肩峰撞击综合征的关节镜下治疗

目的评价肩关节镜下治疗肩峰撞击综合征的临床效果。方法2009年1月-2012年1月,对20例肩峰撞击综合征患者于肩关节镜下行肩峰成形术,术后采用Neer法进行评分。结果术后随访10-25个月,平均15个月,本组患者均未出现关节感染、血管神经损伤及关节腔积血等并发症。肩关节功能术前和术后依据Neer评分系统分别为（78．5±3．0）分及（92．0±2．6）分（P〈0．01）。结论肩关节镜下肩峰成形术能有效治疗肩峰撞击综合征。     

改良前肩峰成形术治疗肩部撞击综合征

2005年～2007年,我科对12例肩部撞击综合征患者采用改良前肩峰成形术治疗,取得满意疗效。1材料与方法 1．1病例资料本组12例,男7例,女5例,年龄45～64岁。按其病理改变分期：Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期8例。     

Anterior acromioplasty for treatment of the shoulder impingement syndrome

Between 1975 and 1979, anterior acromioplasty was performed in 65 patients with 66 involved shoulders. The procedure appears to be safe and reasonably effective. Of the 65 patients in this study, 50 had chronic tendon inflammation with fibrosis, and 16 also had a small supraspinatus tendon tear. These 16 had rotator cuff repairs. Twenty-six patients were also treated with distal clavicle excision, and seven had tenodesis of the long head of the biceps brachii. The average age of the patients was 50 years (range, 23-75 years). All patients were followed for an average of eight years (range, three to 13 years). At final evaluation, no or slight pain was present in 77% of the shoulders: 39 of 50 without tendon tearing and 12 of 16 with tendon tearing and repair. Active shoulder abduction averaged 167 degrees. Ninety-two percent returned to employment, including 18% with some job modification. Eighty-six percent returned to recreational athletics, 20% with some modification of activities. Seven patients had additional surgical treatment. The progression of rotator cuff disease is not always prevented, but the need for subsequent shoulder treatment generally decreases.     

Arthroscopic management of the thrower's shoulder: internal impingement

Our understanding of internal impingement in the overhand athlete is an evolving body of knowledge. More recent improved understanding of the pathophysiology of events that leads to the spectrum of injury has caused us to refine our techniques of treatment. Improved surgical techniques and instrumentation have made refinement of our approach to treatment possible. Only time will tell whether the perceived understanding of these disorders, resulting in alteration of our treatment methods, is making our treatment outcomes more successful.     

Kinetic strategies of patients with shoulder impingement syndrome

Our aim was to determine whether subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) have abnormal multijoint torque patterns compared to healthy subjects during normalized isometric force along specific directions. Subjects had to generate an isometric force corresponding to 40% of the maximal pain‐free force. Eight targets were displayed on a monitor (0, 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, 270, and 315°). We calculated shoulder and elbow torques (kinetic strategies) using a biomechanical model. Regardless of the target location, the SIS group succeeded in reaching the target; however, when compared to the healthy subjects, they needed more time to do so, suggesting that SIS may slow down the execution of the kinetic strategies. Moreover, the SIS group produced lower shoulder external/internal torque to reach the targets located at 0° and 225°, and they generated greater abduction/adduction torque for targets located at 0, 135, and 180°. In addition, they had lower elbow extension/flexion torque for the target located at 315°. The investigation of atypical kinetic strategies is essential to provide an understanding of the pathomechanics of the SIS and to develop more effective treatment strategies. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:6–11, 2010     

关节镜下肩峰成形术治疗肩峰下撞击综合征

目的探讨关节镜下肩峰成形术治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的方法和临床疗效。方法肩峰下撞击综合征患者15例,男9例,女6例;年龄32~54岁,平均47岁。右肩10例,左肩5例。Ⅰ度3例,Ⅱ度4例,Ⅲ度8例。术前UCLA评分平均为(18.5±8.2)分。所有患者均有外伤史或慢性劳损,均有不同程度的肩周疼痛和夜间痛。疼痛弧试验阳性12例,撞击征阳性13例。术前13例行MR检查,5例行肩关节造影。术前常规拍摄肩关节正位和冈上肌出口位X线片。平坦肩峰4例,弧形肩峰5例,钩状肩峰6例。关节镜下肩峰成形术手术步骤:采用常规后入路做盂肱关节腔检查,排除或治疗肩关节内病变;用刨削打磨器清理切除肩峰下滑囊壁;用钩刀或钬激光切断或部分切除喙肩韧带;用打磨钻切除(或磨平)肩峰前外侧部分;最后探查肩锁关节,磨去骨赘。4例做肩袖修补术。术后早期行肩关节功能锻炼。结果15例患者均获得随访,平均15个月。终末随访时的UCLA评分平均为(31.7±6.5)分,其中优8例,良4例,可2例,差1例;和术前评分比较,差异有显著性(t=3.35,P<0.05)。结论肩峰下撞击综合征是肩关节疼痛和功能障碍的常见原因。关节镜下肩峰成形术是治疗肩峰下撞击综合征的有效方法,创伤小,术后恢复快,术后早期即可进行功能锻炼。     

Anatomy of provocative tests for impingement syndrome of the shoulder

The purpose of this study was to describe the extra- and intra-articular anatomic relationships present during the Neer and Hawkins tests. Nine fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders were positioned in the impingement position described by Neer (n = 5) or that described by Hawkins (n = 4), embedded in polyurethane, and studied with the use of a cross-sectional technique. All shoulders placed in the Neer position demonstrated soft tissue contact with the medial acromion and contact between the articular surface of the rotator cuff tendons and the anterosuperior glenoid rim. Shoulders placed in the Hawkins position demonstrated consistent contact between soft tissues and the coracoacromial ligament. In all Hawkins positioned shoulders, contact between the articular surface of the rotator cuff tendons and the anterosuperior glenoid was observed. The subscapularis tendon was deformed by the coracoid in 1 of the Hawkins positioned specimens. Although factors inherent to human subjects such as edema and muscle tone may influence the anatomy, these provocative tests for subacromial impingement appear to elicit contact consistent with impingement.     

Kinesthetic sense of the shoulder in patients with impingement syndrome

A proprioceptive deficit is an important determinant of disability in various shoulder disorders, such as instability and osteoarthrosis. In 15 patients with impingement syndrome stage II (Neer 1983), who were treated by arthroscopic subacromial decompression, we measured movement sense by determining threshold levels for the perception of motion of the shoulder. The patients were placed in a specially designed chair allowing continuous passive motion of the shoulder joint, while avoiding cutaneous, auditory and visual stimuli. To assess movement detection thresholds, passive abduction movements of the shoulder were performed at a starting angle of 60°, an amplitude of 10° and an angular velocity of 1.3°/s. Before surgery, all patients had higher threshold levels for the perception of motion in their affected shoulders then in the other side. After decompression, proprioception had improved on the decompressed side, but was unchanged on the other side.     

Kinesthetic sense of the shoulder in patients with impingement syndrome

A proprioceptive deficit is an important determinant of disability in various shoulder disorders, such as instability and osteoarthrosis. In 15 patients with impingement syndrome stage II (Neer 1983), who were treated by arthroscopic subacromial decompression, we measured movement sense by determining threshold levels for the perception of motion of the shoulder. The patients were placed in a specially designed chair allowing continuous passive motion of the shoulder joint, while avoiding cutaneous, auditory and visual stimuli. To assess movement detection thresholds, passive abduction movements of the shoulder were performed at a starting angle of 60 degrees, an amplitude of 10 degrees and an angular velocity of 1.3 degrees/s. Before surgery, all patients had higher threshold levels for the perception of motion in their affected shoulders then in the other side. After decompression, proprioception had improved on the decompressed side, but was unchanged on the other side.     

Anterior acromioplasty for the shoulder impingement syndrome: long-term outcome

This study reanalyzes a group of patients who had anterior acromioplasty between 1975 and 1979, whose results were reported in 1990 at a mean 8-year follow-up, to identify any continuing problems or new complications, to assess the frequency of further surgery, and to define long-term outcome. Thirty-two patients were included. The mean follow-up was 25 years (range, 21 to 27 years). All had the impingement syndrome. At surgery, there was tendon and bursal inflammation with fibrosis in 28 shoulders and a small rotator cuff tear in 4. Five shoulders have required additional surgery: distal clavicle excision in one, revision anterior acromioplasty in one, and repair of a new rotator cuff tear in three. Of the shoulders, 23 (72%) were reported as having no or slight pain. Positive patient satisfaction was expressed in 28 (88%). Comparisons were made to the opposite shoulder in this older patient group. The mean within-patient difference between the operative shoulder and the opposite shoulder on the Simple Shoulder Test was 0.4, with scores of 8.9 for the operative side and 9.3 for the opposite side (P = .47). The mean difference in the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon's score was 8.6 points, with scores of 75 for the operative side and 83 for the opposite side (P = .02). The results of open acromioplasty for the impingement syndrome are usually maintained over time. Acromioplasty does not always prevent the need for subsequent rotator cuff surgery, but the rate of reoperation has remained relatively low in the long follow-up period.     

肩峰下滑囊切除在肩峰下撞击综合征手术治疗中的应用价值

[目的]探讨肩峰下滑囊切除在肩峰下撞击综合征手术治疗中的应用价值.[方法]自2007年7月-2010年12月,对45例肩峰下撞击综合征患者实施了ASD,21例行肩峰成形术,24例肩峰成形同时行肩峰下滑囊切除术,术后采用美国肩肘外科学会肩关节评分标准ASES Scale和加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶评分标准UCLA Scale评价两组患者肩关节疼痛及功能.[结果] ASES评分结果术后最终随访肩峰成形+肩峰下滑囊切除组(88.08±3.22)分,高于肩峰成形组(84.57±3.91)分,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).UCLA评分结果术后最终随访肩峰成形+肩峰下滑囊切除组(32.42±2.06)分,高于肩峰成形组(30.81±2.51),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).肩峰成形组中优4例,良15例,可2例,优良率为90.5％.肩峰成形+肩峰下滑囊切除组结果中优9例,良13例,可2例,优良率为91.7％.[结论]肩峰撞击综合征导致的SAB慢性炎症反应是引起患者肩痛及功能障碍的重要原因;在肩峰下减压术中必须广泛、彻底地切除肩峰下滑囊.     

The weight-bearing shoulder. The impingement syndrome in paraplegics

The cases of ninety-four patients who had complete paraplegia were studied to determine whether they had complaints about the shoulder during transfer activities. Thirty-one patients reported pain on transferring, and twenty-three of these patients were found to have a chronic impingement syndrome with subacromial bursitis. Arthrography of the shoulder was done for each of these twenty-three patients, and fifteen were found to have a tear of the rotator cuff. Five of the thirty-one patients were found to have aseptic necrosis of the head of the humerus. We also measured the intra-articular pressure in the shoulder in five patients during different activities, including transfer from wheelchair to bed, and found that this pressure exceeded the arterial pressure by two and one-half times. We believe that this high pressure, in conjunction with abnormal distribution of stress transmitted across the subacromial area during transfer or propulsion of a wheelchair, contributes to the high rate of problems about the shoulder in paraplegics.     

Office management of frozen shoulder syndrome. Treatment with hydraulic distension under local anesthesia

Twenty patients with frozen shoulder syndrome treated by hydraulic distension of the glenohumeral joint under local anesthesia are reported. All patients were followed for six months to ten years. Subjective complaints included pain, sleep loss, and limited shoulder motion, which compromised daily activities. Objective findings included decreased intracapsular volume; decreased glenohumeral motion, particularly internal and external rotation; and exquisite pain on extremes of motion. Hydraulic distension is carried out under local anesthesia. Capsular inflammation in the anterior synovial recess with resulting tenting of the adjacent subscapularis and biceps tendons is involved in the etiology of the frozen shoulder. The advantages of this modality of treatment are that it is safe, has direct and immediate results, and is cost-effective.     

The shoulder impingement syndrome: The results of surgical decompression

Forty patients (41 operated shoulders) with subacromial impingement resistant to conservative therapy underwent acomioplasty and were evaluated 6 to 142 months after surgery. Patients requiring rotator cuff repair were excluded from the study. With the UCLA scoring system, results were excellent or good in 28 (68%), fair in five (12%), and poor in eight (20%). Thirty-three (80%) were satisfied with their result. There was a trend toward poorer results in women and in the elderly (aged 60 to 69 years). A striking finding was the statistically significant relationship between result rating and duration of symptoms. Ninety-three percent had an excellent or good result, if they had been symptomatic for greater than 3 years, whereas only 56% reached those ratings with symptom duration less than 3 years. The only complication was a superficial infection. Three patients required manipulation after the procedure. Two required subsequent surgery because of continuing pain. This procedure seems safe and reasonably effective. Careful patient selection must be stressed. Results will be better with a longer preoperative duration of symptoms.