐mediated approach.

Conclusion

In this large‐scale study, relatives in cancer families were actively contacted to inform them of the condition and genetic counselling. Their attitudes were encouraging, and the psychosocial consequences were similar to the family‐mediated approach. Our results suggest the appropriateness of direct contact as an alternative method of contact in cases of life‐threatening treatable disease.     

Determining factors which predict response to primary medical therapy in breast cancer using a single fine needle aspirate with immunocytochemical staining and flow cytometry

The increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine therapy in the management of breast cancer has lead us to evaluate and optimise the standard technique of cytocentrifugation of a single fine needle aspirate (FNA) taken from a breast tumour in-vivo, to determine a range of both immunocytochemical and flow cytometric factors which are predictive of response to primary medical therapy. Some of these factors are also of prognostic significance in early stage disease. An analysis of the cellularity and immunocytochemical staining characteristics of FNAs obtained from a series of 206 patients with palpable breast cancers indicate that in a sample of 46 cases it is possible to measure oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and c-erbB-2 providing over 400 cells per slide are obtained, with material obtained in a single FNA prepared by cytocentrifugation, using standard immunocytochemical methods. The staining results obtained were comparable to those obtained using frozen or paraffin embedded tissue sections taken from the same tumour. In addition an estimate of the proliferation indices could be made by flow cytometric analysis of the residual cell suspension fluid with measurement of DNA index and S-phase fraction in 131/164 (80%) and 110/164 (67%) of cases respectively. Providing all FNAs obtained for cytocentrifugation were taken at first presentation rather than immediately following a standard FNA, then it was possible to obtain adequately cellular (>400 cells/slide) samples in 96 out of 126 (75%) of the last cohort of breast aspirates. These effects may be independent of T stage but not histological type as patients with lobular tumours only produced cellular aspirates in 1/7 (14%) of cases. The advantages and disadvantages of using FNA over trucut biopsy are discussed further.