内源性大麻素与慢性心力衰竭患者心功能的相关性研究

目的：探讨内源性大麻素水平与慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能的相关性。方法纳入CHF患者（CHF组）260例,有共同心血管疾病但从未发生心力衰竭的患者（p-CHF组）130例及健康对照者（健康对照组）130名。心功能评价依据NYHA心功能分级以及M型超声测量患者LVEF、心排出量、左心室舒张期末径（LVEDD）及左心室收缩期末径（LVSDD）;使用高效液相色谱仪检测血浆花生四烯酸乙醇胺（AEA）及2-花生四烯酸甘油（2-AG）水平。结果 CHF组AEA、2-AG、脑利钠肽水平明显高于健康对照组及p-CHF组（P＜0.01）。单因素方差分析显示血浆AEA、2-AG水平在NHYA I级患者中最低,在NYHA IV级患者中最高,两两比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。秩相关分析显示,血浆AEA及2-AG水平均与NYHA心功能分级呈高度正相关（AEA：rs ＝0.84;P＜0.01;2-AG：rs ＝0.95;P＜0.01）。血浆AEA及2-AG水平均与血浆脑利钠肽浓度呈正相关（rAEA ＝0.83,P＜0.01;r2-AG＝0.97;P＜0.01）。血浆AEA水平与LVEF、心排出量、LVEDD及LVSDD均呈相关关系,其中与LVEF的相关性最好,相关系数为-0.63（P＜0.01）;血浆2-AG亦与上述各指标呈现良好相关性,其中与LVEF相关性最好,相关系数为-0.73（P＜0.01）。结论心力衰竭患者血浆AEA及2-AG水平均有所升高,其中以2-AG浓度升高明显;心力衰竭患者血浆AEA及2-AG浓度与患者心功能呈正相关;内源性大麻素系统（ECS）有望成为心力衰竭药物干预新靶点,可能具有广阔的应用前景。     

Natriuretic peptides and the prevalence of congestive heart failure in patients with pacemakers

AIM: The aim of the study was to investigate the diagnostic potential of natriuretic cardiac peptide measurement in the context of left ventricular dysfunction and comorbidities in a pacemaker population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-five consecutive patients with pacemakers were included in the study. All patients underwent echocardiography and were asked to complete the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ). Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (N-ANP) and atrial natriuretic peptide levels in plasma were measured. RESULTS: Twenty-six percent of patients had reduced systolic left ventricular function; only 16 patients had a history of congestive heart failure. BNP was abnormally elevated in 64%, N-BNP in 72% and N-ANP in 96% of patients. Both BNP (r = 0.30; P < 0.01) and N-ANP (r = 0.39; P < 0.0005) correlated with MLHFQ. The strongest correlation was found between N-ANP and the ejection fraction (r = 0.6; P < 0.0001). Patients were stratified in a high-risk group and a low risk-group according to their N-ANP (N-ANP > 5000 fmol L(-1); n = 63 and N-ANP < 5000 fmol L(-1), n = 32) and BNP levels (BNP > 400 pg mL(-1); n = 17 and BNP < 400 pg mL(-1), n = 78). N-ANP was correlated with hypertension (P < 0.003) and atrial fibrillation (P < 0.03), and BNP with mitral insufficiency (P < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiac natriuretic peptides are markedly elevated in the majority of patients with pacemakers. The prognostic significance of BNP and N-ANP in left ventricular dysfunction warrants close follow-up schedules.     

The long non-coding RNA NRON promotes the development of cardiac hypertrophy in the murine heart

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MicroRNAs as New Players in the Genomic Galaxy and Disease Puzzles

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large family of short, single‐stranded, highly conserved noncoding RNAs involved in gene regulation that can regulate gene expression through sequence‐specific base pairing with target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). miRNAs have been implicated in the development of a wide variety of cancers as well as heart disease and other diseases. This review describes the role of miRNAs in human disease, methodology for evaluating miRNA gene expression, and the potential role of miRNAs as therapeutic agents and targets for the treatment of disease.     

心脏超声在高血压左心室肥厚伴左心力衰竭患者中的诊断价值

目的探讨心脏超声在高血压左心室肥厚伴左心力衰竭患者中的诊断价值。方法选择2017年2月至2019年2月我院收治的50例高血压左心室肥厚伴左心力衰竭患者为研究组,另选取同期来院接受常规体检的健康自愿者50例为对照组。两组均接受心脏超声检查。比较两组的心脏功能指标、心脏变异率指标以及研究组不同心功能分级患者的心脏功能指标。结果研究组的左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、二尖瓣舒张期最大血流速度与二尖瓣环舒张早期最大运动速度的比值(E/Ea)均高于对照组,左室射血分数(LVEF)低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组的全部窦性心搏R-R间期的标准差(SDNN)、相邻R-R间期差值均方根(RMSSD)、相邻窦性R-R间期差值50 ms所占百分比(PNN50)均低于对照组(P<0.05)。随着心功能分级水平的升高,患者的LVEDD、LVESD、E/Ea均升高,而LVEF降低,不同心功能分级患者间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ级患者的LVEDD、LVESD、E/Ea均高于心功能Ⅰ级患者,LVEF均低于心功能Ⅰ级患者(P<0.05)。结论结合高血压左心室肥厚伴左心力衰竭患者的疾病特点,应用心脏超声检查方法有助于临床诊断病情,评估患者心功能状态,从而为临床治疗方案的制定提供有效参考依据,值得临床推广应用。     

运动训练对充血性心力衰竭患者心功能及住院时间的影响

目的探讨运动训练对充血性心力衰竭患者心功能恢复及住院时间的影响。方法74例充血性心力衰竭患者被随机分成运动训练组和对照组,以NYHA心功能分级及Benack评分对两组患者在试验前和试验终止时的心功能进行评定。结果运动训练组心功能改善程度优于对照组（P＜0．01）,且住院时间明显缩短。结论提示运动训练对心衰患者心功能恢复有积极意义。     

快速血浆脑钠肽测定在心力衰竭分期中的价值

目的探讨免疫荧光标记的方法快速床旁测定脑钠肽(BNP)对心力衰竭(以下简称心衰)分期的临床应用价值。方法选择196例心衰危险人群和心衰竭患者,进行心衰分期并利用荧光免疫法快速测定BNP,进行心功能分级(NYHA)、超声心动图检测,观察不同分期血浆BNP水平的改变、NYHA分级、左心室射血分数(LVEF)及治疗前后的变化。结果血浆BNP水平随着心功能损坏程度的加重而逐渐增高,在不同心衰分期之间差异均有统计学意义。同时在心力衰竭期(C期、D期),无论射血分数是否小于50%,血浆BNP水平均明显高于心衰危险期(A期、B期),差异有统计学意义。心力衰竭期患者经过抗心衰治疗后,血浆脑钠肽浓度下降,NYHA心功能分级显著降低,LVEF值上升,差异有统计学意义。结论快速床旁血浆脑钠肽测定在心衰诊断、分期、治疗效果及预后判断中具有较高的应用价值。     

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy for heart failure

Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) reduces symptoms and improves left ventricular function in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and prolonged QRS duration. Recent studies have demonstrated a reduction in mortality associated with CRT. When combined with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) reduction in mortality is likely to reduce further. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy is well tolerated and free from compliance issues and therefore should be considered for all suitable patients. Identifying patients who will derive maximum benefit requires further study and has health economic implications. We review here the CRT trial evidence as well as the implantation technique and complications. We also describe a case report where an intra-aortic balloon pump was used successfully as a bridge to CRT to treat a patient with end-stage heart failure.     

老年收缩期高血压左室肥厚与心力衰竭临床研究

目的 探讨老年收缩期高血压左室肥厚与心力衰竭的关系。方法 对30例老年收缩期高血压伴左室肥厚(HLVH)患者及30例老年单纯收缩期高血压患者分别进行超声心动图检查并分析其心功能情况。结果 研究组LVDD的LAD、IVST、LVPWT显著增加(P＜0．01)，两组LVID无显著性差异(P＞0．05)，但LVSHF的LVID比对照组显著扩大(P＜0．01)；LVSHF的LVEF、CI与对照组比较有显著性差异(P＜0．05)。研究组的E峰、E／A、DC与对照组比较显著减低．A峰、IRT显著增高。结论 老年收缩期高血压左室肥厚与心衰密切相关，积极改善左心室重塑有助于延缓心衰的发生。     

普伐他汀治疗高血压伴左室肥厚舒张功能不全的疗效

目的观察普伐他汀对高血压伴左室肥厚舒张功能不全的疗效。方法选择高血压伴左室肥厚舒张功能不全的患者86例,随机分成普伐他汀组和对照组,每组43例,普伐他汀组在标准降压的基础上加用普伐他汀20 mg,每天1次。观察治疗前后心脏结构和舒张功能的变化。结果治疗6个月后,在普伐他汀组中,室间隔舒张末期厚度（IVSD）、左室后壁舒张末期厚度（LVPWD）明显变薄,E峰与A峰的比值（E/A）明显升高（P〈0.05）。与对照组比较,IVSD、LVPWD明显变薄,E/A明显升高（P〈0.05）。结论普伐他汀能有效减轻左心室肥厚,明显改善舒张功能。     

Candesartan: from left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure,a global approach

Cardiovascular disease is a continuum, starting with risk factors resulting from physiological changes and extending to vascular pathology associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The overactivation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system has been related to the development and worsening of risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and heart failure. Treatment at each stage along the continuum may prevent, or at least delay, the next one, and so it is crucial to initiate therapy as early as possible in such patients so as to provide optimal care. Candesartan, a long-acting angiotensin receptor antagonist, has been shown to be an effective, and well-tolerated therapy, in both the early and late phases of cardiovascular disease (prehypertension, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure). This article reviews the data supporting the use of candesartan in cardiovascular medicine, with a focus on left ventricular hypertrophy and ultimately heart failure. Particular emphasis is given to the Candesartan in Heart Failure Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program, which has shown a positive impact of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure in terms of reducing the incidence of cardiovascular deaths and chronic heart failure hospitalizations.     

Increased circulating endothelins are not of cardiopulmonary origin in heart failure patients

Objective. Plasma concentrations of endothelin‐1 and big‐endothelin are increased in heart failure patients. However, the precise contribution of endothelin secretion from the cardiopulmonary system remains unresolved. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the cardiopulmonary system contributes to the circulating endothelin‐1 and big‐endothelin concentrations in heart failure patients. Material and methods. Blood samples were obtained at right heart catheterization from different cardiovascular regions including the coronary sinus in chronic heart failure patients (n?=?12) and from age‐matched control subjects (n?=?12). Results. The peripheral plasma concentrations of endothelin‐1 were almost 3‐fold higher in heart failure patients compared with the control subjects (1.25?pmol/l, 0.30–8.20?pmol/l (median, range) versus 0.46?pmol/l, 0.10–0.88?pmol/l, p<0.01). However, the endothelin‐1 concentration was ～25% lower in plasma samples from the coronary sinus than in plasma from the inferior caval vein (p<0.05) in the heart failure patients. There were no differences in big‐endothelin concentrations between any of the cardiovascular regions. Conclusions. In heart failure patients, increased plasma concentrations of endothelin‐1 and big‐endothelin mainly reflect an increased secretion from the peripheral endothelium.     

Myocardial remodelling and matrix metallotxoteinases in heart failure: turmoil within the interstitium

The progression of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is often accompanied by changes in LV geometry and myocardial architecture that can be defined as LV myocardial remodelling. An important event in LV myocardial remodelling is alterations in the extracellular matrix (ECM). A family of zinc-dependent proteases implicated in facilitating myocardial tissue remodelling by degrading components of the ECM are the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The temporal expression of MMPs and the local tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) appear to be differentially regulated in several cardiovascular disease states such as myocardial infarction, LV hypertrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. Both pharmacological and genetic modulation of myocardial MMP expression has been demonstrated to alter the course of LV myocardial remodelling and LV dysfunction. The induction of MMPs within the myocardium during the heart failure process probably results in liberation of bioactive molecules, proteolytic degradation of ECM structural proteins, and alterations in cell-cell contact and adhesion. Modifying MMP expression and activation may reduce this turmoil within the myocardial interstitium and, in turn, prove to be a useful therapeutic paradigm for heart failure treatment.     

Cardiac troponin I and ventricular arrhythmia in patients with chronic heart failure

Background Both detectable serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and ventricular dysrhythmias are common in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and are paralleled with the severity of the CHF. However, the relationship between serum cTnI and ventricular arrhythmia severity in patients with CHF remains unknown; the mechanism of the ventricular arrhythmia in the CHF patients also remains unclear. Materials and methods The study group included 218 patients with CHF who had cTnI assay drawn at the time of initial presentation. Patients with acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis were excluded from the analysis. The patients were divided into two groups: cTnI‐positive with serum cTnI > 0·5 ng mL^?1 (n = 98) and cTnI‐negative with serum cTnI ≤ 0·5 ng mL^?1 (n = 120). The severity of ventricular dysrhythmias was assessed by 24‐h Holter monitoring, using prospectively defined measures of ventricular arrhythmic burden. Results Prevalence of risk factors for ventricular dysrhythmias was equal in both groups. All measures of ventricular ectopy were much higher in patients of the cTnI‐positive groups. Mean hourly ventricular pairs (13·59 ± 10·3 vs. 11·1 ± 6·01, P = 0·027), mean hourly repetitive ventricular beats (26·01 ± 13·67 vs. 22·01 ± 13·56, P = 0·032), and the frequency of ventricular tachycardia episodes per 24 h (12·54 ± 16·68 vs. 7·68 ± 11·54, P = 0·012) were higher in patients with detectable cTnI levels. After inclusion of clinical variables and drug therapies in a multivariate analysis, the positive relationship between cTnI and the frequency of ventricular pairs (P = 0·03), repetitive ventricular beats (P = 0·037), and ventricular tachycardia (P = 0·03) remained independent. In multivariate logistic regression, the risk of developing ventricular tachycardia was higher in patients with detectable cTnI levels with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2·31 (95% CI, 1·22–2·65, P = 0·003). Conclusions In patients with CHF, serum cTnI is closely related to increased occurrence of ventricular dysrhythmias and could identify a subgroup of patients with ventricular tachycardia. The minimal myocardial injury detected by serum cTnI might be the abnormal substrate for ventricular dysrhythmias.     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清尿酸水平变化及临床意义

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭患者血清尿酸的变化及临床意义。方法选择300例慢性心力衰竭患者为研究组及180例心功能正常者为对照组。测定血清尿酸及血脂等指标，同时应用超声心动图测定左心室射血分数、左心室收缩末期内径、左心室舒张末期内径、每搏输出量、心排血量。结果血清尿酸水平与．心功能分级相关，合并高尿酸血症的慢性心力衰竭患者室性心律失常的发生率增加。结论血清尿酸水平与慢性心力衰竭的心功能分级相关，可能是慢性心力衰竭判定预后的预测因子。     

慢性心力衰竭患者系统化干预对心功能状况和再住院率的影响

目的 探讨系统化院外干预对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者心功能及再住院率的影响.方法 入选2008年7月至2010年7月中国医科大学北京顺义医院心内科住院CHF患者160例,按随机数字表法分为干预组79例,对照组81例.干预组患者根据心功能的变化和临床症状进行系统化干预,包括规范治疗方案,指导患者正确使用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和β-受体阻滞剂,并滴定其靶剂量等措施.对照组不做系统化干预,了解记录自用药情况和其他相关内容.6个月和12个月时分别对两组患者采用6分钟步行试验及超声心动图检查对患者的心功能状况进行评价,使用再住院率对患者临床症状改善进行评价.结果 6、12个月时干预组6分钟步行距离[（345.27±123.95）、（368.94±121.62） m]明显高于对照组[（282.53±94.63）、（260.07±86.13） m],差异有统计学意义（F组间=38.01,P＜0.01;F组内=19.62,P＜0.01;F交互=48.36,P＜0.01）.干预组的左心室射血分数[6个月（43.48±8.42）％,12个月（41.21±6.23）％]明显高于对照组[（37.70±7.13）％、（37.15±6.83）％]（P＜0.01）.6个月时干预组再住院率有下降趋势,12个月时干预组再住院次数（26次）明显低于对照组（36次）,差异有统计学意义（P =0.024）.结论 CHF患者采用系统化干预可以改善其心功能并降低再住院率.     

充血性心力衰竭患者血浆脂联素水平测定的临床价值探讨

目的探讨血浆脂联素(APN)水平对于判断充血性心力衰竭患者心功能状态的临床价值。方法采用酶联免疫吸附双抗体夹心法测定57例慢性充血性心力衰竭患者的血浆APN水平,并对其与NYHA心功能分级及左室重构指标、心功能参数如左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左室射血分数(LVEF)等进行比较和相关性分析。结果慢性心衰患者的血浆APN水平随着NYHA心功能分级升高而升高,并且血浆APN水平与左室重构指标及心功能参数之间存在相关性,即与患者的LVEDD、LVESD呈正相关,与LVEF呈负相关。结论血浆APN水平能较好地反映充血性心力衰竭患者的心功能状态,对于病情评估具有一定的临床价值。     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy and automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators in the treatment of heart failure: a review article

PURPOSE: To review the use of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) and automatic implantable cardiac defibrillators (AICDs) in heart failure (HF) patients. DATA SOURCES: Selected scientific literature. CONCLUSIONS: New developments in device therapy for HF patients are helping to decrease morbidity and mortality in this challenging patient population. CRT improves left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, quality of life, 6-min walk distances, and New York Heart Association scores in select patients. AICDs can prevent sudden cardiac death in those who have LV dysfunction and are at risk for ventricular arrhythmias. Cardiac devices are now becoming a standard of care for those with HF who meet certain criteria. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Despite advances in medical therapy for treating LV dysfunction, newly diagnosed patients face a 50% mortality rate in 5 years. The natural history of HF leads to continual deterioration of function unless adverse cardiac remodeling is reversed. Until recently, the only means for improving symptoms and cardiac function has been through the optimization of standard medicines that are indicated for LV dysfunction, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers. However, not all patients benefit from medical management alone. Cardiac devices may now be considered when significant symptoms persist after standard medicines are optimized. When practitioners use a multiple-modality approach, careful patient selection based on the inclusion criteria used in the trials outlined in this article will likely lead to improved management of those with LV dysfunction.     

中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值与慢性心力衰竭患者的相关性研究

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭(chronic heart failure,CHF)患者中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)改变的影响因素以及NLR与心脏收缩功能的关系。方法2016年9月至2018年5月在山西省汾阳医院心血管内科住院的CHF患者135例,采用前瞻性研究方法,依据NLR水平,将患者分为3组:低NLR组(NLR<2.3,46例)、中NLR组(NLR≥2.3~≤4.3,45例)、高NLR组(NLR>4.3,44例)。比较3组患者的基本临床资料、实验室检查资料及无创心脏血流动力指标。结果(1)通过对不同NLR组患者资料的比较,发现氨基末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic pepfide,NT-proBNP)(F=4.485,P=0.013)、总胆红素(F=6.085,P=0.003)、白蛋白(F=3.695,P=0.027)在不同NLR组间比较差异均有统计学意义;(2)NLR与NT-proBNP、总胆红素、白蛋白均有相关性(r值分别为0.267、0.256、-0.243,P值分别为0.002、0.003、0.005);(3)经多元线性回归分析发现,CHF患者NLR与左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)、NT-proBNP、总胆红素、白蛋白相关(标准回归系数分别为-0.239、0.223、0.247、-0.213,P均<0.05);(4)经过Pearson相关分析显示:CHF患者NLR与心输出量(r=-0.173,P=0.045)、心指数(r=-0.175,P=0.042)、LVEF(r=-0.278,P=0.001)、最大射血速率(maximum ejection velocity,AMPC)(r=-0.207,P=0.016)、收缩指数(r=-0.214,P=0.013)、收缩功能指数(hearther index,HI)(r=-0.179,P=0.038)、左心室每分作功(cardiac work,CW)(r=-0.235,P=0.006)、心功能指数(cardiac work index,CWI)(r=-0.244,P=0.004)呈负相关。结论NT-proBNP、总胆红素、白蛋白、LVEF是影响CHF患者NLR的因素,NLR对CHF的病情评估、治疗效果及预后预测等具有一定的价值。