“W_2H_2S”思维教学模式在药理学教学中的应用及效果分析

药理学是研究药物与机体间相互作用及作用规律的一门学科,作为医学基础学科,已成为基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学之间的桥梁,在生命科学研究中发挥着越来越重要的作用.由于医学生在学习药理学时尚未接触临床,加上药理学内容覆盖面广,学生普遍反映药理学理论性较强、难点和重点较多,学习思路不清晰[1].     

药学专业本科临床药理学课程改革的思考与实践

临床药理学是近几十年来迅速发展起来的一门学科,是药理学科的分支,是研究药物在人体内作用规律和人体与药物问相互作用的一门学科.它以药理学与临床医学为基础,阐述药物代谢动力学、药物效应动力学、药物不良反应与药物相互作用规律等,是联系基础与临床、药学与临床的桥梁学科.其主要任务为通过临床药理学研究对新药的有效性与安全性做出科学评价,指导临床合理用药.     

机能实验教学中医学生主动性创新性素质的培养

提高学生动手能力，综合应用所学知识解决实际问题及创新能力的培养是高校教学研究永恒的课题。机能实验教学是在实验教学改革深人过程中建立起来的一门研究生物正常机能、疾病发生机制和药物作用规律的实验性学科，也是一门实践性非常强的学科。机能实验学继承并发展了生理学、药理学和病理生理学实验课程的核心内容，并且更加强调学科之间的交叉融合，更加重视新技术的应用，更加注重学生创新能力的培养。其为医学生提供了一个理论联系实际、大胆实践操作和积极思考的机会，为掌握基础医学实验的基本规律发挥创造性思维提供了一个思考和实践的空间。医学生通过学习机能实验，将对其今后的临床课程的学习、临床实践工作和医学科学研究有极其重要的童义，而这一切的发挥都离不开医学生主动性和创新性的培养。因此，在机能实验教学中如何对医学生进行主动性和刨新性素质的培养尤显重要，笔围绕这一问题进行如下探讨。     

内科学教学中的实践与体会

内科学是临床医学中整体性较强，涉及面较广的一门学科。近年来，由于生物学、化学、物理学、病理学、免疫学、药理学等基础理论和技术的迅速发展，使与这些基础学科密切相关的内科学在内容上不断更新和深入。内科学是临床各学科的重要基础，又与临床各学科有密切的联系。它是每一个合格的医学生必须学好的一门课程，高职教育内科学教学     

浅谈生理科学实验中的互动式教学

本校生理科学实验课程是于2000年组建，是由原来生理学、病理生理学及药理学3门实验课程有机结合而成．是以实验教学为主的一门独立学科，也是医学生必修课程之一。其教学目标是充分利用有限的教学资源以提高医学生的综合能力。即动手能力、解决问题能力、思维能力及创新能力等。该学科作为一门新创建的学科，采用何种教学方法才能更好提高其教学效果呢?这无疑是值得教师们探讨的问题。     

基于循证医学理念的药理学教学模式初探

药理学是一门重要的基础医学学科和桥梁学科,在教学活动中,改变传统教学模式,将循证医学理念引入到教学实践中,能有效地提高教学质量,培养学生的创新能力,提高医学生的综合素质,是药理学教学改革的一种新的尝试。     

谈药理学教学

药理学是研究药物与机体相互作用及其机制的一门科学，是在生理学、病理学、生物化学、药物合成、药物化学等知识的基础上来研究药物的作用，为临床合理用药提供足够理论依据的一门科学，是基础医学与临床医学、药学与医学的桥梁学科。药理学教学在医药学教育中具有极其重要的作用。其教学内容存在着药物多、药名多、药理作用多、临床应用多、不良反应多等问题，学生普遍认为这是比较难学的一门课。如何上好这门课程，让学生掌握好相关内容，是一个值得我们探索的问题。在药理学教学中，笔认为比较法是一种重要的教学方法，它可以激发学生的兴趣，帮助学生记忆，培养学生自学能力，启迪学生的创造性思维。在药理学教学中运用比较法教学，对于学生掌握相对“枯燥”的药理学知识非常有益。[第一段]     

模拟药房对药理学教学的影响

药理学是一门重要的医学专业基础课程,主要讲述药物的药理作用、临床用途、不良反应、相互作用等知识。药理学涉及的学科多,内容抽象且复杂、繁杂。为了让学生更好地学习这门课程,笔者尝试在药理学教学中引入模拟药房。     

引经据典，提高药理学教学效果

药理学是一门为临床合理用药，防治疾病提供理论依据的医学基础学科，对指导临床医生合理用药有着至关重要的意义。药理学又是介于基础医学与临床医学、医学与药学之间的桥梁学科，这就决定了医学生学好药理学的必要性和重要性。长期以来，学生普遍反映药理学内容庞杂，难学、难记、易混淆，要学好非常困难，从而影响学生学习的积极性。如何活跃课堂气氛，调动学生学习积极性，提高教学效果一直是药理学教育工作者不断努力的目标。     

关于医学生机能实验课教学中存在的问题探讨

机能实验是一门将生理学、病理生理学、药理学实验三者有机结合在一起的实验性学科.以活体为实验对象,并在此基础上研究机体的各种生理活动规律、病理生理改变以及药物和机体的相互作用规律.机能实验课是医学生必修的一门基础课程,它与临床结合紧密,实验性强.     

UniPron is A Fully Effective Non-hormonal Reversible Contraceptive in Baboon Model （Papio Anubis）

Objective To determine the safety and efficacy of UniPron as a reversible contraceptive.
Methods Vaginal swabs were obtained before and after UniPron administration, cultured onto appropriate culture media and bacteria identification was done based on type of media used, Gram stain reactions, colony morphology and biochemical tests. Vaginal biopsy tissues were processed using paraffin wax method, stained with hematoxylin and eosin and examined under light microscopy to determine the effect of the product on vaginal tissues. The effect of UniPron on sperm was examined by mixing the product with electroejaculated spermatozoa in vitro at different concentrations. For efficacy studies, male baboons of proven fertility were mated with UniPron treated or untreated females of proven fertility during the fertile stages.
Results All the five females （100%） that were treated with UniPron did not conceive and they regained total fertility when the treatment was stopped while all the controls conceived. At a concentration of 40%, UniPron completely immobilized spermatozoa in an in-vitro system. UniPron mechanism of action was by lowering the vaginal pH and on application in baboon, the pH was lowered for at least 3 h after which it went back to normal.
Conclusions As we plan for a study to test UniPron as a microbicide to prevent STIs including HIV, our current study has established that this novel product is effective in contraception and harmless to vaginal tissues and vaginal microbial flora in a baboon model （Papio anubis）.     

Evaluation of diuretic and laxative activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Desmostachya bipinnata （L,） Stapf in rats

OBJECTIVE： In continuation to the growing evidence for therapeutical potential of Desmostachya bipinnata （Linn） Stapf, the current pharmacological study was carried out to evaluate the diuretic and laxative activity of its hydro-alcoholic extract in rats. METHODS： The hydro-alcoholic extract of D. bipinnata whole plant was prepared by using Sox- hlet extractor and subjected to analysis by standard preliminary phytochemical tests. Evaluation of both diuretic and laxative activity was carried out using standard methods as reported earlier. Frusemide （20 mg/kg） was served as positive control for diuretic activity and sennosides （10 mg/kg） served as negative control for laxative activity. RESULTS： The hydro-alcoholic extract showed significant diuretic activity and was found to be the most potent in increasing the urinary output at 500 mg/kg when the effect was compared with that of the standard frusemide （P〈0.01）. Moreover, this extract was found to be most effective in increasing urinary electrolyte concentration （Na＋, K＋, and Cl-） at both doses tested. Whereas the results for laxative activity showed minimal increase of feces output at the dose of 500 mg/kg and the increase was negligible when compared with that of the standard drug sennosides. CONCLUSION： Altogether, the above significant findings validate and support its folkloric diuretic use and lend pharmacological credence to the ethno-medical use of this plant in traditional system of medicine, which demands further studies to investigate its active constituents, as well as its use and safety.     

Effect of the disruption of three cytoskeleton components on chondrocyte metabolism in rabbit knee cartilage

Background Chondrocytes＇ phenotype and biosynthesis of matrix are dependent on having an intact cytoskeletal structure.Microfilaments,microtubules,and intermediate filaments are three important components of the cytoskeletal structure of chondrocytes.The aims of this study were to determine and compare the effects of the disruption of these three cytoskeletal elements on the apoptosis and matrix synthesis by rabbit knee chondrocytes in vitro.Methods Chondrocytes were isolated from full-thickness knee cartilage of two-month-old rabbits using enzymatic methods （n=24）.The isolated cells were stabilized for three days and then exposed to low,medium,and high doses of chemical agents that disrupt the three principal cytoskeletal elements of interest：colchicine for microtubules,acrylamide for intermediate filaments,and cytochalasin D for actin microfilaments.A group of control cells were treated with carrier.Early apoptosis was assessed using the Annexin-FITC binding assay by flow cytometry on days 1 and 2 after exposure to the disrupting chemical agents.The components and distribution of the cytoskeleton within the cells were analyzed by laser scanning confocal microscopy （LSCM） with immunofluorescence staining on day 3.The mRNA levels of aggrecan （AGG） and type Ⅱ collagen （Col-2） and their levels in culture medium were analyzed using real-time PCR and enzymelinked immunosorbent serologic assay （ELISA） on days 3,6,and 9.Results In the initial drug-dose-response study,there was no significant difference in the vitality of cells treated with 0.1 μmol/L colchicine,2.5 mmol/L acrylamide,and 10 μg/L cytochalasin D for two days when compared with the control group of cells.The concentrations of colchicine and acrylamide treatment selected above significantly decreased the number of viable cells over the nine-day culture and disrupted significantly more cell nuclei.Real-time PCR and ELISA results showed that the mRNA levels and medium concentrations of AGG and Col-2 were significantly decreased for     

Liuwei Dihuang,a traditional Chinese herbal formula,suppresses chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in obese rats

OBJECTIVE： To investigate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and adipokine-ameliorating effects of Liuwei Dihuang （LWDH）, a traditional Chinese herbal formula, in obese rats. METHODS： After 2 weeks of acclimation with free access to regular rodent chow and water, obese-prone-caesarean-derived （OP-CD） rats were fed a modified AIN-93G diet containing 60% energy from fat. Treatment was performed twice daily by gavage feeding with 500, 1 500, or 3 500 mg/kg body weight LWDH suspended in water （n=12 rats per group）. Twelve obese-resistant-CD （OR-CD） rats were fed the atherogenic diet and gavaged with water, and served as the normal control. Blood biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress and adiponectin were measured post-sacrifice and used to determine the treatment effect of LWDH and assess the suitability of OR/OP-CD rats for studying these parameters. RESULTS： After 9 weeks of treatment, LWDH lowered serum C-reactive protein （CRP） and tumour necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） levels. Serum interleukin-6 （IL-6） levels showed a tendency towards reduction, but were not significantly different from the OP-CD control. Liver superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity was increased in response to all three doses of LWDH, while the levels of reduced （GSH） and oxidized glutathione （GSSG） and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances （TBARS） were unchanged. Serum adiponectin levels were increased in response to oral administration of LWDH at the dose of either 500 or 1 500 mg/kg body weight. In addition, comparisons between OR-CD and OP-CD rats revealed differential, and for some biomarkers, conflicting characteristics of high-fat diet-fed OP-CD rats in reference to obese human subjects in terms of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and circulating adiponectin levels. CONCLUSION： The results show, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress and adiponectin-ameliorating effects of LWDH in obese rats. The suitability of the OP-JOP-CD rat model as     

Iloprost inhibits fracture repair in rats

Background Previous studies have shown that prostaglandins （PGs） dramatically stimulate healing processes in bone.However,the effect of prostaglandin l2 （PGI2） on fracture healing remains unclear.To investigate the effect of PGI2,a study on fracture healing process in closed tibia fractures was designed.Methods Thirty-six Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomized into two groups.On the first day,their right tibias were fractured by three-point bending technique.The study group （n=18） received a single injection of 10 μg/kg iloprost for 5 days,while the control group （n=18） received saline solution in the same way.On the 7th,14th and 28th days following the fracture,six rats were sacrificed and their right legs were harvested in each group.The progression of fracture healing was assessed for each specimen by the scores of radiography （by Lane-Sandhu） and histology （by Huo et al）.Results On the 7th day,the radiographic and histologic scores were equal.On the 14th day radiographic total score was 6 and histologic total score was 23 in the iloprost group,whereas radiographic total score was 11 and histologic total score was 33 in the control group.On the 14th day radiographic and histologic scores were significantly decreased in the iloprost group compared to the control group （P 〈0.05）.On the 28th day radiographic total score was 12 and histologic total score was 37 in the iloprost group,whereas radiographic total score was 15 and histologic total score was 40 in the control group.On the 28th day although there was a decrease in radiographic and histologic scores of the iloprost group acording to control group,it was not statistically significant （P 〉0.05）.Conclusion Iloprost delays fracture healing in early stage in rats.     

Effect of Shenfu on the Expression of Bcl-2 and Bax of Intestinal Mucosal Epithelial Cells after Ischemic Reperfusion in Rats

Objective To study the effect of Shenfu on the expression of bax and bcl-2 in small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells after ischemic reperfusion injury and explore the effect of Shenfu on small intestinal mucosal epithelial cells apoptosis. Methods 36 SD rats were randomized into three groups, each consisting of 12 rats： Sham group （S group）, Ischemic reperfusion group （IR group）, Shenfu group （SF group）, Ischemic reperfusion models were made by ligated the superior menseneric artery for 1 hour followed by 2 hrs reperfusion. Histological mucosal damage in each group was graded according to Chiu＇s score. Immunohistochemistry detected the expression of bax and bcl-2, and obtained the optical density （OD） value using a color image pattern analysis system, and then calculated the ratio of bcl-2/bax. TUNEL method measured apoptotic intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, and calculated the apoptotic index. Results There were edema and epithelial impairment in part of villus and the integral was higher in SF group than S group （P〈0.05）, but lower than IR group （P〈0.01）. Compared IR group with S group and SF group, the average OD value of bcl-2 and bax had significant statistic difference （P〈0.01）, and the average OD value of bcl-2 in SF group was higher than in S group （P〈0.05）, meanwhile bcl-2/bax was significantly lower in IR group than in S group and SF group （P〈0.01）, but that was higher in SF group than in S group （P〈0.05）. Apoptotic index in IR group was significantly higher than that in other two groups （P〈0.01）, and that in SF group was higher than in S group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion Shenfu can enhance the expression of bcl-2, decrease the expression of bax, meanwhile increase the ratio of bcl-2/bax, inhibit small intestinal mucosal epithetlial cells apoptosis, and protect small intestine mucosal epithetlial after ischemic reperfusion.     

补肾活血方对PCOS大鼠模型卵巢中PAI-1mRNA表达的影响

目的探讨补肾活血方对大鼠PCOS模型卵巢局部纤溶酶原激活物抑制因子-1（PAI—1mRNA）表达的影响。方法选用未成年24d龄SD雌性大鼠60只,随机分为模型组、克罗米酚组、补肾活血方高剂量组、补肾活血方低剂量组、正常对照组5组。用Bogovich法建立大鼠多囊卵巢病理模型。以克罗米酚为对照。用原位杂交法观察补肾活血方对多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的影响。结果模型组卵巢局部PAI—1mRNA存在卵泡膜间质细胞显著增高,用补肾活血方高、低剂量与克罗米酚药后,卵巢局部PAI-1mRNA的表达明显降低．差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。补肾活血方高剂量组与克罗米酚组比较,差异具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）;低荆量组与克罗米酚组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,补肾活血方高、低剂量组比较,低剂量组卵泡膜间质细胞上PAI-1的基因表达增高更明显,但二者差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论PAI-1mRNA可能与多囊卵巢综合征的发病机制有关。以补肾活血立法的补肾活血方能降低多囊卵巢大鼠局部PAI—1mRNA的显著增高表达．降低PAI—1mRNA卵巢局部的作用。提示补肾活血方可能通过PAI—1mRNA途径促进卵巢排卵的机制。     

New Mechanism of Herb-herb Interaction between Ginseng and Trogopterus Based on CYPs in Rat Livers

The study was designed to investigate the potential mechanism of herb-herb interaction between ginseng and Trogopterus （Trg） based on Cytochrome P450 isozymes （CYPs） in rat livers. We estimated the influence on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, and CYP3A1/2 activity caused by ginseng and Trg used in combination. The CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 enzyme activity were induced by ginseng and Trg used in combination. And this induction effect was caused via inducing CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 protein expression which was supposed caused by inducing the gene expression of CYP1A2 and CYP2E1.     

益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病大鼠学习记忆的影响

目的观察益智健脑颗粒联合针灸对阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimers disease,AD）大鼠学习记忆的影响。方法将大鼠随机分为假手术组（A组）、模型组（B组）、针灸组（C组）、益智＋针灸组（D组）各10只,B、C、D 3组分别以海马CA1区注射β淀粉样蛋白25-35（Aβ25-35）造模,A组注射等量的双蒸水,各组分别治疗20 d后行Morris水迷宫试验,观察大鼠学习记忆能力变化。结果B组较A组的平均潜伏期明显延长,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;与B组比较,C组、D组的平均潜伏期明显缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）;与C组比较,D组的潜伏期缩短,过台次数增多,差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论益智健脑颗粒联合针灸能够提高Aβ25-35介导的AD模型大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

The Targeted Pro-apoptotic Effect of scFv-mediated Delivery of Caspase-6 on HER2-positive Osteosarcoma Cells

Objective To investigate the pro-apoptotic effect of scFv-mediated delivery of caspase-6 fusion protein on osteosarcoma E 10 cells. Methods The expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 （Her-2） in osteosarcoma cell line E10 was examined by flow cytometry analysis. ScFv-mediated delivery of caspase-6 was generated by sequential fusion of the genes of a signal peptide, a single-chain Her-2 antibody （e23sFv）, a PEA translocation domain （PEA aa253-264）, and an recombinant caspase-6. The pCMV-immunocaspase-6 was produced by cloning above mentioned fusion genes into pCMV plasmid, and then pCMV-immunocaspase-6 plasmid mixed cationic liposome was transfected into E10 cells. The expression of fusion gene on transfected E10 cells was detected by immunocytochemical staining, The pro-apoptotic effects of fusion gene expression on morphology and growth status of E10 cells were observed by trypan blue cell staining, electron microscopy and MTT assay. Results The fusion protein was detected in the cytoplasm of the transfected E10 cells. These cells presented typical characteristics of apoptosis as detected by electron microscopy. MTT assay revealed that the proliferation of transfected E10 cells was suppressed than that of non- or mock-transfected cells （P〈0.01）. Conclusion ScFv-mediated delivery of caspase-6 fusion protein can induce apoptosis of Her-2 positive osteosarcoma E10 cells, suggesting the potential of this strategy for the treatment of human high-grade osteosarcoma.