Sarcomatoid carcinoma in the pelvic cavity

Sarcomatoid carcinoma in the pelvic cavity is very rare. A 58-year-old Japanese man was admitted to our hospital because of lower abdominal fullness. CT and MRI revealed a large mass in the left pelvic cavity. Transurethral bladder endoscopy showed tumor invasion, and large biopsies were obtained from the bladder lesion. Histologically, the tumor was composed of malignant round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei. Many intracytoplasmic vacuoles were present. No carcinomatous areas were seen. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 18, vimentin, p53 and Ki-67 (labeling 80%). The tumor cells were negative for panCK AE1/3, CD5/6, CK7, CK8, CK14, CK19, CK20, CK 34BE12, EMA, desmin, calretinin, WT-1, S100 protein, α-smooth muscle actin, CEA, CD34, CD45, CD20, factor VIII-related antigen, synaptophysin, p63, CDX2, and myoglobin. Because the CK18 was diffusely expressed, the pathological diagnosis was sarcomatoid carcinoma.     

改良面中部翻揭手术在鼻腔鼻窦手术中的应用价值

目的：探讨改良面中部翻揭手术在鼻腔、鼻窦摘除手术中的应用价值。方法：采用自患侧第3磨牙到对侧侧切牙或尖牙的唇龈切口．显露患侧鼻骨、梨状孔、颧骨、眶下壁、鼻中隔以及所在范围内的肿瘤组织并将其彻底切除结果：本组60例肿瘤患者中除对两例内翻性乳头瘤从后鼻孔部侵犯至对侧鼻腔的患者施行面中部翻揭手术，其余均采用改良面部翻揭手术，为肿瘤的摘除提供满意的视野，顺利地切除了肿瘤组织。结论：改良面部翻揭手术是一种简便、微创的手术方法，既可以满足充分的暴露和摘除肿瘤组织的要求，又减少了手术创伤和手术时间，缩短了术后的恢复过程．有利于其他治疗的进行。     

Anatomical variations in the human paranasal sinus region studied by CT

A precise knowledge of the anatomy of the paranasal sinuses is essential for the clinician. Conventional radiology does not permit a detailed study of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, and has now largely been replaced by computerised tomographic (CT) imaging. This gives an applied anatomical view of the region and the anatomical variants that are very often found. The detection of these variants to prevent potential hazards is essential for the use of current of endoscopic surgery on the sinuses. In the present work, we have studied the anatomical variants observed in the nasal fossae and paranasal sinuses in 110 Spanish subjects, using CT in the coronal plane, complemented by horizontal views. We have concentrated on the variants of the nasal septum, middle nasal concha, ethmoid unciform process and ethmoid bulla, together with others of lesser frequency. The population studied showed great anatomical variability, and a high percentage (67%) presented one or more anatomical variants. Discounting agger nasi air cells and asymmetry of both cavities of the sphenoidal sinus, which were present in all our cases, the variations most often observed were, in order, deviation of the nasal septum, the presence of a concha bullosa, bony spurs of the nasal septum and Onodi air cells.     

Adenocarcinomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 14 cases

Aims : To evaluate the clinicopathological profile of 14 cases of nasal and paranasal sinusal adenocarcinoma, and to assess the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic intestinal-type adenocarcinoma.
Methods and results : Fourteen cases of nasal and paranasal adenocarcinoma, treated at IPOFG, Lisbon, between 1976 and 2002, were studied. Clinical records were reviewed and expression of cytokeratin (CK)7 and CK20 and of neuroendocrine markers was evaluated. The male : female ratio was 3 : 1, and the mean age of the patients was 65.3 years. Ten cases occurred in the paranasal sinuses. There was a history of professional exposure to dust in three patients. Twelve cases were high-grade intestinal type adenocarcinomas (ITAC) and two were low-grade. CK7 was present in 2/9 ITAC cases and CK20 in 8/9 ITAC and in cases of mixed and mucinous histology. All high-grade cases showed neuroendocrine differentiation. Seven of the 12 patients with high-grade adenocarcinoma died of the disease, with a mean follow-up of 47.4 months.
Conclusions : Nasal and paranasal adenocarcinoma mostly occurs in men in the 7th decade. ITAC is the most frequent histological type. The pattern of CK7/CK20 was not useful in the distinction between primary and metastatic intestinal adenocarcinoma. However, in the former, neuroendocrine differentiation proved to be a valuable tool in that distinction.     

Numerical flow simulation in the post-endoscopic sinus surgery nasal cavity

In this study we utilized computational fluid dynamic (CFD) techniques to construct a numerical simulation of nasal cavity airflow pre and post virtual functional endoscopic surgery (FESS). A healthy subject was selected, and CFD techniques were then applied to construct an anatomically and proportionally accurate three-dimensional nasal model based on nasal CT scans. A virtual FESS intervention was performed numerically on the normal nasal model using Fluent software. Navier-Stokes and continuity equations were used to calculate and compare airflow, velocity, distribution and pressure in both the pre and post FESS models. In the post-FESS model, there was an increase in airflow distribution in the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, and a 13% increase through the area connecting the middle meatus and the surgically opened ethmoid. There was a gradual decrease in nasal resistance in the posterior ethmoid sinus region following FESS. These findings highlight the potential of this technique as a powerful preoperative assessment tool to aid clinical decision-making.     

Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray does not influence the recurrence rate of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps 1 year after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

BACKGROUND: Local corticosteroids are widely used in the treatment of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis both before and after nasal surgery. Their efficacy after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has not been fully established by placebo-controlled trials. OBJECTIVE: This double-blind placebo-controlled randomized study was performed in order to investigate whether fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) reduces the recurrence rate of nasal polyps and chronic rhinosinusitis during the first year after FESS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The trial looked at 162 patients aged 18 years and older requiring FESS for chronic rhinosinusitis or nasal polyps. After FESS combined with peri-operative systemic corticosteroids, patients were randomized and given FPANS 400 microg b.i.d., FPANS 800 microg b.i.d. or placebo b.i.d. for the duration of 1 year. Patients were withdrawn from the trial (but still included in the study for statistical purposes) if there were recurrent or persistent diseases, defined as progressive regrowth of nasal polyps, recurrent signs and symptoms of chronic sinusitis combined with abnormalities on computed tomography scan and persistent complaints for at least 2 months after FESS. RESULTS: A significant reduction of symptoms was seen after FESS. After 1 year, 46 patients had been withdrawn from the trial because of recurrent diseases and 32 patients because of persistent symptoms. No differences in the number of patients withdrawn because of recurrent or persistent diseases were found between the patients treated with FPANS and patients treated with placebo. We were also unable to find a positive effect of FPANS compared with placebo in several subgroups such as patients with nasal polyps, high score at FESS or no previous sinus surgery. CONCLUSION: This placebo-controlled study does not show that treatment with FPANS up to 1 year after FESS had a positive effect compared with placebo.     

功能性鼻内镜手术后术腔两种冲洗液对疗效的影响

目的探讨功能性鼻内镜手术后术腔冲洗应用改进的冲洗液对术腔恢复的影响。方法将我院耳鼻喉科2008年2至12月收住的302例确诊为慢性鼻窦炎患者随机分为对照组和实验组,均行功能性鼻内镜手术,术后在给予相同药物治疗的基础上行术腔冲洗。实验组为0.02%呋喃西林500 mL加复方薄荷油20 mL加地塞米松10 mg;对照组冲洗液为生理盐水50 mL加庆大霉素32万IU加地塞米松10 mg,依据内窥镜鼻窦手术疗效评定标准对两组患者症状改善及术腔恢复情况进行疗效评定。结果实验组和对照组行术腔冲洗前各组疾病分期、分型无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,术腔冲洗后实验组患者症状改善及术腔恢复情况明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论呋喃西林、地塞米松和复方薄荷油冲洗液能有效改善功能性鼻内镜手术后患者的症状,促进患者术腔的恢复。     

Clear cell rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

This report describes two cases of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasal cavity with unusual histological appearances mimicking clear cell carcinoma. The closely packed tumour cells were polygonal and arranged in sheets and packets. They had an appreciable amount of clear cytoplasm due to accumulation of glycogen. The diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma was confirmed by positive staining for desmin and myoglobin. Rhabdomyosarcoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of nasal clear cell tumours, particularly in young adults. A correct diagnosis is important, because chemotherapy is indicated even for apparently localized disease.     

鼻腔平滑肌肉瘤1例及文献复习

目的:探讨鼻腔平滑肌肉瘤(leiomyosarcoma,LMS)的临床病理特征及鉴别诊断.方法:观察1例鼻腔原发LMS的临床表现、组织学特征和免疫组化特点,并复习相关文献.结果:患者,男,62岁,因左鼻塞流涕2月余入院,术后结果显示肿瘤由梭形细胞束组成,细胞核呈卵圆形或短梭形,两端钝圆,部分细胞核仁肥胖,胞浆嗜酸性,染色质粗糙;细胞核异型性明显,核分裂3~5个/10HPF,间质可见粘液变性,部分区域可见坏死.免疫组化显示瘤细胞SMA、Vimentin、Calponin和Desmin均(+).结论:平滑肌肉瘤是鼻及鼻窦部分少见的软组织恶性肿瘤,侵袭性较高,临床预后较差.     

Current diagnostic strategies for undifferentiated tumours of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses

Several malignant tumours occurring in the sinonasal tract may present with an undifferentiated morphology. Overall, these lesions pose significant diagnostic difficulties for the surgical pathologist, especially in limited biopsy material, but their correct classification is becoming increasingly important for an appropriate treatment strategy. This review deals with the criteria for differential diagnosis of these neoplasms, with emphasis on recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular biology, as well as with previous progress in electron microscopy. Through careful microscopic examination of haematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, in the light of clinical information and imaging data, a list of differential diagnoses can be made and an appropriate panel of antibodies can be chosen to further categorize the tumour. An initial panel including cytokeratins, synaptophysin, S100 protein, desmin and CD45 may allow the classification of most lesions or may help to narrow the list of differential diagnoses. Further refinement can be obtained through second-line markers, including in-situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus, other neuroendocrine markers, melanocytic markers, myogenin, CD99, other lymphocyte markers, and CD138 and light chains. Finally, molecular analysis can further assist in the recognition of specific entities such as nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma, Ewing's sarcoma/peripheral neuroectodermal tumour, alveolar rhadbomyosarcoma, and poorly differentiated synovial sarcoma.     

Solitary fibrous tumor of the nasal cavity and orbit

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFT) are rare spindle cell neoplasms generally associated with the serosal surface, especially the pleura. Two SFT are reported arising in the nasal cavity and orbit, occurring in a 33 year old female and a 21 year old male, respectively. The lesions lacked the characteristic features of other recognized neoplasms that occur in these regions. Immunohistochemically, the tumors cells were diffusely and strongly positive for vimentin and CD34 and some or many tumor cells expressed neuron-speciflc enolase and Leu-7. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells showed no distinct features although they were suggested to be primitive mesenchymal or fibroblast-like cells. Both tumors were diploid by flow cytometry. The two patients have had benign clinical courses with limited follow-up. Our findings suggest that SFT is of mesenchymal cell origin and support another location for SFT, indicating additional evidence against mesothelial origin. SFT should be included in the differential diagnosis of spindle cell tumors arising in the nasal cavity and orbit.     

Renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the nasal cavity

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity is very rare. A 76-year-old man presented with epistaxis and admitted to our hospital. His past histories were right radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinomas at the age of 68 years and brain infarction at the age of 75 years. Laryngoscopic examination revealed a red polyp of the right nasal cavity. Imaging modalities including CT and MRI also revealed a tumor measuring 2 x 3 x 2 cm. Angiography showed that the tumor is very hypervascular. Clinical diagnosis was angiogenic tumors including hemangioma, sinonasal hemangiopericytoma, and paraganglioma. A blood data showed anemia and low platerets, and bone marrow biopsy revealed myelodysplastic syndrome. A coiling embolization of the feeding artery was performed, and the tumor reduced markedly. The tumor was resected almost entirely. Pathologically, the tumor was 2 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm red tumor. The tumor cells had clear cytoplasm, and arranged in a trabecular pattern lined by a layer of endothelial cells. Atypia is mild. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for pancytokeratin (AE1/3, CAM5.2), RCC ma, CD10, and Ki-67 (labeling=20%), but negative for CD34, factor-VIII-related antigen, CEA, EMA, melanosome (HMB45), S100 protein, p53, and HepPar-1. The pathological diagnosis was made without knowledge of kidney status. A pathological diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type (grade 1) was made. The patient is now free from tumor, and palliative chemoradiation is considered.     

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland: A case report and review of literature

Reports about adrenocortical carcinomas (AC) mixed with sarcomatous areas are very rare. The terminology and pathogenesis of such biphasic tumors remain controversial. Herein, we report a case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the adrenal gland in a 75-year-old woman who presented with left abdominal pain of one month's standing. The results of abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) showed the presence of a large heterogeneous adrenal mass. A left adrenalectomy and complete splenectomy were performed. Histologically, the neoplasm showed areas of adrenocortical carcinoma and areas of sarcomatoid spindle cell proliferation. When examined immunohistochemically, the carcinomatous cells stained positively for S-100 protein, Melan-A protein, and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and focally for vimentin and the cytokeratin marker MNF 116. Also, the carcinomatous cells were immunoreactive to the monoclonal antibody HMB-45. The sarcomatous component expressed vimentin, as well as other smooth and skeletal muscle markers. Liver metastases appeared 3 months postoperatively. Twelve months after removal of the primary tumor, the patient died of her disease. To the best of our knowledge, only seven cases of adrenal sarcomatoid carcinoma have been reported in the medical literature. We review the reported cases according to the 2004 classification of the World Health Organization (WHO) of lung tumors, and highlight the histogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical course of this very aggressive tumor.     

Malignant lymphomas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

Summary The incidence of malignant lymphomas in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses was found tobe 0.17% of all malignant lymphomas and 0.44% of all extranodal malignant lymphomas registered in the Kiel Lymph Node Registry from 1972 to 1987. Fifty-nine cases of malignant lymphoma presenting in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses were investigated with morphological and immunological methods. The median age of the patients was 64.5 years, with a female predominance (m:f=0.87:1). In the 59 cases a marked preponderance of B-cell lymphomas was found (centroblasticn=15, immunoblasticn=8, Burkitt's lymphoman=6, Immunocytoman=3, centrocyticn=1, centroblastic/centrocyticn=1, plasmacyticn=11); only a small number (n=5) was of T-cell lineage (pleomorphic types). Nine further cases could not be assigned with certainty to either the T or B cell system. Angiocentricity with infiltration and destruction of vessel walls by tumour cells was demonstrated only in the T-cell lymphomas; the B-cell lymphomas, in contrast, of ten surrounded and compressed blood vessels with intact endothelium. No similarity to malignant lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, such as those in the gastrointestinal tract, was detected.     

Sarcomatoid combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and review of literature

Sarcomatoid combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma is an extremely rare primary hepatic malignancy and only a few cases have been reported. Herein, we report a case of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma with sarcomatoid changes in a 52-year-old man, who had a history of liver cirrhosis and transarterial chemoembolization. The resected liver revealed a mass of 4.5×3.5 cm. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of adenocarcinoma intermingled with poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, which contained atypical spindle cells. We also present a short review of reported cases of sarcomatoid combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma.     

鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤的“靶中靶”适形治疗计划研究

目的：探讨“靶中靶”三维适形治疗计划在提升复杂鼻腔副鼻窦癌靶区剂量和优化剂量分布的作用。方法：以6例鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤病例的CT定位数据图像资料为研究对象。在同一软件上分别进行常规方法和“耙中靶”方法的二维适形治疗计划设计．并对剂量分布和体积剂量直方图（DVH）结果进行分析。常规计划为单一等中心．3—5个共面或非共面适形野。靶中靶计划由一个简单化的常规计划和一个补丁计划融合而成。结果：总体上靶剂量分布及DVH靶中靶计划优于常规计划。V90（被90％等剂量包络的靶体积的百分率）和D50（包络90％靶体积的剂量百分率）靶中靶计划均高于常规计划。6／6靶中靶计划和3／6常规计划达到CTV平均剂量〉66Gy、危及器官的平均受照剂量〈54Gy的目标。分别有3／6靶中靶计划和1／6常规计划出现小范围高剂量区，1／6靶中靶计划和5／6常规计划出现低剂量区。结论：靶中靶方式适形治疗计划可以适用于比较复杂的鼻腔副鼻窦肿瘤，能有效改善靶区剂量分布和提升靶区剂量。