学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗

目的探讨学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈的治疗方法。方法采用胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具固定4~6个月,治疗学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈65例,男23例,女42例;手术平均年龄8岁(6~14岁)。结果本组65例,随访时间1~4年,平均2.7年。参考Cheng的疗效分级法,其中优42例(64.6%),良15例(23.1%),可5例(7.7%),差3例(4.6%)。结论胸锁乳突肌单极切断术加术后胸颈联合斜颈矫形支具,创伤小、疗效好、并发症少,是学龄期儿童先天性肌性斜颈首选的治疗方式。     

The clinical presentation and outcome of treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants--a study of 1,086 cases

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The main objectives of this study were to define the clinical patterns and characteristics of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) presented in the first year of life and to study the outcome of different treatment methods. METHODS: This is a prospective study of all CMT patients seen in 1 center over a 12-year period with uniform recording system, assessment methods, and treatment protocol. RESULTS: From a total of 1,086 CMT infants, 3 clinical subgroups of sternomastoid tumor (SMT; 42.7%), muscular torticollis (MT; 30.6%), and postural torticollis (POST; 22.1%) were identified. The SMT group was found to present earlier within the first 3 months and was associated with higher incidence of breech presentation (19.5%), difficult labor (56%), and hip dysplasia (6.81%). Severity of limitation of passive neck rotation range (ROTGp) was found to correlate significantly with the presence of SMT, bigger tumor size, hip dysplasia, degree of head tilt, and craniofacial asymmetry. CONCLUSIONS: A total of 24.5% of the patients with initial deficits of passive rotation of less than 10 degrees showed excellent and good outcome with active home positioning and stimulation program. The remaining cases with rotation deficits of over 10 degrees and treated with manual stretching program showed an overall excellent to good results in 91.1% with 5.1% requiring subsequent surgical treatment. The most important prognostic factors for the necessity of surgical treatment were the clinical subgroup, the ROTGp, and the age at presentation (P < .001).     

Efficacy of bipolar release in neglected congenital muscular torticollis patients

Surgical correction of the congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is recommended for patients with unsuccessful conservative treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of surgical release of congenital muscular torticollis in neglected cases. We retrospectively evaluated the data of our patients in terms of age, sex, clinical presentation, localization of the lesion, diagnostic tests, and additional abnormalities. The age at operation ranged from 6 to 23 years. Complete muscular release as determined by pre-operative and postoperative range of motion measurements was achieved in all of the patients by bipolar release. In this study, neck motion and head tilt showed marked improvement with surgical treatment in cases with CMT who were admitted to the hospital lately. Congenital muscular torticollis patients can benefit from surgical intervention above the age of 5. Bipolar release is an adequate and complication-free method.     

Developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants with congenital muscular torticollis

Infants with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) are at increased risk for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), which has led to increased use of diagnostic procedures. Our goal in this study was to establish indications for imaging the hips of infants presenting with CMT. We reviewed the cases of 292 patients with the diagnosis of CMT, 16 of whom were found to have DDH. Each patient with DDH had an abnormal clinical hip examination. Our study results demonstrate that, despite the association of these disorders, an infant presenting with CMT does not require routine hip imaging in light of a normal clinical hip examination. The coexistence rate for CMT and DDH requiring treatment is 4.5%, which is lower than the commonly accepted 20%.     

超声指导下早期手术治疗先天性肌性斜颈

目的探讨超声指导下先天性肌性斜颈(CMT)患儿最佳手术时机。方法选择3个月以内确诊的CMT患儿156例,保守治疗6个月,治疗过程中定期彩超对照检查,对胸锁乳突肌挛缩、纤维化加重的45例患儿进行手术治疗。其中43例采用胸锁乳突肌切断术,2例采用胸锁乳突肌全切术。结果45例手术患儿39例获得术后随访(随访率86.7%),最长随访时间5年。手术效果为优35例(89.7%),良2例(5.1%),差2例(5.1%)。结论CMT最佳手术年龄可以提前到8个月甚至更小,出现胸锁乳突肌纤维化后也应尽早选择手术,彩色超声对疾病的诊断及手术时机的选择有重要作用。     

大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗

目的:探讨大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的手术治疗方法。方法:采用胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈32例,手术平均年龄12.3岁(10￣14岁)。结果:本组32例中随访29例,随访时间1～8年,平均4.8年。从功能和美容两方面进行了术后评估:其中优23例(73.3%),良6例(26.7%),无劣级。结论:胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引是治疗大龄儿童先天性肌性斜颈的首选手术治疗方式。     

The relationship between developmental dysplasia of the hip and congenital muscular torticollis

Multiple studies report a correlation between congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) at a rate between 2% and 29%. Most of these studies were completed before the routine use of hip ultrasound. This study assesses the incidence of DDH in a referral population with CMT and the incidence of CMT in a referral population with DDH. We retrospectively reviewed 186 patients referred with a primary diagnosis of DDH and 109 patients referred with a primary diagnosis of CMT between 1995 and 2004. All patients were screened for DDH with ultrasound if they were younger than 4 months and plain radiographs in older children. Among the patients with a primary diagnosis of DDH, 5.9% were subsequently diagnosed with CMT. However, infants who were less than 1 month old when diagnosed with DDH had a 9% risk of subsequent development of CMT. Among the patients primarily diagnosed with CMT, 3.7% were subsequently diagnosed with DDH. Among the patients with DDH, there was a 7.9% coexistence of CMT, regardless of which was diagnosed first, and among the patients with CMT, there was a 12.5% coexistence of DDH. Boys with DDH were 4.97 times more likely than girls to have both DDH and CMT regardless of which diagnosis preceded the other. Our results confirm that patients with CMT should be screened for DDH, and infants, especially boys, treated for DDH should be followed for the development of CMT.     

先天性肌性斜颈的两种手术方法比较

目的 探讨先天性肌性斜颈两种手术治疗的方法和效果。方法 回顾性分析86例先天性肌性斜颈患者，其中12岁以内者69例，12岁及大于12岁者17例，根据年龄及畸形严重程度的不同采用不同的治疗术式：胸锁乳突肌下端切断术和胸锁乳突肌上、下端切断术加术后牵引治疗。结果 本组86例中随访72例，随访时间1～7年，平均4．5年。从功能和外观两方面进行了术后评价：12岁以下57例，其中优52例(91．2％)，良5例(8．8％)，无劣级；12岁及大于12岁15例，其中优11例(73．3％)，良4例(26．7％)，无劣级。结论 对先天性肌性斜颈患者，应根据不同情况选择恰当的手术治疗术式，一般均可获得满意的效果。     

Familial torticollis with polydactyly: manifestation in three generations

Familial transmission of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) has been reported in the literature, and postaxial polydactyly has been frequently reported in familial cases, but, to our knowledge, familial CMT with postaxial polydactyly has not been described. In this article, we report a rare case of CMT with postaxial polydactyly in 3 generations of a family and suggest an autosomal-dominant pattern of inheritance in these cases.     

先天性肌性斜颈影像学表现的研究进展

先天性肌性斜颈(CMT)是小儿最常见的肌肉畸形,患侧胸锁乳突肌纤维化收缩导致患儿头向患侧偏斜,早期诊断治疗,纤维化则可逆,若斜颈持续存在,可导致患儿头、面、颈部发育畸形。弹性成像技术能快速、准确、无创、可重复地评价CMT患儿胸锁乳突肌纤维化程度,提高CMT患儿诊断准确率。本文对CMT的影像学表现进行综述。     

Surgical correction of muscular torticollis in the older child

Thirty-three children between 6 and 16 years of age who were treated for muscular torticollis were followed up from 2 to 10.5 years after surgery. All patients had a distal open release of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Preoperative and postoperative assessment by a rigid scoring system showed that all patients improved in terms of function as well as cosmesis. Children less than 12 years of age showed the most improvement, with 71% excellent and good results. Late release of the sternomastoid in muscular torticollis can, therefore, give acceptable results.     

Ultrasonographic study of the coexistence of muscular torticollis and dysplasia of the hip

The consistent relationship between congenital muscular torticollis and dysplasia of the hip is now widely accepted. However, the coexistence rate of these two disorders has been reported with variations from 0 to 20%. To obtain a more accurate coexistence rate, ultrasound scanner was used as the diagnostic tool for both of these disorders.Sixty-three children (30 boys and 33 girls) younger than 6 months who had undergone ultrasound scanning of both bilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle and bilateral hips were included in this study. Forty-seven children were confirmed to have muscular torticollis, and the remaining 16 cases were diagnosed as postural torticollis. Only these 47 cases were included for analysis of the coexistence rate. Eight children were found with dysplasia of the hips associated with muscular torticollis, which included Graf's type IIa for four hips, type IIb for two hips, type IIIa for one hip, and type IIIb for one hip. From the results of the present ultrasonographic study, the coexistence rate of congenital muscular torticollis and dysplasia of the hip was concluded to be 17%. If only those dysplastic hips (type IIb, IIIa, IIIb) that required treatment were included, the coexistence rate would be lowered to 8.5%.     

Do obstetric risk factors truly influence the etiopathogenesis of congenital muscular torticollis?

Background

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is seen in childhood and presents within months after birth. The etiology remains unknown; however, medical textbooks suggest trauma at birth as a main reason. The aim of this study was to systematically describe obstetric and perinatal outcomes in a population of children with a confirmed congenital muscular torticollis diagnosis.

Materials and methods

Children with a validated diagnosis of congenital muscular torticollis born at Aarhus University Hospital from 2000 to 2014 were included in the study. Information on perinatal, intrapartum and neonatal characteristics were obtained from databases and from medical records, and systematically described.

Results

In this study, there were no differences in birth characteristics in children with left- and right-sided torticollis, between boys and girls or between the conservatively treated and the children who needed surgery. Most of the children with congenital muscular torticollis in this study were delivered at term without signs of birth complications or trauma. None experienced moderate or severe asphyxia.

Conclusions

The results of the present study suggests that complicated birth or birth trauma may not be the main cause of congenital muscular torticollis and point towards intrauterine and prenatal reasons for its development.

Level of evidence according to OCEBM levels of evidence working group

3

     

Outcome of surgical treatment of congenital muscular torticollis.

Eighty-four patients with congenital muscular torticollis were treated surgically in a 10-year period with a mean followup of 5 years (range, 2-13 years). All patients were classified into subgroups according to the type of congenital torticollis, the limitation of passive rotation of the neck, and other parameters, including head tilt and craniofacial asymmetry. Twenty-two (26.2%) patients underwent surgery before they were 1 year of age, 22.6% were between 1 and 3 years of age, 38.1% were between 3 and 10 years, and 13.1% were older than 10 years. Postoperative management included physiotherapy for 3 to 4 months and the application of a multiply adjustable torticollis brace for 10 weeks in children older than 2 years of age. Loss of the sternomastoid column was found in 82.6%, poor scar in 2.4%, lateral band in 47.2% and 1.2% required a second operation. The final overall score showed excellent results in 88.1%, good results in 8.3%, and fair to poor results in 3.6%. The most important factor affecting the overall result and outcome was found to be the age of the patient at the time of operation. However, this series also showed that for patients who were 10 years or older at the time of surgery, 63.6% had excellent results and 81.8% had good to excellent results, indicating the benefit of surgery even in the late cases.     

先天性肌性斜颈治疗25例报告

先天性肌性斜颈是一种常见的颈部畸形。本文通过对３０例肌性斜颈治疗的随访及回顾性分析，全部病例颈部畸形均矫正。故认为：婴儿时期可行按摩，扳正治疗，四岁以上患儿可行手术矫治，严重病例或十岁以上者需同时作止点切断术。强调术后功能锻炼，传统的石膏固定可以免除。     

Congenital muscular torticollis: a spectrum of pathology

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a disorder characterized by a shortening of at least one of the cervical muscles and tilting of the head to the opposite side. The most commonly affected muscle is the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle. An unusual case is presented here: a CMT patient with involvement of the trapezius muscle in addition to the SCM muscle who has recently been treated at North Carolina Memorial Hospital. This patient still has a slight residual deformity despite two surgical procedures, physical therapy, and splinting. A review of 41 CMT patients who presented to this institution from 1952 to the present demonstrates that the disorder is extremely variable in terms of severity of deformity and response to various types of therapy. The condition will resolve spontaneously in the majority of patients by the age of 1 year, and if the condition has not resolved by then, it is unlikely to do so without surgery. We therefore believe that surgery should be postponed until after 1 year of age. Most of the patients requiring surgery are effectively treated by division of the involved muscle in at least one area with or without lengthening of the SCM muscle. Splinting and physical therapy are recommended postoperatively. A few patients such as the unusual one with involvement of the trapezius muscle resist our most aggressive therapeutic efforts.     

舒筋散结膏辅助治疗早期小儿肌性斜颈113例临床观察

目的研究中药外敷佐治早期小儿肌性斜颈的疗效。方法将113例先天性肌性斜颈患儿随机分成治疗组76例和对照组37例,对照组应用标准化牵伸手法及磁疗,治疗组在对照组基础上,结合舒筋散结膏外敷。结果治疗组总有效率为93.2%,对照组总有效率为75.7%,两组疗效差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论应用活血化瘀中药外敷可提高小儿先天性肌性斜颈的治疗效果。     

Clinical determinants of the outcome of manual stretching in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis in infants. A prospective study of eight hundred and twenty-one cases

BACKGROUND: The natural history of congenital muscular torticollis and the outcome of different treatment modalities have been poorly investigated, and the results of treatment have varied considerably. METHODS: The main objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of 821 consecutive patients with congenital muscular torticollis who were first seen when they were less than one year old, were treated with a standardized program of manual stretching, and were followed for a mean of 4.5 years. Before treatment, the patients were classified into one of three clinical groups: (1) palpable sternomastoid tumor, (2) muscular torticollis (thickening and tightness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle), and (3) postural torticollis (torticollis but no tightness or tumor). RESULTS: Of the 821 patients, 452 (55%) had a sternomastoid tumor; 276 (34%), muscular torticollis; and ninety-three (11%), postural torticollis. Multivariate analysis of the outcomes showed that (1) the duration of treatment was significantly associated with the clinical group (p < 0.0001), a passive rotation deficit of the neck (p < 0.0001), involvement of the right side (p < 0.0001), difficulties with the birth (p < 0.009), and age at presentation (p < 0.0001); (2) the overall final assessment score was associated with the rotation deficit (p = 0.02), age at presentation (p = 0.014), and duration of treatment (p < 0.0001); and (3) subsequent surgical treatment was required by 8% (thirty-four) of the 452 patients in the sternomastoid tumor group compared with 3% (eight) of the 276 patients in the muscular torticollis group and 0% (none) of the ninety-three patients in the postural torticollis group. CONCLUSIONS: This large prospective study demonstrated that controlled manual stretching is safe and effective in the treatment of congenital muscular torticollis when a patient is seen before the age of one year. The most important factors that predict the outcome of manual stretching are the clinical group, the initial deficit in rotation of the neck, and the age of the patient at presentation. Surgical treatment is indicated when a patient has undergone at least six months of controlled manual stretching and has residual head tilt, deficits of passive rotation and lateral bending of the neck of >15 degrees, a tight muscular band or tumor, and a poor outcome according to our special assessment chart.     

Clinical features and outcome of physiotherapy in early presenting congenital muscular torticollis with severe fibrosis on ultrasonography: a prospective study

Background

It has been reported that ultrasonography (US) can detect the severity of congenital muscular torticollis (CMT), and severe fibrosis of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle noted on US is irreversible and likely to require surgery. Clinical outcome of CMT depends mainly on the patient's age, which is also associated with the severity of fibrosis as determined by US. However, there has been no well-designed study to elucidate the true relationship among these factors nor a definite consensus on treatment of young infants with severe fibrosis in the SCM compared with well-documented reports that late cases require surgery.

Purpose

The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether severity of SCM fibrosis on US is correlated with clinical severity and outcome of standardized physiotherapy in early presenting CMT.

Methods

Fifty patients with a palpable neck mass, initial deficit of passive neck rotation (ΔROT) more than 10°, and age less than 3 months were classified into 4 US types according to the severity of fibrosis in the SCM and underwent standardized physiotherapy and regular assessment. Relationship between US types and 2 variables (ΔROT and treatment duration) and success rate of physiotherapy was assessed.

Results

None of the cases was classified as type 4. Type 3 showed greatest ΔROT and longest mean treatment duration. Both variables showed a significant linear trend of association with US types by P for trend (P = .003, P < .001, respectively). Treatment was “successful” in 49 patients (98%).

Conclusion

In young infants with CMT, US can document severity; and an early and adequate physiotherapy is a good treatment option, particularly even in those with severe fibrosis.     

Results of bipolar release in the treatment of congenital muscular torticolis in patients older than 10 years of age

Purpose  

Neglected congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a common presentation in developing countries like India, with the primary concern of the patients being cosmesis. Little has been published regarding the management of such patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results of bipolar release in this age group.