不典型肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗（附18例报告）

目的：探讨不典型肾错构瘤的误诊原因,提高其诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析18例不典型肾错构瘤的临床资料。18例均行B超检查,15例行CT扫描,8例行MRI扫描,6例行IVU检查。3例接受保守治疗;15例接受手术治疗,其中3例行肿瘤剜除术,5例行肾部分切除术,7例行肾癌根治术。结果：B超诊断肾错构瘤10例（10／18）,CT诊断肾错构瘤7例（7／15）。3例保守治疗者获得随访,肿瘤大小无明显变化,无转移。15例手术治疗者术后病理检查均为肾错构瘤,随访未见肿瘤转移或复发。结论：大部分肾错构瘤可通过B超、CT等影像学检查明确诊断;对于不典型肾错构瘤,术前应仔细分析影像学检查,结合病史尽量明确诊断,减少不必要的肾切除。     

肾脏炎性假瘤(附10例报告)

目的　提高对肾脏炎性假瘤的认识和诊治水平。　方法　报告 10例肾脏炎性假瘤的诊治情况 ,结合文献就其诊治问题进行讨论。　结果　肾脏炎性假瘤的主要临床表现为发热、腰痛及血尿。影像学检查无特异性。 10例患者 6例误诊为肾癌而行肾切除术 ;4例经活检确诊为炎症 ,以抗炎治疗治愈 ,随访 1～ 5年 ,未见复发。　结论　此病诊断应以临床症状为主 ,结合动态影像学检查 ,特别是抗生素治疗前后的对比。当怀疑本病时 ,B超引导下穿刺活检是确诊的主要依据。     

肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变诊治分析(附49例报告)

目的　提高肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变的诊治水平。　方法　肾良性肿瘤和瘤样病变 4 9例 ,均行B超和CT检查 ,14例行MRI检查 ,分析临床表现、病理和影像学特点。 2 1例术前未能确诊 ,按肾癌行肾切除术 ;2 8例行保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术。　结果　各种病变临床症状无特异性。血管平滑肌脂肪瘤CT和MRI表现含脂肪组织的影像学特点。彩超检测 2例肾动脉瘤和 2例动静脉瘘有特异性表现。其他良性病变无特异性影像学表现。行保肾手术的 2 8例患者随访 1～ 9年无复发 ,肾功能正常。　结论　B超、CT、MRI和彩超等影像学检查对肾良性肿瘤和病变有重要诊断价值。有依据的保留肾单位的肿瘤切除术和术中行冰冻病理检查可减少误诊误治。     

肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血的诊断与治疗(附3例报告及文献复习)

目的:探讨肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血的影像学特点和诊治方法.方法:对3例肾肿瘤自发性破裂出血患者的临床诊治资料进行回顾性分析,3例均无外伤史及抗凝治疗史,均行B超,CT检查,1例行静脉肾盂造影检查.均经手术后病理证实.结果:3例患者均行开放手术,1例行根治性肾癌切除术,1例行肾部分切除术,另1例行肾切除术.其中1例为肾透明细胞癌,另2例为肾血管平滑肌瘤.结论:肾肿瘤自发性破裂为泌尿外科急症,肿瘤破裂以肾多见,CT可以准确显示出血程度和部位,肾癌破裂出血应行根治性肾切除,肾血管平滑肌瘤应行保留肾单位手术.     

小肾癌25例的诊治体会

目的 探讨直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治效果。方法 对25例直径小于4cm的小肾癌的诊治进行回顾性总结。结果 25例均行B超、CT检查，B超明确诊断16例，准确率64％(16／25)；CT明确22例，准确率88％(22／25)。16例行根治性肾切除术，9例行保留肾单位手术。随访10-102个月，平均56．6个月。9例行保留肾单位手术中，发生术后出血1例，局部复发1例。结论 小肾癌的诊断主要依据B超、CT等影像学检查综合分析作出，其中CT是最有价值的检查万法。根治性肾切除术治疗小肾癌疗效可靠、安全，仍是首选手术方式。     

肾脏炎性假瘤5例诊治体会

目的提高对肾脏炎性假瘤的认识和诊治水平。方法报告5例肾脏炎性假瘤的诊治情况，结合文献就其诊治问题进行讨论。结果肾脏炎性假瘤的主要临床表现为腰痛、发热和患肾区叩击痛，影像学检查无特异性。5例患者中有2例用诊断性抗感染治疗治愈；有2例患者在B超引导下行穿刺活检确诊为炎症，予抗感染治疗治愈；另1例经探查及冰冻活检确诊为炎性假瘤，行肾部分切除术治愈。随访2～10年，未见复发。结论肾脏炎性假瘤的诊断应以临床表现为主，结合动态影像学检查，特别是抗生素治疗前后的对比。抗感染治疗有效。B超引导下穿刺活检是确诊的主要方法。术中冰冻活检可避免不必要的肾切除术。     

小肾癌的影像学诊断比较分析（附35例报告）

目的：探讨影像学检查在小肾癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析我科35例术后经病理确诊为小肾癌患者的B超、IVU、CT、MRI等影像学资料,比较分析各影像学检查的优缺点。结果：35例小肾癌病例,常规行B超、IVU检查,并结合CT或MRI检查。其中,B超诊断肾癌23例,准确率65．7％。IVU提示有肾盂肾盏受压等间接征象5例（14．3％）。21例行CT检查,诊断肾癌20例,准确率95．2％。14例行MRI检查,诊断肾癌13例,准确率92．9％。结论：综合应用B超、IVU、CT和MRI检查对于小肾癌的早期诊断具有重要意义,尤以CT检查更具价值。     

囊性肾癌的诊治

目的：提高囊性肾癌的诊治水平。方法：回顾性分析我院2002～2008年间诊治的13例囊性肾癌患者临床资料,分析其影像学特点、病理检查结果及预后情况。结果：术前B超诊断为囊性。肾癌6例,CT诊断为囊性肾癌9例,其余4例依术中冷冻切片和术后病理检查结果确诊。5例为多囊性肾癌,8例为单囊性。肾癌。11例获得随访,随访3～60个月,7例存活,因癌死亡3例,1例因其他原因死亡。结论：囊性。肾癌诊断较为困难,应结合术前影像学检查、术中冷冻切片以及术后病理检查结果确诊,以免漏诊。     

肾嗜酸细胞瘤4例临床分析

目的:探讨肾嗜酸细胞瘤的临床、影像学及病理学特点,提高对肾嗜酸细胞瘤的诊疗水平。方法:回顾性分析4例肾嗜酸细胞瘤患者的临床资料:临床表现为右上腹痛2例,另2例体检发现。2例静脉尿路造影(IVU)检查提示占位性病变,超声、CT及肾动脉造影诊断为肾癌。4例均行肾癌根治性切除术,其中2例行腹腔镜手术,2例行开放性手术。结果:术后病理检查均诊断为肾嗜酸细胞瘤。术后B超随访6～15个月,4例均未出现复发和转移。结论:肾嗜酸细胞瘤是良性肿瘤,但临床症状、影像学表现与肾癌类似,需病理检查确诊。治疗上首选保留肾单位手术,术中冷冻切片活检可对手术提供重要信息。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的影像学特征与术式选择

目的：探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(RAML)影像学特征及术式选择。方法：对71例肾肿瘤患者．均行B超和CT检查．63例诊为RAML；9例诊断肾癌不排除．其中4例另行MRI联合诊断为RAML。除1例因肿瘤巨大肾实质较少、出血较多或怀疑恶性变而行肾切除，1例行选择性肾动脉栓塞术外．其余均行保留肾单位手术。结果：70例术中及术后病理诊断为RAML；1例术前B超和CT检查诊断为RAML．病程10年．肿瘤未有明显变化，但术中肉眼和术后病理诊断为“肾透明细胞癌”。11例术中阻断肾蒂患者．术后肾功能无明显异常。患者术后B超复查无肿瘤复发和转移。结论：B超和CT是诊断肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的重要手段．必要时呵辅助MRI联合诊断。除极少病例需要行肾切除术，RAML患者应尽量行保留肾单位术。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung. Diagnostic-therapeutic effectiveness of its radical resection

Clinical, therapeutical observations and experience in 3 cases of pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors (PIP) are presented. A retrospective analysis is made of cases with pulmonary "mass" suspected as malignant tumor, resected in a general surgery department between 1988 and 1995, and finally diagnosed as inflammatory pseudotumor. Three of the 10 cases originally diagnosed as malignant lung tumor were inflammatory pseudotumor (30%). Pulmonary inflammatory pseudotumors, may be a pitfall diagnosing a lung mass and implicate legal problems. Surgical resection leads to the final diagnosis in doubtful cases. A wide resection has a diagnostic aim and may preserve healthy parenchyma. Clinicians, pathologists and surgeons should accurately inform patients with doubtful diagnosis of pulmonary malignancy. Any decision should be kept altogether either choosing the simple observation or the timely surgical diagnostic and therapeutical approach.     

Does the finding of a indeterminate mass lesion in screening CT result in kidney loss and is postoperative follow-up necessary in renal encocytomas? A retrospective study

OBJECTIVE: Sixteen patients who were operated on with a preoperative diagnosis of renal tumor were diagnosed with renal oncocytoma between 1991 and 2004. The reliability of preoperative diagnosis, the role of screening CT in organ preservation and the need for follow-up for renal oncocytomas are discussed in the light of literature findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Among 345 patients diagnosed with renal tumors in the previous 13 years, the clinical and radiological features of the 16 patients with renal oncocytomas and the results during the postoperative follow-up period were evaluated in this retrospective study. The female:male ratio was 4.3. Two of the patients complained of hematuria whereas the other 14 experienced lumbocostal pain. The mean dimensions of the tumors on CT scans were 5.7+/-2.88 cm. Central fibrous scarring existed in three patients. Two patients underwent tumor enucleation, three underwent partial nephrectomy and 11 underwent radical nephrectomy. RESULTS: Screening CT could not achieve a precise preoperative differential diagnosis from malignant renal mass. The organ preservation ratio was approximately 1:3 based on the radiological diagnosis. Screening CT scans showed oncocytomas with diameters greater than those reported in the literature, indicating a need for urgent nephrectomy. No recurrences, metastases or deaths due to renal oncocytoma were observed in the postoperative follow-up period (mean 6.7+/-4 years; range 1-13 years). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative diagnosis of renal oncocytoma is very difficult. The postoperative follow-up period in our series was 13 years, which is significantly longer than the duration proposed in the literature.     

A case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis--an experience of echo-guided aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is a rare disease of the kidney. The pre-operative diagnosis of this disease is usually very difficult. Recently, echo-guided aspiration biopsy has been suggested for the differential diagnosis of the renal mass. We experienced a case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and performed echo-guided aspiration biopsy. A 57-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with complaints of upper abdominal pain and right lumbago. Judging from the findings obtained by intravenous pyelography, computed tomographic scan, ultrasonography and angiography, the lesion was a right renal inflammatory mass but renal tumor could not be denied. Because clear cell carcinoma was suspected from the results of echo-guided aspiration biopsy, right radical nephrectomy was performed. However, the resected kidney was diagnosed to be xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis. Post-operative course was uneventful.     

肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗(附31例报告)

目的：探讨肾错构瘤的诊断与治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析31例肾错构瘤的临床资料，其中30例行B超检查；25例行CT扫描；7例行MRI扫描；15例行IVP检查；2例行DSA检查。27例行手术治疗，其中7例术前诊断明确且肿瘤直径远大于4cm，行肾切除术；7例因肾破裂出血而争诊手术切除病肾；2例肾破裂出血者病情稳定，于次日明确诊断后进行手术切除；1例术前不能完全明确诊断，术中快速切片确定为肾错构瘤后行肿瘤剜除术；另4例作随访观察。结果：所有患者均经病理检查诊断为肾错构瘤，未发现有肿瘤恶变者。27例手术患者术后病情稳定。结论：CT和MRI是肾错构瘤最好的影像学诊断方法。对肿瘤直径＞4cm且逐渐增大伴明显症状者，应积极进行手术治疗，手术治疗应尽量保留有功能的肾组织。     

肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤（错构瘤）的诊断与治疗方法。方法 回顾分析２２例肾错构瘤的临床资料。结果 诊断符合率Ｂ超为５４．５％,ＣＴ为８１．８％,术前诊断错构瘤１８例,误诊为肾癌４例,其中３例术中冻冻切片示错构瘤。行肿瘤剜除１１例,肾部分切除７例,肾切除３例,肾根治性切除１例。结论 ＣＴ是诊断错构瘤的首选检查手段,肿瘤体积小、脂仿含量少、瘤内出血是影像学改变不典型导致误诊的原因,仔细分析病史、影像学资料及术中冰冻切片可避免误诊,手术治疗应尽量采用保留肾脏的手术。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney: report of a case

We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney. A 73-year-old man presenting with general malaise and minimal grade fever visited a medical department in our hospital. Computerized tomography incidentally revealed a tumor, 3.5 cm in diameter, in the lower pole of the left kidney, and he was referred to our outpatient department. Selective left renal arteriography disclosed an avascular mass on the affected site. Left radical nephrectomy was performed under the diagnosis of avascular renal cell carcinoma. Histological examination demonstrated a tumor composed of spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells infiltrated by variable numbers of plasma cells, small lymphocytes and histiocytes. The pathologic diagnosis was renal inflammatory pseudotumor. Fourteen previously reported cases of this tumor have reviewed in the literature.     

A long survival case of small cell lung cancer synchronized with renal cancer]

A long survival case of small cell lung cancer synchronized with renal cancer was reported. The patient was a 73-year-old male, complaining of cough and fever up. The chest roentgenogram showed a tumor mass in the right lower lung field. The specimen obtained from transbronchial lung biopsy of right S8b was diagnosed as small cell carcinoma of lung. In the check of the metastasis to other organs, abdominal CT scanning and the echogram demonstrated a solitary mass in the left kidney. We supposed a possibility of primary renal cancer rather than the metastasis from the lung because of being solitary mass, no existence of the metastasis except the kidney, and from the finding of the renal angiography. The patient underwent left nephrectomy for the renal cancer, and also underwent right lower lobectomy for the lung cancer after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy using cisplatinum and carboquone. Pathologically, the renal lesion was diagnosed as typical clear cell carcinoma of the kidney. He has survived for more than 4 years.     

肾原发性淋巴瘤二例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤的临床病理特点、影像学特征及诊治。方法总结2例肾脏原发性淋巴瘤患者的临床病理、影像学特点、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗预后资料,并结合文献复习讨论。结果2例患者均为中老年人,发病后均有腰部隐痛或钝痛;影像学检查均显示肾脏占位性病变;病理诊断均为肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤,其中1例为霍奇金淋巴瘤（以结节硬化型为主）,1例为非霍奇金淋巴瘤（B细胞性）。1例行手术加化疗,1例单纯化疗;患者预后佳,目前分别存活1年和5年8个月。结论肾脏原发性恶性淋巴瘤十分罕见,尤其是霍奇金淋巴瘤;确诊需病理组织学检查,治疗主要是单纯化疗或根治性肾切除加化疗。     

Inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney

Renal inflammatory pseudotumor is a very rare benign condition of unknown etiology characterized by proliferative myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, histiocytes, and plasma cells. We report a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the kidney. A 42-year-old female was admitted with the complaint of right flank pain. Computerized tomography revealed a tumor, 7 cm in diameter, in the upper pole of the right kidney. Right radical nephrectomy was performed under the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma. Histological examination demonstrated a tumor composed of spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells infiltrated by variable numbers of plasma cells, small lymphocytes and histiocytes. The pathologic diagnosis was renal inflammotory pseudotumor.     

肾脏偶发瘤诊治体会

目的提高肾脏偶发瘤的术前诊断率和手术治愈率。方法回顾性分析66例。肾脏偶发瘤患者的术前影像学特点诊断、治疗方法及预后。患者中男40例，女26例；年龄33—67岁，平均52岁。均因体检或行临近器官检查发现肿瘤。肿瘤位于左肾36例，右肾30例。肿瘤直径1．2—4．8cm，其中〉3．0cm者4例。结果66例患者中肾癌36例，行肾癌根治术30例，肾切除术6例；肾错构瘤24例，肾囊肿6例，均行手术治疗。B超诊断肾癌26例，准确率72．2％；CT诊断32例，准确率88．9％。结论肾脏偶发瘤的术前诊断是关键，影像学检查对术前诊断的意义最大。术中可疑病例应行冰冻病理检查，以提高肿瘤的手术治愈率，偶发肾癌的术式选择应根据患者的具体情况决定。