Nasal Reconstruction Using a Customized Three‐Dimensional–Printed Stent for Congenital Arhinia: Three‐Year Follow‐up

A male Mongolian child with a complete congenital absence of both nose and nasal passage had a poor survival prognosis due to respiratory distress. To enable his survival, a new nose capable of conferring respiratory function was constructed. Following reconstructive surgery, an absence of mucoepithelium in the nasal passage can lead to rhinostenosis. To avoid this complication, a custom‐made nasal silicone stent was created using three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology in conjunction with the patient's computed tomography data. The stent was implanted for 2 months to maintain the shape and size of the nasal passage. At 2 months after stent implantation, the mucoepithelium tissue in the passage had successfully regenerated with no immune reaction. Three years after stent removal, respiratory function, nasal passage structure, and external nose shape were maintained without additional medical care. These results indicate the successful nasal reconstruction in an arhinia patient using a customized, 3D‐printed nasal stent. Laryngoscope, 129:582–585, 2019     

Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis: surgery and evaluation with three-dimensional computed tomography

OBJECTIVE: We described the surgical efficacy of congenital pyriform aperture stenosis by measuring the width of the nasal pyriform aperture with three-dimensional computed tomography. METHODS: Six patients with congenital pyriform aperture stenosis accepted surgical intervention. Three-dimensional computed tomography was performed for preoperative and postoperative evaluation of nasal pyriform aperture width. We marked the midpoint between the tip of nasal bone and the anterior nasal spine. The distances between the bilateral nasal processes of the maxilla and between the lateral rims of the pyriform aperture were measured by crossing the midpoint horizontally. RESULTS: Among the six patients (three male and three female patients), the mean age was 76.2+/-23.9 days. Silicon stents were removed 6 to 7 days after operation. During 9 months of follow-up, there were no cases of restenosis, respiratory failure, or cyanosis. The mean preoperative and postoperative interprocess distances were 4.5+/-0.84 and 8.7+/-1.37 mm, respectively, and data were statistically significant at a confidence level of P <.05. The mean preoperative and postoperative interwall distances were 9.8+/-0.75 and 10.8+/-1.5 mm, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Congenital pyriform aperture stenosis should be suspected whenever there is both severe nasal obstruction and difficulty in passing a small catheter or nasogastric tube through the anterior nasal valve. Operation is the most extreme treatment, but it is effective for congenital pyriform aperture stenosis. Nasal stenting for 7 days seemed to be adequate. The use of three-dimensional computed tomography to evaluate preoperative and postoperative nasal pyriform aperture is effective and reliable.     

Simulation‐Guided Tracheotomy in a Patient With Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare disorder that causes heterotopic bone formation leading to chest wall and spinal deformities. This case describes an 11‐year‐old female with FOP who presented in respiratory failure necessitating two emergent fiberoptic nasotracheal intubations. The patient had severe trismus, rotary flexion of the neck, and distortion of the airway. A three‐dimensional printed model based off of a computed tomography reconstruction was created for an in situ simulation before the true procedure. The surgery and trach change were both uneventful. We propose that with careful preoperative planning, tracheotomy can be an appropriate option for FOP patients. Laryngoscope, 129:812–817, 2019     

螺旋CT三维重建咽旁隙的研究

目的探索螺旋CT扫描成人呈张口位时咽旁隙成像并行多平面重建和三维重建等后处理，为经口入路切除咽旁隙肿瘤提供解剖依据及术前指导。方法选择咽旁隙无占位性病变患者28例，放置张口器后行多层螺旋CT血管成像，应用多平面重建测量茎突长度并统计茎突末端与第一颈椎横突的关系，于颅底层面测量茎突至颈内动脉、下颌骨升支后缘的距离并进行统计学分析。利用容积重现和剪切技术对图像进行三维重建等后处理，观察颈内动静脉走行及是否存在变异移位等。结果茎突长度、茎突根部至颈内动脉、茎突根部至下颌骨升支后缘的平均距离分别为(2.50±0.80)、(1.09±0.26)、(2.27±0.29)cm，侧别、性别方面均无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。78.6%（44/56）茎突末端位于第一颈椎横突或以下，64.3%（36/56）颈内动脉起始部位低于舌骨，12.5%（7/56）咽旁隙段颈内静脉先走行于颈内动脉前方然后再转向后外。结论咽旁隙以茎突至毗邻解剖结构的距离为参考，有助于神经血管的定位。三维重建的图像能清晰地显示颅底、下颌骨升支、茎突、颈内动静脉等咽旁隙周边及内部结构。咽旁隙段颈内动静脉均存在一定的变异率，为模拟手术入路和术中颈内动脉定位提供重要信息。     

Melanoma of the nose: prognostic factors, three-dimensional histology, and surgical strategies

OBJECTIVES: The prominent position of the nose in the face accounts for its constant exposure to sunlight and thus its high incidence of malignant involvement. The aim of this prospective study was to define prognostic factors for nasal melanomas and to evaluate surgical strategies. METHODS: Forty-five patients with stage I/II melanoma were included. Malignant melanomas of the nose represented 0.8% of stage I/II cutaneous melanoma and 5.3% of head and neck melanoma (1983-2004). The median tumor thickness was 0.75 mm. Twenty-two of 33 Lentigo maligna melanomas (LMM) underwent three-dimensional (3D) histology in paraffin technique (i.e., micrographic surgery). RESULTS: The 5 year disease-specific survival rate was 96%, and the 5 year recurrence-free survival rate was 93%. There were no statistically significant risk factors in the univariate analysis. LMMs that were removed with accompanying 3D histology were thinner than other histologic types (median 0.75 vs. 1.55 mm). Compared with conventional histology, using 3D histology made it possible to reduce the excision margins (median 5 vs. 10 mm). There was one lymph node recurrence after LMM with 3D histology. Of five sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNB) there was no positive SLNB and no recurrence. CONCLUSION: This is the largest study of nasal melanomas so far. Excision of LMM using 3D histology allowed the reduction of excision margins for better cosmesis and function. Our results do not permit conclusions regarding the prognostic impact of SLNB.     

Virtual endoscopic evaluation of labyrinthine fistulae resulting from cholesteatoma.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Fistulae of the otic capsule occur in approximately 10% of cholesteatoma cases. Preoperative imaging of this complication is valuable in limiting intraoperative morbidity. Three-dimensional virtual endoscopic imaging provides a new method for analysis of conventional computed tomography (CT) imaging data. The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility and efficacy of this technique in detecting labyrinthine fistulae caused by cholesteatoma. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case study. METHODS: Fifteen patients with surgically confirmed lateral semicircular canal fistula and preoperative CT scan were included. Scans meeting inclusion criteria were imported into a software program for production of virtual endoscopic images. Dehiscent and normal lateral semicircular canals were navigated while varying threshold values for surrounding bone. Changes in threshold values produce the effect of thickening or thinning the bone enveloping the semicircular canal. Threshold parameters that produced easy circumnavigation ("open") and intact inner surface of the lateral canal ("closed") were recorded. RESULTS: The fistula group demonstrated a significantly lower "closed" threshold level and, consequently, a greater range of navigation between "open" and "closed" thresholds. Intrasubject absolute differences in threshold values between normal and abnormal ears appeared to be the most accurate method for detecting a fistula. The suggested imaging parameters displayed an overall sensitivity for fistula detection of 67% with a specificity of 93%. CONCLUSIONS: The three-dimensional virtual endoscopic algorithm shows promise as a method for confirmation of otic capsule dehiscences. Sensitivity for detection is suboptimal but can be improved by alterations in image acquisition parameters.     

蝶窦病变25例临床分析

目的：探讨蝶窦病变的诊断和治疗，以降低本病的误诊和漏诊率。方法：回顾性分析1996～2005年25例蝶窦病变患者的临床资料，并复习相关文献；25例均行鼻内镜下蝶窦手术。结果：25例患者主要以头痛和（或）眼部症状为首发症状，其中21例在确诊前经过首诊科室的相关检查和对症治疗。全部患者经CT或MRI检查及术后病理检查确诊；24例术后所有症状先后缓解或消失，1例无明显变化。结论：蝶窦病变易误诊、漏诊。诊断本病有赖于CT和MRI检查，CT三维重建可为术前评估提供多方位空间信息，鼻内镜下蝶窦手术使本病的治疗更安全、有效。     

Laryngeal reconstruction for recurrent desmoid tumor using three‐dimensional modeling: A unique approach for a rare tumor

Desmoid tumors are exceedingly rare within the larynx and cause significant morbidity due to their locally aggressive and infiltrative nature. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment with previous reports describing total and near‐total laryngectomy for cure. We present a case of recurrent glottic desmoid tumor managed with hemilaryngectomy and reconstructed with temporoparietal free tissue, rib, and buccal grafts. Three‐dimensional modeling was utilized to optimize aerodigestive function after laryngeal reconstruction. Laryngoscope, 129:1989–1992, 2019     

视神经管区多层螺旋CT三维成像研究

目的：验证多层螺旋CT三维成像的真实性与临床应用价值。方法：对40具完整的成年国人尸体头颅标本,利用多层螺旋CT三维成像技术及解剖技术,对视神经管内壁毗邻关系与蝶窦发育关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察;对视神经管内壁隆起与视神经管毗邻关系进行影像学与实体解剖学观察;对视神经管内壁不同隆起形态的厚度和长度进行影像学与实体解剖学数据测量,并对比观察结果与测量数据。结果：①空间处理技术重建的整体空间分辨率高,可同时清晰显示视神经管及其周围的解剖结构;②仿真内镜技术进行的视神经管的内部重建,可清晰显示视神经管的内部结构,重建影像与健康国人视神经管的解剖形态一致;③多层螺旋CT成像的测量数据与解剖测量的数据比较,差异无统计学意义（均P〉0．05）。结论：联合应用空间处理技术和仿真内镜技术,不仅可显示和测量视神经管的细微结构,还可从空间毗邻关系方面,为鼻内镜下经鼻蝶入路行视神经管减压术提供准确信息。