Influence of age on the surgical outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether patient age is associated with the surgical outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with polypectomy. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, controlled case series. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study consisted of 60 patients who were diagnosed as having chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyposis (NP) that was refractory to medical treatment. Three groups were classified according to patient age: pediatric (5-18 yr), adult (19-65 yr), and geriatric (over 65 yr). We collected 20 patients in each age group after applying the exclusion criteria. The extent of the polyps and the Lund-Mackay score were calculated for each patient, and they underwent ESS with polypectomy. We compared the objective endoscopic findings and subjective improvements in symptoms among the groups 6 months after the procedure. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences in polyp extent or Lund-Mackay score between the three age groups. The objective surgical outcome based on the endoscopic findings was worst in the pediatric group (45%), whereas the geriatric group showed the best results (90%). The differences in objective outcome among the three groups were significant, and patient age was a predictive variable for surgical result based on multiple logistic regression analysis. No major complications occurred, and the overall improvement in subjective symptoms was statistically significant in all three age groups at 6 months postoperatively. The subjective surgical outcome did not differ statistically between the groups, with the exception of olfactory disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study suggest that patient age influences the objective postoperative outcome in the endoscopic treatment of CRS with NP, and that ESS is an effective and reliable method for improving the subjective symptoms in patients of all age groups despite the statistically different objective surgical outcomes between the groups.     

儿童慢性鼻窦炎的外科治疗研究进展

近年来,儿童慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)越来越受到耳鼻咽喉科医生的重视。临床上,有一部分儿童CRS患者经过规范的药物治疗(不少于12周)后症状仍难以改善,甚至加重,或是经常复发,导致治疗失败。大量的临床实践表明,儿童鼻窦FESS手术可以取得比较满意的临床疗效,但仍有医师对儿童鼻窦FESS手术治疗存在质疑。鼻窦球囊扩张术治疗慢性鼻窦炎于2005年被引入耳鼻咽喉科。在过去的十几年里,有充分的证据支持它在治疗成人慢性鼻窦炎(CRS)方面的安全性和有效性。鼻窦球囊扩张术手术过程中不去除骨质,保留大部分或全部鼻窦黏膜,以极低的风险恢复鼻窦的通气,这样微创的方式适用于儿童。本文将对儿童慢性鼻窦炎外科治疗的相关研究进展做一综述。     

鼻腔冲洗在慢性鼻窦炎鼻内镜术后治疗中的应用研究

慢性鼻窦炎（CRS）是鼻窦黏膜的慢性炎症性疾病,其病因学及病理生理机制复杂。随着基础和临床研究不断深入,其诊断、治疗策略逐渐向个体化和精准化方向发展。手术治疗是CRS整体治疗的重要组成部分。鼻内镜手术因其功能性和微创性成为目前CRS首选的外科治疗手段,但是术后鼻腔、鼻窦黏膜仍处于炎症环境中,若处理不当会影响手术疗效。临床研究证实,鼻内镜手术后行鼻腔冲洗可改善症状,促进术腔恢复。本文将从冲洗液、冲洗方法、冲洗工具等方面进行综述,为鼻腔冲洗临床应用提供参考。     

Metalloproteinase function in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis

OBJECTIVES: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and asthma share characteristic inflammatory features and histopathologic findings of airway remodeling. Remodeling, which is controlled by matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), is a key event in the pathogenesis of asthma. The MMP functions have rarely been evaluated in CRSwNP. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective and in vivo. METHODS: MMP-7, MMP-8, MMP-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 concentrations were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and their molecular forms by Western immunoblotting and gelatin zymography in 24 patients operated on for CRSwNP and in nasal lavages from 19 healthy controls. MMP function, protective or destructive, was evaluated by comparing MMP/TIMP-1 levels with the disease activity, estimated by tissue eosinophilia and a need for re-operations. RESULTS: Significantly increased levels of MMP-8/TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 were found in patients without tissue eosinophilia relative to eosinophil-positive CRSwNP patients and controls, as well as in patients who did not require re-operation in comparison with re-operated patients. In eosinophil-positive and re-operated patients, these parameters were within the same range than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Proteolytic spectrum is different in eosinophilic and noneosinophilic CRSwNP, suggesting a new mechanism for eosinophil accumulation in the disease pathogenesis. Enhanced MMP-8 and MMP-9 expression was associated with a better prognosis/clinical outcome, and thus these results may represent a synergic, protective role of MMP-8 and MMP-9 in host response in CRSwNP. Because synthetic MMP inhibitors, capable of equilibrating the unfavorable MMP/TIMP-ratio, may be of potential therapeutic value in chronic respiratory tract diseases, the MMP functions in inflammatory conditions need to be carefully established.     

加速康复外科理念在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉手术治疗中的应用

目的 探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)在慢性鼻-鼻窦炎伴鼻息肉(CRSwNP)手术患者围手术期的应用效果。 方法 选取CRSwNP患者136例,随机分为ERAS组70例,对照组66例,两组均接受鼻内镜下鼻息肉切除加鼻窦开放手术,ERAS组患者行术前宣教、围手术期气道评估干预、缩短禁食时间、术中控制性低血压、按时镇痛等一系列优化措施;对照组行传统的围术期处理。比较两组术前肺功能异常可耐受手术率、术后疼痛评分、术后24 h鼻腔出血量、术后住院时间、总住院时间。 结果 ERAS组、对照组术前肺功能异常患者可耐受手术率分别为93.3%、75.0%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.924, P=0.165); ERAS组患者术后鼻部疼痛、鼻塞、头痛、眼部胀痛、流泪、耳闷和睡眠困难的VAS评分均低于对照组(P均<0.001); ERAS组术后24 h内出血量为5.7(3.0,10.3)mL,对照组为7.2(5.0,13.2)mL,两组比较差异无统计学意义(U=-0.913, P=0.361)。平均住院日ERAS组、对照组分别为(4.6±0.8)、(7.5±1.1)d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=17.79, P<0.001);术后住院日ERAS组与对照组分别为(2.1±0.5)、(3.8±0.3)d,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=23.94, P<0.001)。 结论 将ERAS理念贯穿于CRSwNP患者围手术期将有效减轻患者心理和生理的创伤应激反应,缩短住院时间。     

Smoking in chronic rhinosinusitis: a predictor of poor long-term outcome after endoscopic sinus surgery

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to determine whether smoking patients have poorer outcomes after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) based on a reliable validated rhinosinusitis-specific quality-of-life outcomes test. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart and computed tomography (CT) review with telephone and letter questionnaire. METHODS: Charts of 230 adult patients undergoing ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis between January 1995 and December 1998 were reviewed. Each participating patient completed a detailed questionnaire, including the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-16 (SNOT-16), at an average of 52 months after surgery. Preoperative CT scans were reviewed and the findings used to stage the patients' conditions. Multivariate analysis was used to assess these data. RESULTS: Eighty-two patients completed the questionnaire, with 26 who smoked at the time of surgery and continued to smoke at the time of answering the questionnaire (Smokers). Average SNOT-16 score in Smokers was 27.5, versus 18.2 in those who did not smoke at the time of surgery (Non-Smokers). There was a statistically significant correlation between elevated SNOT-16 scores and smoking (P <.001) and antibiotic use within the past year (P <.001). There was an association between high SNOT-16 scores and both prior smoking and passive smoke exposure that did not reach statistical significance (P =.055 and P =.267, respectively). CT staging scores and prior ESS were not statistically correlated with SNOT-16 scores. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with statistically worse outcomes after ESS based on average SNOT-16 scores. Although no investigator has proved that the effects of smoking on sinonasal health are reversible, we counsel smoking patients considering ESS about the desirability of smoking cessation (for this and many health reasons), and the possibility of a poorer postsurgery outcome should they continue smoking.     

Long-term follow-up for children treated with surgical intervention for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The goal of this study is to retrospectively compare the long-term, 10 year, outcomes of surgical versus medical management of young children with chronic rhinosinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective, age-matched, cohort outcome study performed at a tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: Two groups of young children (2-5 yr old) with chronic rhinosinusitis were treated with endoscopic sinus surgery or medically managed and evaluated 10 years after their initial therapy. Of the 131 eligible patients, 67 could be located and consented to participate in the study. Six symptoms (day cough, night cough, irritability or crankiness, headaches, nasal airway obstruction, and purulent rhinorrhea) were used to assess the outcome of their treatment. RESULTS: Children undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery had more significant disease as noted on the computed tomography (CT) scans. Their symptom severity, however, was similar. When individual symptoms were compared, there were no statistically significant differences between the surgically and medically managed groups. When the mean was controlled for baseline symptom severity and CT severity, there was statistical improvement in nasal airway obstruction and decreased rhinorrhea. There was a trend toward improvement in cough, but this was not statistically significant. Parenteral assessment of improvement (change) in symptoms (P = .001) and their degree of satisfaction with treatment (P = .005) was significantly higher in the surgically managed group. CONCLUSIONS: Children who have chronic rhinosinusitis improve in their symptoms of nasal airway obstruction and purulent discharge if they undergo surgery. Parents of young children with chronic rhinosinusitis appear to be more satisfied with the outcome of surgical management than medical management when assessed 10 years later.     

Predictive factors and outcomes in endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

PURPOSE: To assess objective and quality of life (QOL) outcomes before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to determine preoperative factors that predict surgical outcome in these patients. METHODS: One hundred nineteen adult patients with CRS and a mean follow-up of 1.4 +/- 0.35 years were evaluated prospectively including the following patient factors: prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, acetylsalicylic acid intolerance (ASA), smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Computed tomography (CT), endoscopy, and QOL assessment was performed. Predictive value of patient factors was determined based on change in endoscopy and QOL scores after ESS. RESULTS: Objective outcomes: preoperative CT scores were significantly worse in patients with polyps, asthma, and ASA, whereas CT score was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, smoking, allergy, depression, and sex. Patients with CRS demonstrated significant improvement on nasal endoscopy after ESS, but preoperative, postoperative, and change in scores were affected by certain patient factors. Endoscopy scores were significantly worse in patients with prior sinus surgery, polyps, asthma, and ASA, but these patients also experienced the greatest improvement in endoscopy scores. Smokers and patients with depression had the least change in endoscopy scores. QOL outcomes: patients with CRS experienced improvement in QOL after ESS. Pre- and postoperative QOL was positively affected by polyps and adversely affected by ASA, depression, and female sex, but these groups still experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Pre- and postoperative QOL was unaffected by prior sinus surgery, asthma, smoking, and allergies, and all of these groups experienced significant improvement in QOL scores. Factors predictive of outcome: ASA and depression were predictive of worse outcome. Preoperative CT scores approached significance as being predictive of outcome. CONCLUSION: Surgical management of CRS was associated with significant improvement on objective and QOL measures; however, specific patient factors, in particular ASA and depression, predict poorer outcome. Preoperative CT may be a predictor of endoscopic and QOL outcome and deserves further study.     

Important clinical symptoms in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of individual Rhinosinusitis Task Force (RSTF) symptoms in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in 201 patients treated with FESS. The prevalence and severity of individual RSTF major and minor symptom scores graded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) were compared. Correlation between absolute improvement in individual symptom scores at 1-year postoperative was performed. RESULTS: One-hundred fifty-eight of 201 patients met inclusion criteria giving a response rate of 78%. The average age was 49.4 (range 18-80) with a male-to-female ratio of 1.1:1. The preoperative leading mean symptom scores were postnasal drip (5.8 +/- 0.3), nasal obstruction (5.7 +/- 0.3), and facial congestion (5.1 +/- 0.3). These symptoms were also the most prevalent with 82%, 84%, and 79% of patients reporting these symptoms, respectively. Postoperative symptom improvements were significant (P < .0001) across all RSTF domains except fever. The highest percentage improvement was seen with facial congestion (93%), nasal obstruction (92%), and postnasal drip (85%). Multivariate analysis revealed significant (P < .0001) high correlation between improvements of facial pain/pressure with facial congestion (R = 0.72), facial congestion with nasal obstruction (R = 0.65), and facial pain/pressure with headache (R = 0.72). CONCLUSION: The top three RSTF symptoms were postnasal drip, nasal obstruction, and facial congestion in terms of prevalence and severity. Symptom scores improved after FESS. Of these symptoms, the degree of improvement of facial pain/pressure, facial congestion, nasal obstruction, and headache are highly correlated.     

Postoperative application of amphotericin B nasal spray in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis,with a review of the antifungal therapy

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects 1–4% of the adult population. The etiology of this multifactorial, chronic disease, which leads to a significant impairment of the quality of life, often accompanied by nasal polyposis, is not fully understood. In the past decade, it was presumed that the disease, which causes characteristic eosinophilic infiltration of the nasal mucosa, is triggered by an enhanced (but not classical allergic IgE-type) immune response against fungal organisms in the nasal mucus. If this supposition is correct, then it appears obvious that the administration of amphotericin B nasal spray in adequate concentration following endoscopic polypectomy should be advantageous for these patients, and might even reduce the number of recurrent cases. To check on this assumption, we conducted a prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial involving 33 patients, 30 of whom remained in the study throughout. Patients with nasal polyposis were operated on with an endoscopic technique between 1 November 2005 and 1 October 2006; group A (14 randomly selected patients) were treated with a nasal spray containing 5 mg/ml amphotericin B, while the placebo group B (16 randomly selected patients) received a nasal spray lacking amphotericin B. We evaluated our results with the aid of a modified Lund–Mackay CT score, the SNAQ-11 test (which assesses changes in the symptoms), a quality of life test and endoscopy. The SPSS 14.0 for Windows program was utilized to process the data of examinations performed preoperatively and 1 year postoperatively. The CT scores of the group A patients 1 year after the operation exhibited wide scattering, without signs of recovery. The CT scores of the group B patients indicated a slight improvement, though this did not prove significant relative to group A. Both the SNAQ-11 test and the quality of life test revealed a significant improvement in each group, but the degrees of change in these tests did not differ significantly between the two groups of patients. The endoscopic findings indicated a slight improvement to the advantage of the amphotericin B-treated group 12 months after the operation. These results lead to the conclusion that the administration of amphotericin B nasal spray to patients operated on for nasal polyposis does not give rise to a significant alteration in either CT score, clinical symptoms, or quality of life. The more favorable clinical aspects observed in the amphotericin B-treated group during the endoscopic follow-up did not correspond to an improvement in the symptoms. In connection with the conclusions drawn from this study, the authors discuss the controversial data available on the fungal etiology of CRS. They critically analyze the contradictory observations and conclusions of seven recent clinical studies.     

Isolation of fungi by standard laboratory methods in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Allergic fungal sinusitis and the role of fungi in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis are topics of interest and controversy in rhinology. The classification of chronic rhinosinusitis as either a bacterial infection or an allergic (eosinophilic) reaction to fungi has significant implications for treatment of this disease process. We designed a study to determine whether standard isolation techniques, as employed in a university hospital mycology laboratory, could isolate and identify fungi in the intraoperative specimens from patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-five random patients with a diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis by clinical and computed tomography criteria underwent endoscopic sinus surgery during 2001, performed by two senior surgeons (J.B.J., R.A.L.). Specimens of mucin, sinus secretions, and/or tissue were obtained intraoperatively and sent to the New York University Medical Center (New York, NY) mycology laboratory for isolation and identification of fungi. METHODS: Specimens were treated with Sputolysin and chloramphenicol; plated on Sabouraud, ChromAgar/Candida, Mycosel, and Niger seed agar plates; and incubated at 30 degrees C (or 37 degrees C) for up to 1 month. RESULTS: We were able to demonstrate the presence of fungi in 56% of intraoperative specimens obtained from patients undergoing surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. CONCLUSIONS: Using a standard hospital mycology laboratory protocol, which is relatively inexpensive and readily available, fungus can be isolated from a majority of patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Educational statement: Discuss the possible role of fungus in chronic rhinosinusitis and evaluate the efficacy of documenting the presence of fungus in a routine fashion to encourage clinically relevant directed treatments.)     

When FESS fails: the inflammatory load hypothesis in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis

Through recent advances in research, our understanding of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has evolved to consider it as an inflammatory condition of the mucosa brought about by multiple factors. However, surgical management is still ruled by the classical concepts of functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), which emphasizes the importance of ostial obstruction and sinus ventilation. These concepts fail to provide sufficient explanation for the presence of a subset of patients with refractory CRS who fail to respond to conventional FESS. Recent outcome studies have shown that high-grade mucosal inflammation often results in a poor outcome and that this patient group may show improved results with more radical surgery. This review examines the "inflammatory load hypothesis" as a possible explanation. We hypothesize that the grade of the inflammation is the most important predictor of long-term outcomes. Surgery, therefore, has a significant role not only in reestablishing ventilation, but also with removing the inflammatory load in the affected sinuses. We suspect that in these severely diseased patients, a more radical removal of local proinflammatory factors during surgery may improve patient outcomes.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎患者功能性内镜鼻窦手术前后的主客观评估及相关性分析

目的:探讨慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)患者功能性内镜鼻窦手术(FESS)前后的主客观评估及相关性。方法:对70例术前CRS患者进行主观症状调查[视觉模拟量表(VAS)],并进行客观检查及评分(Lund-Kennedy内镜评分系统及Lund-Mackay CT评分系统)。所有患者FESS术后随访1年,进行术后6个月和12个月的VAS评分及Lund-Kennedy内镜评分。分析各评价方法的相关性及比较手术前后的评价得分。结果:术前鼻塞、鼻分泌物和鼻后滴漏、头面部胀痛感较为突出,经FESS后6、12个月症状改善明显;嗅觉减退和全身不适感术后改善不明显。术前VAS评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分之间呈正相关(r=0.866,P<0.01);术前Lund-Kennedy内镜评分与Lund-Mackay CT评分之间呈正相关(r=0.803,P<0.01);术前VAS评分与Lund-Kennedy内镜评分之间呈正相关(r=0.912,P<0.01)。术后6、12个月VAS总分与术后内镜总分呈正相关(6个月r=0.798,12个月r=0.882);术后12个月的VAS评分中鼻塞、鼻分泌物和鼻后滴漏、头面部胀痛感与Lund...