气管切开患者ICU内肺部感染与护理对策分析

目的讨论研究气管切开患者ICU内肺部感染的原因及分析其护理对策。方法回顾性分析我院于2011年3月至2012年3月收治的38例气管切开ICU内发生肺部感染患者的临床资料，提取培养这些患者的深部痰液并进行相应的药物敏感试验，了解导致感染的菌种、药敏性及其分布等信息。探讨其发生感染的原因并分析其护理对策。结果经过深部痰液提取培养共获得溶血性链球菌2例、鲍曼不动杆菌2例、耐甲氧西林金葡菌5例、铜绿假单胞菌13例、肺炎链球菌16例，气管切开患者ICU内发生感染主要由ICU病房无菌环境遭到破坏、呼吸机的使用和患者呼吸道内防御系统损伤有关。经过有效的临床护理，患者的肺部感染情况改善较为明显，其中痊愈14例、显效19例和有效5例。结论探究肺部感染原因、加强管理ICU内环境、正确使用并适当湿化呼吸机以及加强感染后的临床护理可以有效的控制及预防肺部感染。     

气管切开患者预防肺部感染的护理体会

目的总结近年来南京市江宁区中医院重症医学科(ICU)气管切开患者预防肺部感染的护理体会。方法通过全科护理人员的精心观察及有效的护理措施,可以为预防和控制肺部感染起积极的作用。结果我院ICU病房2009年1月至2011年12月共收治气管切开患者36例,36例中并发肺部感染2例,其中1例因并发全身严重感染死亡。结论气管切开术后,有效的护理是预防肺部感染的重要措施。     

气管切开患者ICU肺内感染的疗效分析

目的探讨气管切开患者ICU肺内感染的临床治疗效果。方法本次临床研究选择我院2010年1月至2012年12月之间收治的40例气管切开ICU肺内感染患者为观察对象，所有患者均接受痰液采集化验以及相应的临床治疗，回顾分析患者的病原茵分布情况、药敏实验结果以及临床治疗效果。结果患者的主要致病菌类型包括真菌、革兰阳性球茵以及革兰阴性球菌等等，患者临床治疗的总有效率为97．5％。结论由本次临床研究结果可知，气管切开患者在临床治疗和护理过程中，严格执行无菌操作要求，实施有效积极的预防性治疗，有助于其肺内感染发生率的降低。     

ICU患者气管切开继发肺部感染的危险因素与护理措施

目的:分析ICU危重患者气管切开后诱发肺部感染的危险因素,探讨预防院内肺部感染发生的护理方法。方法:回顾性分析医院2015年1月至2017年12月ICU出现的40例行气管切开后肺部感染患者的临床资料,将其作为感染组,选取同期行气管切开而未发生肺部感染的74例患者作为非感染组,对比两组患者的一般情况、诊疗护理措施,总结护理方法及要点。结果:具有吸烟史、呼吸系统疾病、护理人员年资低、长期使用大量抗生素、应用H2受体阻滞剂及制酸剂、多人同处一间病房等是ICU气管切开患者发生肺部感染的高危因素。结论:做好病房的清洁、消毒工作,选择高技能的护理人员进行护理,严格执行无菌操作,是预防ICU气管切开患者发生肺部感染的重要措施。     

ICU气管切开患者肺部感染的护理对策体会

目的探讨ICU气管切开肺部感染患者更为有效的护理措施，预防并控制ICU内肺部感染的发生。方法观察我院125例行气管切开并发肺部感染的ICU患者痰培养及药敏试验结果，总结细菌分布特点及药敏情况，并分析原因。结果导致ICU气管切开肺部感染的主要原因为基础疾病免疫力差，抗生素的不合理使用，口咽部定植细菌下移，生理屏障作用和无菌操作不严格等。结论有针对性地对气道的温、湿化，清除气道分泌物，加强气道、气囊的管理，控制口咽部细菌定植及误吸，执行严格的无菌操作等方面进行深入的研究改进，可有效降低ICU患者的肺部感染。     

气管切开患者ICU内肺部感染分析与护理对策

目的：探讨分析气管切开的患者在重症监护室（ICU）内发生肺部感染的原因,并提出针对性护理对策,降低肺部感染的发生率,提高护理质量。方法行气管切开,并在ICU内发生肺部感染的患者43例,观察其感染状况,进行详细记录,并对其痰液进行细菌培养,了解其细菌分布。实行针对性护理。结果检出溶血性链球菌6例,鲍曼不动杆菌2例,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌4例,铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎链球菌最多,其检出率分别为41.9%和27.9%。结论ICU内气管切开发生肺部感染与病房管理质量密切相关,故应加强病房管理,护理人员注意无菌操作,给予预防性护理,可降低其发生几率。     

ICU气管切开患者肺部感染的护理干预要点与影响探究

目的:研讨ICU气管切开继发肺部感染患者的临床护理干预要点及效果。方法:以2014年12月-2017年8月于我院ICU行气管切开后继发肺部感染的80例患者为观察对象,按随机非盲法对其进行分组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别接受常规护理与针对性护理,观察分析两组的临床干预效果。结果:与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组在肺部感染症状恢复时间、转出ICU时间两方面均明显缩短,比较差异显著(P0.05)。Ⅱ组观察期间有5.0%的患者发生并发症,相比Ⅰ组的20.0%显著降低,比较差异显著(P0.05)。结论:对ICU气管切开继发肺部感染患者施行针对性护理,能够有效促进患者肺部感染症状的恢复,缩短住ICU时间,并可加强对各种并发症的预防,值得推荐。     

心脏术后气管切开患者的护理体会

目的 总结心脏术后气管切开患者的有效护理措施。方法 对10例心脏手术后患者气管切开的护理措施进行回顾。结果 10例患者中1例患者因心功能差,发生恶性心律失常死亡,其他患者运用有效护理方法取得满意治疗效果。结论 对心脏术后肺部功能差、带气管插管辅助通气超过6 d、不能顺利脱机的患者实施气管切开,能有效改善呼吸功能、降低耗氧量、防治肺部感染、提高治愈率。     

探讨ICU气管切开患者肺部感染的护理干预措施及效果

目的研究分析ICU气管切开患者肺部感染的护理干预措施及效果。方法选择我院ICU收治的20例气管切开后发生肺部感染的患者作为观察组,对其实施综合护理干预;将以往收治我院ICU的20例气管切开后采取常规护理造成肺感染的患者作为对照组,进行回顾性分析,研究对比两组患者的护理实施效果。结果观察组患者的肺部感染治愈率显著高于对照组患者,且其并发症的发生率明显低于对照组患者,两种指标的对比结果均有显著差异(P<0.05);就感染症状消失时间及转出此科的时间而言,观察组显著短于对照组(P<0.05),差异仍具有统计学意义。结论针对患者肺部感染的护理干预可取得良好的临床效果,有广泛推广的价值。     

重型颅脑损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的护理

目的：探讨颅脑损伤气管切开患者肺部感染的护理措施效果。方法：回顾分析60例重型颅脑损伤气管切开肺部感染患者的临床资料,探讨肺部感染的相关因素,实施相应的护理措施。结果：通过实施有效的护理干预,可明显降低肺部感染率。结论：对重型颅脑损伤气管切开的患者,加强气道护理,可以有效预防和减少肺部感染的发生。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.