2000-2004年天津市城乡居民膳食状况的调查分析

目的:研究2000～2004年天津市城市和农村居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法:利用天津市统计局2000～2004年天津市城乡居民各种食物的消费量和人口资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究这一时段食物与营养消费状况、各种营养素摄入状况、营养素的食物来源情况,找出城乡居民食物与营养中存在的问题。结果:城市居民动物性食物、水果、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,维生素A、B1、B2、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,脂肪占总热量偏高(34%～35%);农村居民谷类、蔬菜和植物油摄入较合理,动物性食物、奶类和豆类食物摄入偏低,蛋白质质量有待提高,维生素A、B2、C、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,其中维生素A、B2、钙摄入严重不足。结论:天津市城乡居民膳食中仍存在着膳食不平衡,一些微量营养素摄入不足,尤其是农村,城市居民脂肪摄入偏高。     

中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势

目的 描述中国城乡居民食物消费现状及变化趋势。方法 在全国31个省、直辖市、自治区的132个调查点中选取23470户进行膳食调查,共调查68962人。膳食调查采用连续3天24小时回顾询问法调查居民所有摄入食物,及用“称重法”调查家庭调味品消费量。结果 居民平均每标准人日粮谷类食物摄入量为402g(城市居民366g、农村居民416g),蔬菜为276g(城市居民252g、农村居民286g),水果为45g(城市居民69g、农村居民36g),畜禽肉类为79g(城市居民105g、农村居民69g),水产品类为30g(城市居民45g、农村居民24g),蛋类24g(城市居民33g、农村居民20g),奶类及其制品为27g(城市居民66g、农村居民11g),豆类及其制品为16g,食用油摄入量为42g(城市居民44g、农村居民41g),食盐为12g(城市居民11g、农村居民12g),酱油为9g(城市居民11g、农村居民8g)。结论 中国城乡居民膳食质量有所提高,其中动物性、奶类食物及油脂类的摄入量均有所增加。但膳食中奶类、豆类摄入量仍然很低。城市居民膳食中谷类食物、蔬菜、水果的消费量出现了下降趋势,但动物性食物和油脂摄入量明显上升,出现了失衡的现象。膳食结构趋向“高能量密度”,部分人群的膳食已经偏离了平衡膳食的要求。当前中国的营养改善工作应从营养状况的双重负担的特点出发,同时解决营养不良和营养失衡的问题。     

陕西省城乡居民膳食营养状况对比分析

目的了解陕西居民目前的膳食结构状况,为进一步改善膳食结构,提高居民生活水平提供资料。方法按经济发展状况的不同,分别在城市和农村抽取居民家庭,采取入户3日称重法进行调查。结果农村和城市的能量摄入分别为2444.4kcal（10.3MJ）和1904.3kcal（8.0MJ）;三大产热营养素产热比城市和农村蛋白质分别为11.9%和11.3%,脂肪分别为29.9%和26.2%,碳水化物分别为58.2%和62.5%;城乡居民能量的主要来源是谷类,城市与农村分别占58.7%和63.1%;动物性食物提供的能量分别占9.3%、5.1%,纯热能食物（动物油、植物油）提供的能量城乡分别占18.7%、18.0%;农村居民的薯类消费高达82.0g/标准人日,而城市居民仅消费31.5g/标准人日;城市居民的脂肪、食盐摄入量分别为43.8g和13.7g（包括酱油含盐量,不包括腌菜含盐量）,农村居民的脂肪、食盐摄入分别为52.7g和36.1g（包括酱油含盐量,不包括腌菜含盐量）。结论城乡居民膳食能量来源主要是谷类食物,且农村高于城市;动物性食物消费量城市高于农村;谷类食物的蛋白质仍为城乡居民的主要供给来源,且农村高于城市,而动物性食物蛋白质供给则城市居民户高于农村,脂肪类食物来源动物性食物城市高于农村,而植物性食物则农村高于城市。从平均营养素摄入量看,除视黄醇外,其余营养素均是农村居民高于城市。城乡居民脂肪和食盐的摄入量均远大于中国居民膳食指南推荐的每日摄入量,且农村高于城市。     

应用期望膳食模式评价中国居民膳食结构

利用期望膳食模式（DDP）对我国居民1995、1998年膳食结构进行分析,城市居民主要是调整消费比例,减少动物性食物和油脂过量消费,增加豆类及其制品消费的问题,而农村则应增加豆类及适量的动物性食物、油脂、增加蔬菜消费,推动大豆消费是改善我国城市和农村膳食结构的共同措施。     

2000～2004年天津市居民膳食营养状况调查

目的研究2000～2004年天津市城市居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法利用天津市统计局2000～2004年天津城市居民各种食物的消费量和人口资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究天津市2000～2004年食物消费状况、各种营养素摄入及营养素的食物来源情况。结果天津市城市居民动物性食物、水果、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,维生素A、B1、B2、钙摄入量占推荐摄入量（RNIs）或适宜摄入量（AIs）百分比偏低,脂肪占总热量偏高（34%～35%）。结论天津城市居民膳食不均衡,部分微量营养素摄入不足,脂肪摄入偏高。应进一步加强合理营养教育,完善居民饮食结构,以满足平衡饮食和合理营养的要求。     

上海市居民膳食结构变化趋势分析

[目的]了解1982~2002年上海市居民膳食结构的变化趋势。[方法]利用1982、1992和2002年全国营养调查上海地区资料,对上海市居民的膳食结构状况进行分析。[结果]20年来随着居民生活水平的提高,上海市居民的膳食结构也发生了很大的变化。能量和蛋白质的摄入能够满足需要;优质蛋白质的比例上升;蔬菜和水果的摄入量均有较大幅度提高;畜禽肉类和水产品的摄入量增加;奶类及其制品和豆类及其制品的摄入量也有增加。但同时畜禽肉类等动物性食物在食物中所占的比重越来越大,谷类食物在膳食中的比重逐渐减少,油脂和盐消费过多,蔬菜水果消费仍不足,奶类及其制品和豆类及其制品的摄入量尚需增加。钙、维生素A等营养素缺乏依然存在;脂肪供能比达到36%,超过中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量和世界卫生组织推荐的30%的上限。[结论]还需进一步加强营养干预,调整膳食结构,预防营养相关性疾病的发生。     

四川省城乡居民膳食结构分析

目的探索四川省城市和农村居民膳食结构特点,为居民营养改善提供基础资料。方法整群抽取四川省城市及农村居民共1 847名进行入户调查,使用一年食物频率回顾问卷调查居民一般情况及过去一年食物摄入情况,以秩和检验区别城乡居民各类食物摄入量的差别,以因子分析的主成分法分析其膳食结构特点。结果城市居民植物油、薯类、水产品、奶、豆类和蛋摄入量高于农村居民,而农村居民精制粮、粗粮、禽肉、咸菜、动物油和加工肉类摄入量高于城市居民;城市居民主要膳食模式为更多的精制粮、畜禽肉、咸菜类、动物油、果蔬、加工肉类和更少的低脂奶;农村居民主要膳食模式为畜肉、动物油和加工肉类。结论四川省城乡居民膳食模式存在差异,均为不健康生活模式。营养改善工作应按照城乡加以区分。     

2007年河北省部分地区城乡居民总膳食研究

目的了解河北省唐山市、廊坊市文安县、承德市双塔区城乡居民膳食质量和居民膳食营养状况,为相关部门制定政策提供科学依据。方法应用总膳食研究的方法对河北省部分城乡居民的膳食组成及15种营养素(碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、膳食纤维、胆固醇、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、尼克酸、维生素C、钙、铁、锌、硒、钠)进行回顾性评价分析。结果食物消费总量及蔬菜、豆类消费城乡大致相当,谷类、饮水、调味品摄入量农村高于城市,其他各种食物消费量均是城市高于农村,城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主;城乡动物性食品单调,以猪肉为代表的肉类消费分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的82.5%和47.1%;城乡居民的平均豆类、乳类、饮水摄入量显著低于中国居民膳食指南推荐摄入量(RNI),酒类、油脂、盐摄入量明显超过RNI,农村居民豆类、肉类、水产类摄入量严重不足;城乡居民平均热能的摄入量分别达RNI的94.8%、88.7%和90.7%,蛋白质分别达到RNI的109.3%、72%和84.5%;维生素C、铁、钠摄入量充足,但也存在城乡居民平均维生素A、核黄素、硫胺素、钙、锌、硒摄入不足及城市居民脂肪摄入过量,农村居民蛋白质摄入不足和质量较差的问题。结论河北省部分地区调查点城乡居民膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡,有计划地开展人群膳食营养指导十分必要。     

山东省农村居民膳食营养状况调查分析

为了解山东省农村居民膳食营养状况 ,1998～ 1999年间采用整群随机抽样方法 ,用 72小时 (3天 )回顾法记录住户 3天食物消耗量 ;得出山东省农村居民主食仍以谷类为主 ,与 1992年营养调查结果相比 ,面粉摄入量增加 ,杂粮和薯类摄入量减少 ,豆类摄入有改善 ,动物性食品摄入量增加 ,其中肉禽蛋奶及水产品的摄入增加显著 ;蛋白质和脂肪的供热比已在限度内 ,农村居民热能的 77.1%、蛋白质的 79.1%来自谷类食物 ,视黄醇、核黄素 (VB2 )、无机盐中的钙和锌摄入量低。说明农村居民热能、蛋白质、脂肪摄入量基本满足需要 ,但总体营养水平偏低 ,食物摄入不平衡使营养不良和营养过剩并存。     

期望膳食模式在江苏城乡居民膳食结构中的应用评价

目的 :应用期望膳食模式 (DDP)对江苏城乡居民膳食结构进行评价。方法 :按平衡膳食法计算热能摄入量 ,以 DDP评分方案评价膳食结构。结果 :90年代江苏城乡居民膳食结构变化特征为谷类DDP评分下降 ,动物性食物 DDP评分上升。结论 :城市居民膳食结构调整重点是遏制粮食消费下降 ,继续降低猪肉消费 ;城乡居民膳食结构调整应是大幅度提高豆类和奶类消费     

Consumption Pattern of Low Income Rural Households in Nigeria

Abstract

Information on consumption pattern and food preparation methods of Igbo people in rural Nigerian communities from 242 households in two different ecological zones showed these communities still adhered to traditional food habits that are related to socio-economic status, production, distribution, utilization and household size. Starchy staples were the main foods consumed by 100% of respondents, followed by cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables (60–80%) which were eaten when in season. Occasionally fish or meat was consumed by 40–50% of respondents. Intake of protein-rich foods was limited by purchasing power and availability; carbonated beverages, tea and coffee were rarely consumed as elicited from the questionnaire. Food items such as milk, sugar and rice are considered essential commodities due to scarcity and cost. Meals are usually consumed two times a day. Only on weekends and festival occasions do meals exceed this number. Rice is washed twice or more before boiling; other food commodities are overcooked or cooked in large quantities of water; vegetables are chopped before washing and cooking; these are practices that tend to destroy nutrients. Parboiled vegetables or undercooked meat are infrequent and unpopular. Malnutrition and starvation resulting from food insecurity (no link between production, distribution and utilization) for the expanding rural population may never be closed if food distribution, utilization and consumption patterns of food producers are neglected.     

Intakes of retinol and carotenoids and its determining factors in the Red River Delta population of northern Vietnam

OBJECTIVE: To describe the household intakes of retinol and carotenoids and social economic factors determining their intakes. SUBJECTS: Data on a total of 1001 households (771 in rural areas and 230 in urban areas) were used in the analyses. Interviewed person was household food preparer. RESULTS: Mean (s.d.) intake of carotenoids was 4178 (3154) microg/capita/day in rural and 4208 (3408) microg/capita/day in urban areas and intake of retinol was 101 (275) microg/capita/day in rural and 201 (470) microg/capita/day in urban areas. Multivariate analyses show that the subjects in households with four or more members consume about 700 microg carotenoids less compared to households with less than three members. Households with a higher expenditure (fourth quartile) consumed about 100 microg retinol/day more than those with a lower expenditure (first quartile). CONCLUSION: Carotenoids from plant food sources is the main source of vitamin A intake of the population and its main determinants are household expenditure and size of household. Food fortification and dietary diversification with special emphasis on promotion of consumption of animal foods should be key strategies for overcoming vitamin A deficiency in Vietnam.     

Income and consumption effects of milk commercialization in the lukkos area of morocco

Two‐hundred and forty households were interviewed through a survey assessing the impact on various aspects of household welfare of a large‐scale irrigation project in the Lukkos region of Morocco. Installation of milk centers to collect milk from producers for commercial purposes affected households’ economic and dietary patterns. It motivated households to procure genetically improved cattle and hence to increase their milk production. Caring for improved cattle had a positive effect on household income, but no additional effect of access to milk centers on income could be shown. This access negatively affected household consumption of dairy products and calcium intake, particularly during summer, when alternative sources of calcium were less available. A nutrition education program should address the importance of the consumption of dairy products to improve the quality of households’ diet. Expansion of rural markets will also benefit this quality through increase in the frequency of food purchase and the physical and economic access to food markets.     

Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth

OBJECTIVE: To identify if the nutritional status and improvements in Vietnam during the 1990s applied equally to the key vulnerable population groups (poor, rural, and ethnic minority) as it did to the nonpoor-largely in the urban areas. DESIGN: This study used cross-sectional analyses in the context of inequalities occurring in the diets of the poor and nonpoor that accompanied economic improvements during the Vietnam Doi Moi period. SETTING: During the Doi Moi period in Vietnam. SUBJECTS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 23,839 individuals (4800 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-1993 and 28,509 individuals (6,002 households) from the Vietnam Living Standard Survey in 1997-1998. Analysis for changes in food consumption was conducted on 17,763 individuals (4,305 households) that were included in both surveys. INTERVENTION: None. RESULTS: After initiation of Doi Moi in 1986, the average Vietnamese person reached the dietary adequacy of 2,100 kcal per day per capita in the early 1990s, but this did not improve during the next decade. The structure of diet shifted to less starchy staples while proteins and lipids (meat, fish, other protein-rich higher fat foods) increased significantly. Although the gap in nutrient intake between the poor and the nonpoor decreased, the proportion of calories from protein- and lipid-rich food for the poor is lower than for the nonpoor. The VLSS data showed that the increase of protein and lipid foods in total energy structure over the 5 y between the VLSS studies for poor households was 0.43% (CI=0.33, 0.53) and 0.47% (CI=0.41, 0.54) lower, respectively, than for nonpoor households (P<0.0001). Inequalities compared to the nonpoor were also found in both quantity and quality of food consumption. For example, poor households consumed (quantity) 127 kcal/day (CI=119, 135) less from meat, and 32 kcal/day (CI=27, 38) less from fats than nonpoor households (P<0.0001), and the proportion of calories consumed (quality) by poor households was 5.8% (CI=5.4, 6.1) less from meat and 0.96% (CI=1.2, 0.7) less from fats than by nonpoor households (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Although the key vulnerable groups-rural, poor, and minority populations-showed improvements in diet, there still remains an inequity between these groups and the nonpoor of the population. In particular, the vulnerable groups consumed less of their daily consumption from the desirable high-quality proteins of animal foods and fats, and more from cereals and other starches-lagging the better-off populations in desired composition.     

Nutritional Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Women Living with HIV in Eastern Uganda

HIV and AIDS have posed various medical, nutritional, social and economic problems, female-headed households being the most affected. Poor nutritional knowledge and dietary practices common among the most affected households significantly contribute to the rapid progression of HIV. However, very little data exist concerning these aspects of nutrition among women living with HIV and AIDS in resource-limited settings, such as Uganda. The aim of the study was to investigate the gaps in nutritional knowledge, attitudes, and practices and their relationship with sociodemographic characteristics in an urban population of women living with HIV and AIDS in Uganda. In total, 133 women living with HIV were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire. Most (89.5%) women reported being trained on the importance of nutrition for people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA) and believed that it is very important to consume a balanced diet (99.5%). On the contrary, only 21.8% consumed at least three meals per day and 39.8% at least six food-groups. They also reported higher dependency on starchy staples while foods of animal origin and fruits that play vital immunity and protective roles were inadequately consumed. Results of bivariate analysis indicated that consumption of a diversified diet was significantly associated with access to food-aid (p=0.006), possibly because access to food-aid reportedly enhances the ability of the household to access other food items. However, much is still needed to understand the drug-food interaction and dietary diversification and enhance proper dietary practices through sustainable projects that ensure increased access to food. Support groups of the PLWHA are a good vehicle for communication of nutrition information and implementation of nutrition-related projects.Key words: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Cross-sectional studies, Diet, Human immunodeficiency virus, Knowledge, attitudes, practices, Nutrition, Uganda     

Food Security in the District of iLembe,KwaZulu-Natal: A Comparison of Coping Strategies between Urban and Rural Households

Food insecurity varies between urban and rural populations, as do their household characteristics and practices. The aim of the study was to compare the behaviours and practices households in rural and urban areas carry out during times of limited food in the district of iLembe, South Africa. Using a cross-sectional study design, household surveys were carried out to collect information on household characteristics, food, and coping strategies. In total, 376 households were randomly selected from low-income wards, 229 of which were rural, and 147 from urban areas. Water access was significantly better in the urban areas, as was diet diversity. The coping strategies carried out in rural households indicated better access or reliance on natural resources compared to their urban counterparts. Interventions or policies aimed at improving household food insecurity should take into account the location of the population, the natural resources available to them, and the needs of the community.     

GROWTH STATUS OF CHILDREN IN NORTH WEST SYRIA: A COMPARISON OF THREE RURAL LIVELIHOOD GROUPS

Studies linking agricultural development with food consumption and nutrition have concentrated on cash cropping and on the effects of changes in income. This paper uses models drawn from Farming Systems and the new household economics to examine economic and demographic factors affecting diet and food consumption for progressive farmers in Swaziland. Production factors are more closely linked to food consumption than to nutritional status of either women or children. In general, hybrid maize production is positively associated with consumption and cotton production is negatively associated. More mature households with fewer preschool children have higher consumption levels. Women's time use and opportunities for off‐farm employment may be important variables mediating nutritional status of women and children in rural Swazi households.