CONTROL OF FIALRIASIS IN CHINA

中国的丝虫病有班氏丝虫病与马来丝虫病两种，分布广泛，北起山东乐陵县，南到海南省三亚市；东起浙江省舟山群岛，西到四川雅安市，流行于山东等１５个省（市、自治区）的８６４个县（市）。１９５６年丝虫病被列为５种限期消灭的寄生虫病之一，从此开始了大规模防治工作。我国防治丝虫病采取应用海群生消灭传染源的策略。７０年代后期，普遍应用０．３％海群生药盐。主要措施有：建立防治机构、制订防治规划、动员群众积极参与、开展应用性科学研究与培训工作、有关部门协作配合、普及健康教育以及逐级考核防治工作。当全省（市、自治区）达标后，卫生部进行抽查复核。１９９４年安徽省达到基本消灭标准，至此全国基本消灭了丝虫病。１９９５年广西、贵州达到消灭丝虫病标准。     

STUDY OF THE PREVALENCE OF Capillaria hepatica IN HUMANS AND RODENTS IN AN URBAN AREA OF THE CITY OF PORTO VELHO,ROND?NIA, BRAZIL

Introduction: Hepatic capillariosis, caused by Capillaria hepatica (Calodium hepaticum) (Bancroft, 1893), Travassos, 1915 (Nematoda, Trichinelloidea, Capillariidae), is a common zoonosis in rodents but is rare in humans. Seventy-two cases in humans have been reported worldwide since the first case was described by MACARTHUR in 1924^17,27. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Capillaria hepatica in humans and rodents in an urban area of Porto Velho, the capital of Rondônia, in Brazil. Methods: After conducting a census of the area, 490 residents were randomly selected, and, after signing a term of consent, provided blood samples that were screened for anti-Capillaria hepatica antibodies. Simultaneously, rats were captured to assess the prevalence of this parasite in rodents by histopathological examination in liver sections. Results: A prevalence of 1.8% was found among residents who had specific antibodies at a dilution of 1:150, indicating exposure to parasite eggs; 0.8% of the subjects also had positive titers at a dilution of 1:400, indicating true infection. The prevalence in rats was 2%. Conclusions: The prevalence of infection with this parasite among humans and rats was low. While the prevalence encountered among humans was within the limits reported in the literature, the prevalence among rodents was much lower.     

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON APPLICATION OF PCR IN DIAGNOSIS OF KALA-AZAR

用ＰＣＲ方法对２５名确诊的黑热病病人和６０例对照进行黑热病诊断的实验研究。结果显示：其灵敏度９６％（２４／２５），特异度１００％（６０／６０），假阳性率０％，假阴性率４％，符合率９９％，约登指数为０．９６。ＰＣＲ方法能在外周血清仅为１μ１情况下测出其中原虫的ＤＮＡ。     

IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ENCYSTMENT OF ECHINOCHASMUS LILIPUTANUS CERCARIAE AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE METACERCARIAE

Aim To explore if Echinochasmus liliputanus cercariae can develop into metacercariae both invivo and in vitro and biological activity of the metacercariae,then to determine the effects of silver ni-trate on eereariae encystation in vitro.Methods Cereariae of Echinochasmus liliputanus from Bellamyaaeruginosa snails treated with or without silver nitrate were used to infected goldfish,the second inter-mediate host,or to incubated in many different solutions for 24 h to record the encystation rates.Themetacercariae formed both in vivo and in vitro were then used to infected New Zealand rabbits to testtheir infectivity to its definitive hosts or to exeyst in 0.1% sodium deoxycholate excystation medium at37℃ for 1 h.Results In vivo encystment of cercariae occurred in the gills of goldfish.However,thecercariae were also able to encyst in vitro in Locke's solution,NaCl solution,artificial gastric juice orhuman gastric juice with eneystation rates of 74.28 %,44.94 %,8.37 % and 10.79 %.0.7×-1.2×Locke's or 0.7%-1.2% NaCl solution was shown to be appropriate for in vitro encystment to occurwithin 24 hour,however,full- strength Locke's solution was shown to be optimal.The one- day- oldencysted metacereariae formed in vivo showed 88.53 % exeystation when treated in 0.1% sodium de-oxycholate exeystation medium at 37℃ for 1h.The metacercariae formed in vitro,however,showed88.60% and 84.95% excystation for normal and abnormal ones respectively.While abnormal cysts atroom temperature usually die within 10 days,about 70% normal cyst,both in vivo and in vitro,canstill excyst after stored in 0.5×Locke's at 4℃ for 3 mouths.Cysts formed in vivo and in vitro were e-qually infective to rabbits.1 uM silver nitrate had a dramatic effect on the cercariae encysting in vitro.When treated with silver nitrate,the cereariae encystation rates decreased to 16.25% in Locke's solu-tion and 6.69% in NaCl solution,however,the encystment was largely restored wben the cercariaewere washed to remove Ag .Conclusion The finding of E.liliputanus cercariae encysting in vitro,especially in human gastric juice,might be helpful in elucidating mechanisms of the definitive hosts in-fected by the cercariae directly.The encystment of the cercariae in vitro could be inhibited when thecercariae were treated with 1 uM silver nitrate.As silver nitrate binds to the papillae,especially to theciliated papillae,on the cercarial surface,it is suggested that papillar chemoreceptors may be involved inencystment of the cercariae.     

EFFICACY OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION IN DIFFERENTIATING PATHOGENIC AND NONPATHOGENIC STRAINS OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND IN STUDYING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AMOEBIASIS

用福尔马林固定粪便标本，从中抽提ＤＮＡ。采用两对可区别溶组织内阿米巴致病与非致病的引物进行ＰＣＲ扩增。３２例经镜检证实的溶组织内阿米巴带囊者均呈ＰＣＲ阳性反应，其中６例（１８．８％）仅对致病性引物、２５例（７８．１％）仅对非致病性引物显示阳性反应，１例（３．１％）则对致病及非致病引物均呈阳性反应。致病性ＰＣＲ阳性者与受试者的临床表现（腹泻或痢疾粪便）密切相关（ＯＲ＝３１．５）。所有对照者（粪便中无溶组织内阿米巴）均呈ＰＣＲ阴性反应。用ＰＣＲ，镜检及ＥＬＩＳＡ方法对一组人（４０例）进行阿米巴流行病学检测。粪检阳性率７．６％、ＰＣＲ阳性率２０％、ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性率２５％，由于ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性者尚包括既往感染，故在３种方法中ＰＣＲ是确定现症感染最敏感和特异的方法。ＰＣＲ技术也是鉴别溶组织内阿米巴致病性、诊断阿米巴病和进行流行病学研究的有效工具。     

METHOTREXATE IN THE TREATMENT OF GLUCOCORTICOID-DEPENDENT ASTHMA

To study how low-dose of methotrexate affects steroid use, asthma symptom scores and pulmonary function in glucocorticoid-dependent asthmatic patients.Methods 13 patients with severe, steroid-dependent asthma were enrolled in the prospective study, who received weekly oral methotrexate 20 mg for 12 months. Of these 13 patients, 12 finished 12 monthcourseResults The mean prednisone dose reduced from 20.63mg/d to 7.71mg/d (P<0.001) in the 12 patients treated with long-term methotrexate: Eight patients discontinued the regular use of prednisone, 10 patients reduced predaisone dosage by more than 50%. Measurement of forced vital capacity(FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV_1) showed that there was no deterioration due to methotrexate treatment and steroid reduction. Mean daily symptom scores for cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness remained unchanged.Conclusion Our study provides evidence supporting the long-term efficacy and safety of methotrexate in patients with severe bronchial asthma.     

PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODY TO CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN REPEATS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PlASMODIUM VIVAX IN HUBEI PROVINCE, CHINA

收集湖北省间日疟现症病人、无症状病人及复发病人滤纸血，按ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测抗间日疟原虫环子孢子蛋白（ＣＳＰ）Ⅰ型（ＧＤＲＡＤＧＱＰＡ）、Ⅱ型（ＡＮＧＡＧＮＱＰＧ）和Ⅲ型（“Ｐ．ｖｉｖａｘ－ｌｉｋｅ”）（ＡＰＧＡＮＱＥＧＧＡＡ）重复体抗体。结果发现８３例受检血样中有３２例至少存在１型抗体，其中有Ⅰ型抗体的２７例、Ⅱ型抗体的５例、Ⅲ型抗体的１６例，包括两型混合感染的１０例和三型混合感染的４例。但只有Ⅰ型能被ＰＣＲ－探针确认。所收集的４份湖北间日疟病人全血中，虽然无１例检测到抗重复体抗体，但有３例被ＰＣＲ－探针确定为Ｉ型ＣＳＰ间日疟原虫单纯感染。本文还首次注意到间日疟原虫复发与Ⅰ型抗ＣＳＰ重复体ＩｇＧ抗体水平相关，并认为是休眠体刺激的结果。     

IDENTIFICATION OF Leishmania infantum IN PUERTO IGUAZú, MISIONES,ARGENTINA

 The emergence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Latin America is a growing public health problem. The urbanization of ZVL has been observed in different countries around the world, and there are a growing number of reports drawing attention to the emergence of this infection in new locations, as well as its increase in previously established areas of endemicity. In the city of Posadas, Misiones province, Northeastern Argentina, the transmission of ZVL associated with canines and Lutzomyia longipalpis was first reported in 2006. In the city of Puerto Iguazú, also in Misiones province, the first human case of ZVL was reported in February 2014. From 209 surveyed dogs, 15 (7.17%) were identified as positive by serological and/or parasitological methods. Amplification was observed in 14 samples and in all cases the species implicated was Leishmania infantum. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first molecular characterization of L. infantum from dogs in this area.     

VECTOR OF MOSQUITO BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROBLEMS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE OF CHINA

Mosquito bornediseasesinYunnan,mainlyconsistofma laria(PlasmodiumvivaxandPlasmodiumfalcipurium)[1,2]andJapaneseencephalitis(JE).Noclinicdenguefeverandfila riasispatientswerereportedinYunnan.Butinneighboringre gionGuangxi,thesetwodiseasesoccur[3,4].InYunnan,some AedesmosquitoessuchasAedesalbopitushavebeendetected carryingdenguevirus[5].TheareasaffectedbymalariaandJEinYunnanaremainly focusedonborderareasbetweenChinaandLaos,Myanmarand Vietnam.Herethesetwodiseasesaccouteredfor70%oftheto ta…     

THE ROLE OF SLEEP IN THE PATHOGENESISOFGASTROESOPHAGEALREFLUX．

ＴＨＥＲＯＬＥＯＦＳＬＥＥＰＩＮＴＨＥＰＡＴＨＯＧＥＮＥＳＩＳＯＦＧＡＳＴＲＯＥＳＯＰＨＡＧＥＡＬＲＥＦＬＵＸ．ＷｉｌｉａｍＣ．Ｏｒｒ，Ｐｈ．Ｄ．ＩＮＴＥＧＲＩＳＢａｐｔｉｓｔＭｅｄｉｃａｌＣｅｎｔｅｒ．ＯｋｌａｈｏｍａＣｉｔｙ，Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ，Ｕ...     

EFFECT OF LOW DOSE IRRADIATION ON EXPRESSION OF MEMBRANE MOLECULES OF T LYMPHOCYTES IN CORD BLOOD

To study on the effect of low dose irradiation (LDI) on expression of membrane molecules of T lymphocytes in cord blood.Methods Freshly isolated lymphocytes from cord blood were irradiated with 62mGy gamma-ray. At different times (4h, 12h, 24h) after irradiation the changes of TCR~ , CD_3~ , CD_4~ and CD_8~ cells were examined by flow cytometry with direct immunofluorescence respectively.Results The proportion of CD_3~ , TCR~ /CD_3~ , CD_4~ and CD_8~ cells increased significantly after LDI, with the most obvious enhancement noted in the 24h experimental group. The ratio of CD_4 to CD_8 showed no significant changes.Conclusion It is suggested that expedition of the maturation, activation and signal transduction of T lymphocytes from cord blood can be induced by irradiation of 62mGy gamma-ray. So the reconstruction of immune functions after cord blood transplantation can be accelerated, thus enhancing the effect of graft versus leukemia(GVL) and preventing the tumor from relapsing.     

NONINVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT VASODILATION IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and is considered as an early manifestation of atherosclerosis. In the conduit arteries, a vasodilator response     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FORM FACTOR IN THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF BREAST CANCER NUCLEI

Objective In the present study, an important aspect in medical image analysis, quantification of form factor was investigated. It is suggested that nuclear form of both normal and cancer cells of the same tissue should be taken into account when FF( form factor) is analyzed.The value of FF can't be independently used to serve as evidence. Because breast tissue is complex, breast cancer cells take on diverse and complicated morphological features.Methods Slides of the tissue sections of breast cancer were pathologically confirmed and analyzed in terms of the morphological parameters using DMRXA full-automatic bio-fluorescent microscope and Q550IW computer(Leica, Germany). Of the samples examined, there were 9 cases of adenocarcinoma and 6 normal controls.Results Statistical analysis was performed using SAS software. The results are listed in Table Ⅰ. We found that the nuclear area, perimeter, length and breadth of breast cancer cells were significantly higher than those of normal breast cells(P<0.01). From the data given in the paper it can be seen that FF in the control is significantly higher than that in breast cancer.Conclusion Breast tissue is complicated, consisting of simple cubiodal epithelium, simple columnar epithelium and multiple columnar epithelium, etc. These different cells may have round or ovoid nuclei. Breast cancer cells take on diverse and complicated morphological features. They are classified as duct, lobular and special carcinoma according to their histogenesis and morphological structures. Their nuclear morphological features are diverse as well. Therefore, nuclear form of both normal and cancer cells of the same tissue should be taken into account when form factor is analyzed, nuclear FF alone is not reliable enough to distinguish normal from malignant breast cells.     

ADVANCES ON THE STUDY OF TOXOPLASMA VACCINE IN CHINA

Toxoplasmagondiiisaworld wideparasiticprotozoan whichinvadesandresidesinallwarm bloodedanimals.Itisa transmissiblesourceofinfectiontohuman.Whereastoxoplas mosisisgenerallyasymptomaticinimmunocompetentindividu als,reactivationofchronictoxoplasmosisorprimaryinfection canleadtoseverediseaseinpatientswithimmunedeficiency, especiallyHIVsuffers,andpatientsfollowingtransplantation operations.Infectionsinpregnancywomenmayleadtodramatic sequencessuchasabortion,dead born,ormalformation. Astreatingth…