人工耳蜗植入的术前评估与术中处理

目的 总结人工耳蜗植入术前评估和术中处理经验,以提高手术安全性和术后效果。方法 对158例行人工耳蜗植入患者的术前听力学与影像学信息进行评估,与术中术后结果进行比较。结果 158例人工耳蜗植入者,中耳内耳形态正常者116例,中耳内耳有异常改变42例。6例术中出现井喷,除1例井喷术前未预料外,余157例均与术前评估吻合。术后全部患者重新建立了新的听觉,平均纯音听力(声压级)37.6 dB。结论 人工耳蜗植入手术的安全性主要依靠术前影像学评估,使用高分辨率CT指导手术可以降低手术失败率,减少并发症。     

人工耳蜗植入"井喷"的判断与术中处理的体会

目的：探讨人工耳蜗植入发生“井喷”的术前判断与术中处理的方法。方法：327例人工耳蜗植入患者术前均行颞骨高分辨CT（HRCT）筛查，并行术前准备及术中处理。结果：11例术前颞骨HRCT显示内耳畸形并发内听道底骨性缺损与耳蜗、前庭相通，术中均有脑脊液喷出，经过术中对植入口的严密封闭，术后未见脑脊液耳鼻漏等并发症的发生。结论：人工耳蜗植入发生“井喷”的原因为内耳与蛛网膜腔有异常开放的通道。术前行颞骨HRCT检查不仅能对内耳畸形的患者作出准确的判断，还能为术中进行正确的处理提供准确的科学依据，从而避免并发症的发生。     

人工耳蜗植入术后植入电极的影像学检查

目的　探讨建立螺旋CT扫描及三维重建技术观察人工耳蜗植入电极方法 ,并比较X线摄片方法与螺旋CT扫描三维重建方法的耳蜗内电极的影像学特征及其临床应用价值。方法　 18例人工耳蜗植入患者全部作术后X线摄片检查。其中 9例用经眼眶前后位摄片 ,9例采用侧斜位 6 0°摄片。 3例患者施行术后螺旋CT扫描及内耳三维重建方法。结果　 2种投射头位的X线摄片均可显示电极形态及单个电极对 ,可间接判断电极在耳蜗内的植入深度。螺旋CT扫描三维重建图可直观地显示耳蜗形态、电极形态及其在耳蜗内植入的深度 ,可清晰识别单个电极对。结论　螺旋CT扫描三维重建方法可直观观察植入电极的形态及位置 ,可准确判断电极在耳蜗内植入的深度 ,有其独特的临床应用价值     

人工耳蜗植入术中蜗内电极X线拍片的临床意义

目的:探讨耳蜗X线拍片在人工耳蜗植入术中的临床意义。方法:对54例人工耳蜗植入患者术中常规使用可移动C-臂数字X线拍片机拍片,观察耳蜗电极的形态和植入深度,常规行NRT检查。结果:52例蜗内电极均呈自然螺旋状,无扭曲或打折,拍片显示刺激电极全部植入耳蜗内。2例插入蜗内的电极串呈"C"形,提示电极未能全部插入,其中1例与术中所见一致,为电极植入不全;1例为术中未能发现的蜗内电极扭曲打折。结论:人工耳蜗植入术中常规在电极植入后进行耳蜗X线拍片,对了解电极植入部位和植入深度非常有益,特别是对于电极植入有难度的患者,更应及时拍片,可避免术后再次手术。     

CT三维重建对人工耳蜗植入术后电极位置的观察

目的：探讨建立CT扫描及三维重建技术观察人工耳蜗植入（CI）电极的方法,并比较不同CT扫描三维重建方法的耳蜗内植入电极的影像学特征及其临床应用价值。方法：6例CI患者全部作术后CT扫描并分别应用多层面重建的容积再现（VR）、平均密度投影（AIP）、表面遮盖显示技术（SSD）3种方法进行三维重建,观察人工耳蜗植入术后耳蜗内电极。结果：3种方法的三维重建图均可直观地显示电极形态、走行及其在耳蜗内植入的深度和植入电极与内耳的空间关系,并可清晰识别耳蜗内的电极数目。结论：CT扫描三维重建方法可直接观察植入电极的形态及位置,可准确判断电极在耳蜗内电极数目,有其独特的临床应用价值。     

小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植人手术的优势

目的通过本组6家小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的临床工作,讨论小儿专科医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的优势。方法从1998年5月-2009年3月11年间,本组6家小儿专科医院耳鼻咽喉科共开展了103例人工耳蜗植入手术。术前信息：全部为双耳重度和极重度感音神经性聋,年龄8．5个月-10．2岁,平均年龄为3．8岁,全部为语前聋患儿。术前进行听力学评估、发育和智力评估、影像学评估、人工耳蜗植入适应证的评估。术前进行全麻风险的评估。进行与综合性医院开展人工耳蜗植入手术的优势比较,包括：①术前评估水平,②术中麻醉风险,③人工耳蜗植入手术结果,④围手术期护理和并发症处理水平。结果①术前评估：术前视觉强化行为测听检查：103例查出有残留听力49例,平均听力98dB,余54例无残留听力。畸变产物耳声发射检查：103例均未引出耳声发射。听觉脑干诱发电位、40Hz、多频稳态诱发电位检查：引出波形41例,未引出波形62例。术前影像学检查：颞骨CT检查103例中正常颞骨形态84例,内耳畸形19例,其中双耳大前庭导水管畸形ll例、Mondini畸形7例、前庭与外半规管共同腔畸形1例。脑常规MRI检查,正常98例、脑白质轻度异常5例。行为和智力测试：格雷费斯智力测试〉86分99例、〈86分4例。术前检查结果与综合性医院检查结果比较,无显著差异。②术中麻醉风险：全麻插管、拔管中出现心电、氧、二氧化碳监测问题、气管支气管痉挛并发症0例,综合性医院发生率为0．37％,有明显的安全优势。③人工耳蜗植入手术结果：103例手术均成功,与综合性医院比较,无明显差异。④围手术期护理与并发症的处理：103例术前常规静脉采血、术中,术后常规建立静脉通道未出现失败,综合性医院出现静脉采血、建立静脉通道失败率约5%右,?     

人工耳蜗植入的手术技术

人工耳蜗的作用是刺激听神经，在大脑形成听觉信号。使用这种技术的前提是听觉神经的通路是完整的，已经失去功能的耳蜗用于安放刺激电极（图1，2）。     

CT与磁共振成像在儿童人工耳蜗植入术前研究

目的　评价CT与磁共振成像 (magneticresonanceimaging ,MRI)在儿童人工耳蜗植入术前的诊断作用 ,以及对手术选择的影响。方法　 71例 ( 142耳 )双耳重度耳聋、拟行人工耳蜗植入的患儿进行术前CT与MRI检查。结果　CT与MRI均发现 ,12例 ( 2 2耳 )患者有前庭水管扩大 ( 15 5 % ) ;14例 ( 2 5耳 )患儿有Mondini畸形 ( 17 6% ) ;3例 ( 5耳 )患儿有内耳道扩大 ( 3 5 % ) ;2例 ( 4耳 )患者有可疑内耳道底骨质缺损 ( 2 8% )。MRI发现有 5例 ( 5耳 )患者单侧耳蜗纤维化 ( 3 5 % ) ,而CT未见异常。1例 ( 2耳 )患儿的CT显示面神经裸露 ( 1 4% ) ,MRI正常。结论　人工耳蜗植入术前应该进行CT与MRI检查。对于发现前庭水管综合征、Mondini畸形、内耳道扩张及内耳道底骨质缺损有重要意义。这二种影像学检查结果可以相互补充诊断耳蜗纤维化与面神经裸露。对手术适应证的选择以及保证手术正常进行有重要意义     

脑白质异常小儿人工耳蜗植入手术适应证的讨论

目的讨论小儿人工耳蜗植入术前常规MRI检查中发现脑白质异常的手术适应证，为小儿人工耳蜗植入手术适应证选择的准确性提供依据。方法对2004年10月-2006年12月期间，351例年龄在0．9-3．0岁的重度或极重度感音性聋小儿，人工耳蜗植入术前进行常规影像学MRI检查，通过检查结果发现MRI形态有异常改变，对有脑白质异常的病例提出总结讨论，选择手术适应证，进行术后随访。结果351例患儿中选择了347例进行了人工耳蜗植入手术。351例患儿常规MRI检查提示：脑白质形态异常20例，占5．7％，其中轻、中度异常16例，进行了人工耳蜗植入手术，术后随访2年以上未见恶化趋势。严重异常4例，取消了人工耳蜗植入手术，进行长期随访。结论幼小儿人工耳蜗植入术前常规MRI检查不可忽视，通过术前的常规MRI检查可以了解患儿的脑形态和发育状况，从中发现听力障碍患儿伴有脑部罹患。轻度脑白质异常进行人工耳蜗植入手术未发现预后恶化，严重脑白质异常由于临床经验不足，采取MRI长期随访，如有明显影像学和症状的改善方可慎重考虑人工耳蜗植入手术。     

小动物人工耳蜗植入的微焦X线影像研究

目的在人工耳蜗植入的动物实验中，了解电极在小动物耳蜗内的位置以及电极物理构造的完整性。方法设计了一种适合对实验室小动物摄像的微焦X线影像系统，其关键技术包括一个小于10μm的微焦X线源的应用以及射线源-投照物间距离和投照物一影像间距离的恰当选择。应用该设备分别对已行人工耳蜗电极植入的猫、豚鼠和大鼠各5只进行了头颅微焦X线摄片观察。结果利用这种微焦摄像法，耳蜗影像的边缘部分对比度有明显提高；可以更好地确定电极组在耳蜗内的位置和深度；它能够发现25μm粗细的铂铱导线的结构完整与否。结论该方法是实验室小动物人工耳蜗植入研究的一种重要工具，对电诱发听性脑干反应不能引出的情况下的故障检查，也是一个有用的方法。     

Cochlear implant in patients with residual hearing

Objective: The postoperative speech perception abilities of severely hearing-impaired patients with multi-channel cochlear implant were compared with preoperative speech perception performance with conventional hearing aids. Methods: Cochlear implantation was performed in six severely to profoundly hearing-impaired patients. They had unaided pure-tone thresholds of 70–100-dB HL and aided thresholds of 35–90-dB HL in the better ear, but were not able to perceive speech sounds well with hearing aids. Results: Postoperatively, all the patients had significantly improved speech perception performance, exceeded the average skills of profoundly deaf cochlear implant users, and were able to communicate without writing. Conclusion: These results imply that cochlear implant may be indicated for severely to profoundly deaf subjects, if they receive little or no benefit from conventional hearing aids.     

Cochlear implant outcomes in children with motor developmental delay

Introduction

Multiple handicapped children and children with syndromes and conditions resulting additional disabilities such as cerebral palsy, global developmental delay and autistic spectrum disorder, are now not routinely precluded from receiving a cochlear implant. The primary focus of this study was to determine the effect of cochlear implants on the speech perception and intelligibility of deaf children with and without motor development delay.

Method

In a cohort study, we compared cochlear implant outcomes in two groups of deaf children with or without motor developmental delay (MDD). Among 262 children with pre-lingual profound hearing loss, 28 (10%) had a motor delay based on Gross Motor Function Classification (GMFC). Children with severe motor delays (classification scale levels 4 and 5) and cognitive delays were excluded. All children completed the Categories of Auditory Perception Scales (CAP) and Speech Intelligibility Rating (SIR) prior to surgery and 24 months after the device was activated.

Result

The mean age for the study population was 4.09 ± 1.86 years. In all 262 patients the mean CAP score after surgery (5.38 ± 0.043) had a marked difference in comparison with the mean score before surgery (0.482 ± 0.018) (P = 0.001). The mean CAP score after surgery for MDD children was 5.03, and was 5.77 for normal motor development children (NMD). The mean SIR score after surgery for MDD children was 2.53, and was 2.66 for NMD children. The final results of CAP and SIR did not have significant difference between NMD children versus MDD children (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Regarding to the result, we concluded that children with hearing loss and concomitant MDD as an additional disabilities can benefit from cochlear implantation similar to those of NMD.     

乙状窦还纳及窦壁重建术治疗搏动性耳鸣的疗效分析

目的 观察乙状窦还纳术及窦壁重建术治疗乙状窦憩室及骨壁缺损引起的血管搏动性耳鸣的手术疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月—2021年9月威海市立第二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科收治的7例血管搏动性耳鸣患者的临床资料,观察术后当天、1个月、6个月、1年耳鸣变化情况。结果 7例患者均为女性,右侧发病6例,左侧发病1例。根据临床表现及颞骨薄层CT及颅脑MRA、MRV检查确诊为乙状窦源性血管搏动性耳鸣,耳鸣致残量化表（THI）评分分级,均为3级以上,7例患者均在全麻下手术,其中6例乙状窦憩室伴发乙状窦骨质缺损患者接受乙状窦憩室回纳及窦壁重建术治疗,1例合并横窦憩室患者接受乙状窦、横窦憩室回纳+窦壁重建术治疗。术后1年随访,痊愈5例、显效1例、有效1例。结论 对乙状窦憩室或骨壁缺损引起的搏动性耳鸣进行乙状窦还纳术及窦壁重建术疗效确切,值得临床借鉴。     

Cochlear implant revision surgeries in children

IntroductionThe surgery during which the cochlear implant internal device is implanted is not entirely free of risks and may produce problems that will require revision surgeries.ObjectiveTo verify the indications for cochlear implantation revision surgery for the cochlear implant internal device, its effectiveness and its correlation with certain variables related to language and hearing.MethodsA retrospective study of patients under 18 years submitted to cochlear implant surgery from 2004 to 2015 in a public hospital in Brazil. Data collected were: age at the time of implantation, gender, etiology of the hearing loss, audiological and oral language characteristics of each patient before and after cochlear implant surgery and any need for surgical revision and the reason for it.ResultsTwo hundred and sixty-five surgeries were performed in 236 patients. Eight patients received a bilateral cochlear implant and 10 patients required revision surgery. Thirty-two surgeries were necessary for these 10 children (1 bilateral cochlear implant), of which 21 were revision surgeries. In 2 children, cochlear implant removal was necessary, without reimplantation, one with cochlear malformation due to incomplete partition type I and another due to trauma. With respect to the cause for revision surgery, of the 8 children who were successfully reimplanted, four had cochlear calcification following meningitis, one followed trauma, one exhibited a facial nerve malformation, one experienced a failure of the cochlear implant internal device and one revision surgery was necessary because the electrode was twisted.ConclusionThe incidence of the cochlear implant revision surgery was 4.23%. The period following the revision surgeries revealed an improvement in the subject's hearing and language performance, indicating that these surgeries are valid in most cases.     

Pediatric Cochlear implant soft failure

Purpose

Hard cochlear implant failures are diagnosed by objective tests whereas soft failures are suspected on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms. This study reviews our experience with children in tertiary pediatric medical center who underwent revision cochlear implantation, with emphasis on soft failures.

A different technique used for the closure of sigmoid sinus during infratemporal approach

Objective: Glomus jugulare tumors and neuromas frequently affect the jugular foramen area and necessitate special surgical approaches. It is often essential to stop blood flow by occluding internal jugular vein from below and the sigmoid sinus from above. Obviously, injury to the venous structures without proximal and distal control results serious haemorrhage. We describe here, a different technique for the closure of sigmoid sinus during infratemporal approach and compare it with the other techniques. Methods: During the infratemporal approach, for closing the sigmoid sinus, we removed the bone over the sinus and from the posterior fossa dura located anteriorly and posteriorly to the sigmoid sinus. Then a 2/0 atraumatic silk suture was passed horizontally through dura which is behind and in front of the sinus. A muscle graft was then placed between the suture and sigmoid sinus. Results: We used that technique in 7 patients who had a glomus jugulare tumor. In that technique, the blood flow was completely stopped without penetrating the sinus. Conclusion: Sigmoid sinus can be closed without incision of the sinus or the dura. This decreases the chances of injury to the sinus and dura resulting in less bleeding and less chances of CSF leak.     

Cochlear implant electrode array misplaced in Hyrtl's fissure

Hyrtl's fissure is a cleft that is present in the developing fetal petrous temporal bone and extends from the area inferior to the round window to the meninges of the posterior fossa. Persistent Hyrtl's fissure, due to incomplete ossification, is considered a rare temporal bone malformation, and is a known cause of perilabyrinthine cerebrospinal fluid fistula.Very few cases are reported as being at risk of complication of cochlear implant surgery. Here we report the case of an 8-year-old boy with misplacement of an electrode array in Hyrtl's fissure. The diagnosis was made postoperatively, since cochlear implant failure was suspected from non-auditory responses. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the extracochlear location of the electrode array. We emphasize the role of presurgical imaging CT and magnetic resonance imaging in detecting temporal bone abnormalities, and we discuss the value of intraoperative auditory nerve response telemetry and postoperative radiological evaluation in diagnosing cochlear implant misplacement.     

Cochlear implantation in patients with substantial residual hearing

OBJECTIVES: Cochlear implantation is an effective means for providing auditory rehabilitation in adult patients with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. It has been hypothesized that patients with substantial, preoperative residual hearing would be excellent cochlear implant candidates because of surviving neural populations and a lack of auditory deprivation. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes of patients with substantial residual hearing who have undergone cochlear implantation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of patients with substantial preoperative residual hearing who underwent cochlear implantation. METHODS: Chart reviews were completed for patients with substantial residual hearing who underwent cochlear implantation (City University of New York Sentence Test [CUNY] > 60%, Hearing in Noise Test sentences presented in quiet [HINTQ] > 50%, or Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant [CNC] > 20% in the ear to be implanted). Preoperative and postoperative measures of audiologic performance as well as complications were assessed. RESULTS: All 12 patients who met inclusion criteria ultimately surpassed their preoperative aided performance level after implantation and gained significant benefit from their cochlear implant. At 6 months postimplantation, mean CUNY, HINTQ, and CNC scores were 93%, 78%, and 48% in the implant ear alone, respectively. However, progress was slower than expected for many patients, and at least one patient took 1 year to surpass his preoperative performance level. There were no complications from surgery in this selected group of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with some degree of residual hearing do benefit from cochlear implantation. However, there may be an initial decline in performance as compared with preoperative levels. This decline is overcome in time in this patient population. These patients need to be counseled accordingly.     

Cochlear implantation in children with otitis media

OBJECTIVE: To describe the outcome of cochlear implantation in a cohort of pediatric patients with a history of otitis media. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review and follow-up phone survey. METHODS: The medical records of patients younger than 48 months of age who underwent cochlear implantation were reviewed for demographics, complications, and history of otitis media and bilateral myringotomy and ventilation tubes. A follow-up phone survey was performed to determine the long-term natural history of otitis media. RESULTS: The records of 126 profoundly deaf pediatric patients were reviewed. Seventy-two percent had a history of at least one episode of otitis media, 31% had a history of greater than three episodes, and 2% had a history of chronic serous otitis media. Twenty-three percent underwent bilateral myringotomy and tubes in the distant past, 6 to 8 weeks before implantation, at the time of implantation, or after implantation. A phone survey was successfully completed for 76 patients with a mean follow-up period of 46 months. There was a significant decrease in the incidence of otitis media after the cochlear implantation in the majority of patients with a history of otitis media with and without a history of bilateral myringotomy and tubes. CONCLUSIONS: Placement of ventilation tubes either before or at the time of cochlear implantation seems to adequately prevent infectious disease-related complications in otitis-prone children. Therefore, implantation should not be delayed, and subsequent episodes of otitis media can be managed by conventional therapy.