肺表面活性物质联合高频震荡通气对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效

目的：研究肺表面活性物质联合高频震荡通气对新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床疗效。方法选择2012年1月至2016年3月在我院进行诊治的新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患者82例,分为常频机械通气组(n =41)和高频震荡通气组(n =41)。常频机械通气组采用肺表面活性物质联合常频机械通气治疗,高频震荡通气组采用肺表面活性物质联合高频震荡通气治疗。比较2组患儿治疗前、后的临床症状、血气分析、治愈率、上机时间、住院时间和并发症发生情况。结果治疗前,2组PaCO 2、PaO 2、吸入氧浓度和氧合指数差异无统计学意义(P 值均>0.05),治疗后1、6、12、24 h高频震荡通气组 PaO 2明显高于常频机械通气组(P 值均<0.05),PaCO 2、吸入氧浓度和氧合指数明显低于常频机械通气组(P 值均<0.05);高频震荡通气组住院时间、上机时间和死亡率均明显低于常频机械通气组(P 值均<0.05);2组患儿最主要的并发症为新生儿硬肿症和肺炎,2组的并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P 值均>0.05)。结论肺表面活性物质联合高频震荡通气能明显改善新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患儿的血气分析和氧合指数,缩短机械通气治疗时间及住院时间,值得应用推广。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的通气策略及呼气末气道正压的应用

急性呼吸窘迫综合征（acute respiratory distress syndrome，ARDS）的临床特征是呼吸窘迫和严重的低氧血症，大部分的患者都需要机械通气。但是机械通气应用不当也会引起呼吸机相关性肺损伤，在某些情况下这种损伤甚至是致命的。在机械通气过程中应用呼气末气道正压（positive end—expiratory pressure，PEEP）可改善患者的低氧血症同时也可预防或减轻呼吸机相关性肺损伤。遗憾的是，尽管近40年来人们进行了大量的研究，但有关最佳PEEP压力水平的选择一直存在着争议。     

Heterogeneous activity of pulmonary vagal receptors during high-frequency oscillation ventilation

The purpose of the study was to examine the response of vagal pulmonary slowly adapting stretch receptors (SAR) to high-frequency oscillation ventilation (HFO) in rabbits by analyzing the afferent activity recorded in vagal single-fiber preparations. The vagal afferent activity was recorded during short runs of HFO with a stroke volume of 2–3 ml/kg applied at oscillation frequencies (f_osc) of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 Hz and each frequency at three levels of mean airway pressure (P_aw), namely, 1, 3, and 8 cm H₂O. The receptor discharge rates during HFO were compared with those during quiet spontaneous breathing as well as during static lung inflations and deflations. The majority of SAR was stimulated by HFO, however, the SAR discharge patterns during HFO were less homogeneous than during static lung inflations. The heterogeneity of SAR responses to HFO became pronounced with increasing P_aw and f_osc, From the results, we conclude that HFO elicits heterogeneous discharge patterns of SAR, but the previously reported heterogeneity of responses of rapidly adapting receptors was even greater. This heterogeneity of vagal activity is probably the result of heterogeneous mechanical conditions within the lungs during HFO and may, in turn, give rise to the various types of respiratory reflex responses to HFO.Offprint requests to: Jana Kohl     

机械通气在急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用进展

在治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征的各种手段中,呼吸机机械通气是至关重要的.各种机械通气方式及参数的设置对于改善患者预后极为重要.从现有的研究资料来看,小潮气量机械通气(<6 ml/kg预计体质量,并使平台压小于30 cm H_2O)能减少死亡率,是急性呼吸窘迫综合征治疗的标准疗法.而个体化的呼气末正压通气也是一个有前途的值得研究的方向.其他一些方法例如俯卧位通气、肺复张等不能作为常规的一线治疗,而只能作为严重情况下低氧血症的挽救治疗.另外本文也就机械通气在2009年甲型H1N1流感所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征的治疗方面做了简单综述.     

机械通气抢救急性心肌梗死及ARDS

目的探讨机械通气对急性心肌梗死(AM I)并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的治疗效果。方法回顾性分析12例AM I并发ARDS患者对机械通气的治疗效果。结果6例在2h内PaO2>60mmHg,4例24h内PaO2>60mmHg。治愈8例,死亡4例,死亡率33.3%。通气前与通气后4h、24h PaO2/F iO2、PaCO2、PH有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论合理使用机械通气,结合综合治疗,能取得良好的疗效。     

Ventilation index and outcome in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the predictive value of the ventilation index (VI) in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We performed a 10-year retrospective chart review of children who were admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit with a diagnosis of ARDS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was defined as acute onset of diffuse, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates of noncardiac origin, and severe hypoxemia, defined as the ratio of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen of <200 and a positive end expiratory pressure of 6 cmH₂O or greater. Records of daily arterial blood gas results and ventilator settings were reviewed, and the ventilation index (VI = partial pressure of arterial CO₂ × peak airway pressure × respiratory rate/1,000) was calculated each time the measurements were made. These values were correlated with outcome (survival or nonsurvival). The VI was not different at the time of diagnosis of ARDS in the patients who lived, compared with those who subsequently died. However, by 3 to 5 days after study entry, the VI of nonsurvivors was significantly higher than for survivors (P < 0.05). The VI for survivors remained between 30 and 35 throughout the study period, whereas the VI of nonsurvivors continued to increase with time. A VI of >65 predicted death with a specificity and positive predictive value of >90% on days 3 through 9. We conclude that the VI provides a reliable prognostic marker in children with ARDS, and its increase above 65 indicates a need for orderly intervention with alternative modalities of care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1998; 26:125–128. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Intermittent recruitment with high-frequency oscillation/tracheal gas insufflation in acute respiratory distress syndrome

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), recruitment sessions of high-frequency oscillation (HFO) and tracheal gas insufflation (TGI) with short-lasting recruitment manoeuvres (RMs) may improve oxygenation and enable reduction of subsequent conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) pressures. We determined the effect of adding HFO-TGI sessions to lung-protective CMV on early/severe ARDS outcome. We conducted a prospective clinical trial, subdivided into a first single-centre period and a second two-centre period. We enrolled 125 (first period, n = 54) patients with arterial oxygen tension (P(a,O(2)))/inspiratory oxygen fraction (F(I,O(2))) of <150 mmHg for >12 consecutive hours at an end-expiratory pressure of ≥ 8 cmH(2)O. Patients were randomly assigned to an HFO-TGI group (receiving HFO-TGI sessions with RMs, interspersed with lung-protective CMV; n = 61) or CMV group (receiving lung-protective CMV and RMs; n = 64). The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. Pre-enrolment ventilation duration was variable. During days 1-10 post-randomisation, P(a,O(2))/F(I,O(2))), oxygenation index, plateau pressure and respiratory compliance were improved in the HFO-TGI group versus the CMV group (p < 0.001 for group × time). Within days 1-60, the HFO-TGI group had more ventilator-free days versus the CMV group (median (interquartile range) 31.0 (0.0-42.0) versus 0.0 (0.0-23.0) days; p < 0.001), and more days without respiratory, circulatory, renal, coagulation and liver failure (p ≤ 0.003). Survival to hospital discharge was higher in the HFO-TGI group versus the CMV group (38 (62.3%) out of 61 versus 23 (35.9%) out of 64 subjects; p = 0.004). Intermittent recruitment with HFO-TGI and RMs may improve survival in early/severe ARDS.     

肺保护性通气改善急性呼吸窘迫综合征预后的机制

肺保护性通气策略（lung protective ventilation strategy,LPVS）的提出是近年来在急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）治疗方面的最主要进展,LPVS在临床的应用是ARDS病死率降低的重要原因。最初认为LPVS是通过降低ARDS机械通气过程中的机械性损伤而改善ARDS预后的,但目前研究显示LPVS还可通过降低肺和全身炎症反应、改善肺氧化一抗氧化失衡和细胞凋亡异常等多个机制改善ARDS预后。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的无创正压通气治疗

目的 评价无创正压通气（NIPPV）治疗不同病因导致的急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）的价值。方法 20例ARDS患者,分为原发性肺损伤组（9例）和继发性肺损伤组（11例）。比较两组间的APACHEll分值,NIPPV治疗前后动脉血PH值、氧合指数（Pa02／Fi02）、呼吸频率。结果 两组治疗前与治疗2h后的Pa02／Fi02、呼吸频率均有显著差异,两组间的A—PACHE11分值无显著差异。结论 NIPPV治疗ARDS安全、有效,可以首选。     

肺泡复张后不同呼气末正压和潮气量调节策略对防止肺泡再萎陷效果的实验研究

目的探讨肺泡复张(RM)后再萎陷的机制以及呼气末正压(PEEP)和潮气量(VT)的调节策略。方法健康杂种犬18只,建立油酸所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),行容量控制通气(VCV)、PEEP 16 cm H2O、VT10 m l/kg、通气频率(RR)30次/m in,稳定后作为基础状态(0 m in)。以压力控制通气[气道峰压(PIP)50 cm H2O,PEEP 35 cm H2O,持续60 s]行RM,然后随机分为小VT中等PEEP组(LVMP组,VT10 m l/kg、PEEP 16 cm H2O、RR 30次/m in),小VT低PEEP组(LVLP组,VT10 m l/kg、PEEP 10 cm H2O、RR 30次/m in)和中等VT低PEEP组(MVLP组,VT15 m l/kg、PEEP 10cm H2O、RR 20次/m in)。观察4 h后处死动物,行支气管肺泡灌冼。监测氧合、呼吸力学、血流动力学及肺损伤指标。结果(1)LVMP、LVLP、MVLP组低位拐点(LIP)分别为(16.0±1.3)、(15.8±3.0)、(16.3±1.9)cm H2O。(2)在RM后30、60 m in,LVMP组动脉血氧分压(PaO2)[(371±64)、(365±51)mm Hg]显著高于LVLP组[(243±112)、(240±108)mm Hg]及MVLP组[(242±97)、(232±87)mm Hg,P均<0.05],但直至RM后4 h 3组比较差异无统计学意义;LVLP与MVLP组在RM后各个时间点的PaO2与基础状态比较差异均无统计学意义;MVLP组的通气功能较其他两组显著改善。(3)与基础状态比较,RM后LVMP组平均动脉压(mABP)显著降低,平均肺动脉压(mPAP)显著增加,而其他两组mABP保持稳定,mPAP降低。(4)与基础状态比较,3组PIP和气道平台压(Pp lat)在RM后均显著降低,呼吸系统静态顺应性(Cst)显著改善。在RM后同一时间点比较,MVLP组PIP、Pp lat和Cst均显著好于LVMP组。MVLP组与LVLP组相比,Cst有增加趋势。(5)在相同部位的支气管肺泡灌冼液中,肺损伤指标在各组之间无显著差异。结论与LIP相近的高PEEP有助于防止复张肺泡的再萎陷,但对血流动力学和呼吸力学产生不利影响;早期应用RM能有效“节约”PEEP,并为上调VT提供了较肺泡复张之前更大的空间。     

气道压力释放通气应用于急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的研究

目的评价气道压力释放通气(airway pressure release ventilation,APRV)对急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者的疗效,评估其对患者呼吸机相关性肺损伤(Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury,VILI)程度,并探讨可能的机制。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,入组患者随机分为APRV组、小潮气量肺保护通气组。描记肺准静态压力-容积曲线(pressure-volume curve,P-V曲线),并据此设置呼吸机参数,通气24h、48h观察效果。结果两组患者氧合明显改善,血流动力学指标无明显变化,APRV组Pmean明显高于SIMV+PEEP组,准静态P-V曲线三角区Pflex容积(Vdelta)增加明显,血清SP-D浓度呈升高趋势。结论 APRV应用于急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者,相对于小潮气量肺保护性通气策略,氧合改善、呼吸力学类似;较高的平均气道压,能更有效地肺复张,未对血流动力学产生影响,但加重了肺损伤,导致呼吸机相关性肺损伤。     

Reducing acute respiratory distress syndrome occurrence using mechanical ventilation

The standard treatment for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is supportive in the form of low tidal volume ventilation applied after significant lung injury has already developed. Nevertheless, ARDS mortality remains unacceptably high (> 40%). Indeed, once ARDS is established it becomes refractory to treatment, and therefore avoidance is key. However, preventive techniques and therapeutics to reduce the incidence of ARDS in patients at high-risk have not been validated clinically. This review discusses the current data suggesting that preemptive application of the properly adjusted mechanical breath can block progressive acute lung injury and significantly reduce the occurrence of ARDS.     

严重急性呼吸综合征所致呼吸衰竭及无创通气治疗

目的　回顾性总结严重急性呼吸综合征 (SARS)并发呼吸衰竭患者的血气特点 ,探讨应用无创正压通气 (NPPV)治疗的策略。方法　 2 0 0 3年 4月 2 2日～ 5月 1日 ,12 0例临床符合SARS诊断标准的患者入住北京地坛医院 (SARS专科医院 )的 4个病区 ,30例患者 (占 2 5 % )在病程中出现呼吸衰竭 ,达到急性肺损伤 (ALI)和 (或 )急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的诊断标准。 2 8例应用双水平气道正压通气 (BiPAP)。主要观察指标 :(1)住院期间的血气分析、脉搏容积血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )及呼吸频率 ,特别是上机前、上机后 1h及撤机后的结果 ;(2 )放射学检查或临床提示住院后新出现的气胸、纵隔气肿、心包积气及皮下气肿 ;(3)应用无创通气的天数 ;(4 )需气管插管行有创通气的患者数 ;(5 )患者的病死率 ;(6 )一线医务人员因护理治疗无创通气SARS患者而感染SARS的情况。结果统计 30例患者在整个病程中的动脉血二氧化碳分压 (PaCO2 )变化情况 ,16例 (5 3% )患者出现CO2 潴留 ,PaCO2为 4 5～ 5 6mmHg ,平均 (4 8± 4 )mmHg。NPPV治疗后动脉血氧分压 (PaO2 )、SpO2 、氧合指数及呼吸频率均显著改善 (P均 <0 0 1) ,但pH及PaCO2 的变化并不明显。 18例患者成功撤机 ,应用NPPV的时间为5～ 30d ,平均 (10± 6 )d。除 1例不能耐受BiPAP     

经鼻(面)罩通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征

目的评价经鼻（面）罩机械通气治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ABDS）的疗效。方法16例ARDS患者分为感染组（7例）和非感染组（9例）,前者呼吸频率（RR）（46±5）次／分,动脉血pH、二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、氧合指数（OI）分别为7．49±0．05、（32±4）mmHg、（144±23）mmHg;后者为（41±6）次／分、7．49±0．13、（32±5）mmHg、（156±51）mmHg,经鼻（面）罩选择压力支持通气（PSV）＋呼气末正压（PEEP）。结果通气2－8h,与通气前比较感染组RR为（45±7）次／分,P＞0．05,OI升至（195±30）mmHg,P＜0．05;非感染组相应为（35±4）次／分和（228±90）mmHg（P＜0．05）。10例治愈,治愈率分别有29％（2／7）和89％（8／9）。结论　经鼻罩机械通气可作为治疗非感染性因素诱发的ARDS　的首选通气方式,而在感染患者应及早建立人工气道。     

气道压力释放通气对中重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效观察

目的探讨气道压力释放通气(APRV)对中重度急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床疗效。方法选择海南省第二人民医院2013年6月至2016年6月接诊的60例中重度ARDS患者,通过随机数表法分为两组,气道压力释放通气组(APRV组)和小潮气量肺保护通气组,即使用容量同步间歇指令通气+呼气末正压(SIMV组),各30例。比较两组患者通气效果。结果通气后1、2、3 d,两组患者在气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平均压(Pmean)、氧合指数(Pa O2/Fi O2)、血管外肺水指数(ELWI)、心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、Murray急性肺损伤评分均较通气前得到改善(P0.05);APRV组在通气后1、2 d时,Ppeak、Pmean、ELWI水平均比SIMV组低(P0.05),APRV组在通气后1、2、3 d时,Pa O2/Fi O2水平均比SIMV组高(P0.05),APRV组在通气后1、2、3 d时,HR、CVP水平均低于SIMV组,MAP水平均高于SIMV组(P0.05),APRV组通气后1、2、3 d时,Murray急性肺损伤评分均低于SIMV组(P0.05);APRV组无镇静剂使用时间、脱离呼吸机时间长于SIMV组,住ICU时间短于SIMV组(P0.05),两组在无脏器衰竭时间上无显著差异(P0.05);两组患者1个月内死亡率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论在中重度ARDS患者中使用APRV通气模式,可提高有效的呼吸支持,值得应用推广。     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭疗效观察

目的 探讨高频振荡通气(HFOV)治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭的疗效及安全性.方法 分析HFOV和常频机械通气(CMV)对45例呼吸衰竭新生儿的治疗效果,对比分析两种通气方式对患儿的肺通气氧合功能及并发症的差异.结果 两组患儿二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、吸入氧浓度(FiO2)、氧合指数(OI)、动脉/肺泡氧分压比值(PaO2/PAO2)在机械通气0h比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);HFOV组治疗后1、6、12、24、48 h PaCO2、FiO2、OI低于CMV组,PaO2/PAO2高于CMV组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);HFOV组气胸、慢性肺部疾病的发生率低于CMV组(P＜0.05),两组颅内出血的发生率差异无统计学意义(P ＞0.05).结论 HFOV治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭安全、有效,并能更好、更快地改善呼吸衰竭患儿的肺通气氧合功能.     

肾移植术后合并急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的无创通气治疗

目的评价双水平气道正压(BiPAP)无创通气对肾移植术后合并ARDS患者的临床应用价值。方法对20例肾移植术后合并ARDS患者采用BiPAP呼吸机经鼻面罩双水平正压通气治疗,监测通气前后患者生命体征(呼吸、心率、血压)及动脉血气(pH、PaO2、PaCO2、SaO2)的变化,并观察其临床疗效。结果18例患者经无创通气治疗后生命体征及动脉血气指标改善,无创通气治疗降低患者的血压、呼吸、心率及血PaCO2水平,提高了血pH、PaO2、SaO2水平,治疗前后组间有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论肾移植术后合并ARDS患者病情重,进展快,BiPAP无创通气能迅速改善患者临床症状和低氧血症,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

Prevention and therapy of the adult respiratory distress syndrome

The complex pathophysiology of adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) makes preventive and therapeutic concepts difficult. Ample experimental evidence indicates that ARDS can be prevented by blocking systemic inflammatory agents. Clinically, only heparin, for inhibition of coagulation phenomena, is presently used among this array of approaches. Corticosteroids have not proven to be beneficial in ARDS. Alternative antiinflammatory agents are being proposed and are under current clinical investigation (e.g. indomethacin, acetylcysteine, _l-proteinase inhibitor, antitumor necrosis factor, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, platelet-activating factor antagonists). Symptomatic therapeutic strategies in early ARDS include selective pulmonary vasodilation (preferably by inhaled vasorelaxant agents) and optimal fluid balance. Transbronchial surfactant application, presently tested in pilot studies, may be available for ARDS patients in the near future and may have acute beneficial effects on gas exchange, pulmonary mechanics, and lung hemodynamics; its impact on survival cannot be predicted at the present time. Strong efforts should be taken to reduce secondary nosocomial pneumonia in ARDS patients and thus avoid the vicious circle of pneumonia, sepsis from lung infection, and perpetuation of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Optimal respirator therapy should be directed to ameliorate gas-exchange conditions acutely but at the same time should aim at minimizing potentially aggravating side effects of artificial ventilation (barotrauma, O₂ toxicity). Several new techniques of mechanical ventilation and the concept of permissive hypercapnia address these aspects. Approaches with extracorporeal CO₂ removal and oxygenation are being used in specialized centers. Offprint requests to: B. Temmesfeld-Wollbrück