某发电公司职业病危害控制效果评价

目的 识别、评价、控制建设项目可能产生的职业病危害，并为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。方法 依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》（GBZ1-2002）、《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范）（GBZ159-2004），采用现场调查、现场检测、检查表等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果 该建设项目的选址与总体布置、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施、个人使用的防护用品、职业卫生管理、生活饮用水、辅助用室等符合国家有关法规，该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因索有：粉尘、毒物、噪声与振动、高温与热辐射、紫外线、工频电场、电离辐射等。结论该项目的职业病危害控制措施有效、可行。     

某矿石码头工程职业病危害控制效果评价

目的 识别、分析和评价该建设项目可能产生及存在的职业病危害因素．为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。方法 依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》（GBZ1—2002）、《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ159—2004）,采用现场调查、现场检测等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果该建设项目的选址与总体布置、生产设备布局、建筑卫生学要求、职业病防护设施、个人使用的防护用品、职业卫生管理等基本符合国家有关法规要求。该建设项目生产过程中存在的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘和噪声。结论该建设项目的职业病危害控制措施基本有效、可行。     

某氧化铝厂建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别、评价、控制某氧化铝厂建设项目可能产生的职业病危害，为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》（GBZ1—2002）、《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ159—2004），采用现场调查、现场检测、定量分级等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果该建设项目的选址与总体布置、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施、个人使用的防护用品、职业卫生管理、辅助用室等符合国家有关法规；该项目化生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有：粉尘、毒物、噪声与振动、高温、辐射热、工频电场、电离辐射等；粉尘检测点TWA、STEL合格率分别为87．2％和82．1％；噪声检测点合格率为83．3％；毒物均符合标准。结论该项目的职业病危害控制措施有效、可行。     

某汽车零部件有限公司职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别、评价、控制建设项目可能产生的职业病危害,为卫生行政部门审批提供技术依据。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》(GBZ12002)、《工作场所空气中有害物质检测采样规范》(GBZ159-2004),采用现场调查、现场检测、检查表、职业健康检查等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果该建设项目的选址、总体布局、生产设备布局、职业病防护措施、个人使用的防护设施、职业卫生管理、辅助用室等符合国家有关法规,该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有化学毒物、粉尘、噪声、高温、工频电场等。结论该项目的职业病危害控制措施有效、可行。     

河南省某氧化铝厂300kt/a氧化铝建设项目职业病危害因素评价

[目的]识别建设项目产生的职业病危害因素,分析其危害程度及对劳动者健康的影响,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。[方法]2010年依据GBZ 1-2010《工业企业设计卫生标准》、GBZ/T 197-2007《建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价技术导则》、GBZ 2-2007《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》等规范,采用现场调查、现场检测、检查表等方法对某氧化铝厂300kt/a氧化铝建设项目职业病危害因素进行评价。[结果]该建设项目的选址与总体布置、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施、个人使用的防护用品、职业卫生管理等基本符合国家有关法规,该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有粉尘、毒物、噪声等,其中,粉尘检测点TWA合格率为75.00%,毒物检测点、噪声检测点各有5个超标作业点。[结论]该项目的职业病危害控制措施基本可行。     

某采油厂联合站职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别、评价某采油厂联合站可能产生的职业病危害,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据,为企业提出控制职业病危害的建议。方法依据《工业企业设计卫生标准》（GBZ 1-2002）、《工作场所空气中有害物质监测的采样规范》（GBZ 159-2004）,采用现场检测、检查表等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果该项目职业病防护设施、个人防护用品、职业卫生管理等方面符合国家有关法规。主要职业病危害因素有：总烃、硫化氢、氨、二氧化硫、噪声等,共检测40个工作点,合格率100%,其中硫化氢最高浓度3.02 mg/m^3,非甲烷总烃最高浓度16.09 mg/m^3。结论该项目存在急性中毒的潜在风险,为职业病危害严重的建设项目。     

禹州市某煤矿技术改造项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别禹州市某煤矿建设项目职业病危害因素,分析和评价控制效果。方法现场职业卫生调查、工作场所职业病危害因素检测和职业健康检查。结果该建设项目选址与总体布局、生产工艺、设备布局、职业病防护设施、个体使用的防护用品等基本符合《工业企业设计卫生标准》GBZ1-2002的要求,该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有:粉尘、毒物、噪声与振动、工频电场等。结论该建设项目职业病危害控制措施基本有效。     

某汽车电子配件建设项目职业病危害预评价分析

目的识别、评价该项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,为制定职业病预防措施提供依据。方法按照《建设项目职业病危害预评价技术导则》GBZ/T196-2007进行评价。结果该项目生产过程中主要职业病危害因素是铅烟、二氧化锡、噪声等。结论该项目属职业病危害严重的建设项目。其选址与总体布局、生产设备布局等基本符合国家有关规定,在各项职业病危害防护措施落实到位的情况下,该项目就职业卫生方面而言可行。     

某甲烷氯化物建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的评价某甲烷氯化物建设项目职业病危害控制效果,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。方法通过现场职业卫生学调查和职业病危害因素检测,采用定量分析法进行评价。结果该建设项目的选址与总体布局、生产设备布局、职业病防护措施、个人防护用品、辅助用室和职业卫生管理等符合国家有关法规;生产过程中可能产生噪声、有毒化学物质等主要职业病危害因素,噪声为62～76dB（A）,符合国家卫生限值;化学物质共9种,检测结果均符合国家职业卫生标准。结论该项目属于可能产生严重职业病的建设项目,该项目职业病危害控制措施可行、有效。     

某企业海绵钛建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别建设项目产生的职业病危害因素,分析其危害程度及对劳动者健康的影响,评价职业病危害防护措施及其效果,为卫生行政部门审批建设项目提供依据。方法依据国家相应的职业病标准规范,采用现场调查、现场检测、检查表等方法进行评价。结果该建设项目的选址与总体布置、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施、个人使用的防护用品、职业卫生管理、辅助用室等基本符合国家有关法规,该项目生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素有:粉尘、噪声、氯气等。结论该项目的职业病危害控制措施有效、可行。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.