Successful decannulation of patients with traumatic spinal cord injury: A scoping review

Context: Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) often require tracheostomy as an immediate life-saving measure. Successful decannulation, or removal of the tracheostomy, improves patient quality of life, function, and physical appearance and is considered an important rehabilitative milestone for SCI patients.Objective: We sought to synthesize the existing published literature on SCI patients undergoing decannulation.Methods: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched through July 2, 2019 using appropriate keywords and MeSH terms pertaining to tracheostomy and SCI. Searches were human-subject only without language restrictions. Published literature discussing the outcomes of SCI patients who underwent decannulation were screened using inclusion/exclusion criteria determined a priori and reviewed.Results: Twenty-six publications were eligible for review and synthesis out of 1,493 unique articles. Over half of the studies were retrospective case series or reports. The research was nearly all published within the fields of physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, and pulmonary/critical care. Three themes emerged from review: (1) interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary tracheostomy team management to optimize decannulation processes, (2) non-invasive intermittent positive-pressure ventilatory support instead of tracheostomy-based ventilator support, and (3) wide variation in the reporting of post-decannulation clinical outcomes.Conclusion: Published research lacks a consistent taxonomy for reporting post-decannulation outcomes in SCI patients. Non-invasive ventilation research could benefit many SCI patients but has been studied in depth primarily by a single authorship group. Further investigation into the socioeconomic and fiscal impact on tracheostomies on SCI patients is warranted.     

急性创伤性颈髓损伤患者气管切开预测模型

目的:通过易获得的急性创伤性颈髓损伤患者床旁资料建立气管切开预测模型,探讨用其预测颈髓损伤患者气管切开的可行性。方法:回顾性分析我院收治的345例急性创伤性颈脊髓损伤患者临床数据。采集其中219例患者人口学资料,是否行气管切开,既往系统性疾病史(除肺病外)、既往肺病史、吸烟史、治疗过程中是否出现呼吸系统并发症,入院时ASIA运动评分、神经损伤节段、ASIA分级、合并伤情况,是否存在颈椎骨折脱位,术前颈椎MRI显示的颈髓信号改变长度及最高病变节段、椎管最大侵占率、脊髓最大受压率、是否出现髓内出血。分别应用多元逻辑回归分析和分类回归树分析建立气管切开的逻辑回归模型和决策树模型。利用交叉验证方法应用另外126例患者资料对两模型进行外部验证,应用敏感性、特异性、预测准确率及ROC曲线下面积评估两模型预测能力。结果:345例患者中,58例行气管切开。决策树模型显示:入院时ASIA运动评分≤1分的患者气管切开率为66.7%;ASIA运动评分≤22分且出现呼吸系统并发症患者气管切开率为69.0%;入院时ASIA运动评分≥23分、不完全颈髓损伤、术前MRI显示髓内信号改变最高节段位于C3或以下的患者气管切开率为0.8%。逻辑回归模型显示的独立预测因素包括ASIA运动评分≤22分,ASIA A级或B级损伤及治疗过程中出现呼吸系统并发症。决策树模型和逻辑回归模型在敏感性、特异性、预测准确率、ROC曲线下面积的比较分别为73.7%vs 81.8%、89.7%vs 86.4%、87.3%vs 85.7%及0.909 vs 0.889。结论:决策树模型可用于进行气管切开的预测,入院时ASIA运动评分≤22分、ASIA A级颈髓损伤、治疗过程中出现呼吸系统并发症及术前颈椎MRI显示髓内信号改变的最高节段位于C2或以上为患者气管切开的独立预测因素。     

急性创伤性颈髓损伤患者术前机械通气的危险因素分析

目的：分析急性创伤性颈髓损伤（TCSCI）患者术前机械通气的相关危险因素。方法：将2016年11月至2018年5月期间收治的59例TCSCI患者根据术前是否给予机械辅助通气分为机械通气组（37例）和非机械通气组（22例）。最常见伤因是高处坠落（30例,50.8%）,其次是交通事故（22例,37.3%）,最常见的神经损伤平面是C1-C4（36例,61%）。运用美国脊髓损伤协会（ASIA）损伤程度和ASIA运动得分（AMS）评估受影响的神经系统平面和脊髓损伤的程度,使用创伤严重程度评分（ISS）来评估损伤的严重程度。运用多变量Logistic回归分析TCSCI机械通气的危险因素。并运用ROC曲线评估AMS和ISS在预测机械通气的价值。结果：单变量分析结果显示机械通气组的男性、完全损伤、存在相关损伤的比例均显著高于非机械通气组（P<0.05）。机械通气组的AMS评分显著低于无机械通气组（16.4±10.7和39.1±9.5,P<0.001）,ISS评分显著高于无机械通气组（31.6±8.0和26.5±6.7,P=0.015）。多变量Logistic回归分析结果显示,AMS［OR=3.340,95% CI（1.321,6.242）,P<0.001］和ISS［OR=1.120,95% CI（0.306,3.786）,P<0.001］是预测需要机械通气的显著危险因素。ROC分析结果显示AMS的ROC曲线下面积显著高于ISS（0.899和0.685,P<0.05）。结论：患者入院时的AMS和ISS可以作为早期是否给予机械辅助通气的预测指标。     

急性颈脊髓损伤的早期手术疗效

目的:探讨大剂量激素冲击并早期前、后路手术减压固定治疗急性颈脊髓损伤的疗效。方法:11例急性颈脊髓损伤患者,男7例,女4例;年龄23～63岁,平均37岁;受伤时间30min～6h。脊髓神经功能Frankel分级:A级2例,B级6例,C级2例,D级1例。早期大剂量激素冲击的同时,6例行前路减压植骨钢板内固定,3例行后路单开门椎板减压侧块钢板固定,2例先后路减压复位再前路减压植骨钢板固定。结果:跟踪随访3～22个月,平均13个月。脊髓神经功能的恢复按Frankel分级评定,平均提高2.1级,其中A→B1例,A→C1例,B→C2例,B→D3例,B→E1例,C→E2例,椎间融合率100%,无内固定松动发生。结论:早期大剂量激素冲击积极手术内固定可获得彻底地减压、有效防止脊髓继发损伤,植骨融合率高,稳定性好。     

自噬蛋白p62在急性脊髓损伤大鼠脊髓组织中的表达

目的观察p62在早期急性脊髓损伤(SCI)模型大鼠脊髓组织中的表达变化,探讨p62在急性SCI的作用。方法将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组和造模后1、3、7、14 d组,每组6只。采用高空重物坠落击打方法造成大鼠SCI。采用Basso、Beattie、Bresnahan(BBB)评分法评估大鼠神经功能,取损伤的脊髓组织进行HE染色,观察病理学改变。通过实时荧光定量PCR、蛋白质印迹法和免疫组织化学方法检测急性SCI后大鼠脊髓组织中p62的表达变化。结果造模后1、3、7、14 d组BBB评分分别为(2.00±0.89)分、(4.67±1.03)分、(7.83±0.75)分、(14.50±1.05)分,均低于假手术组(21.00分),差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。造模后1、3、7、14 d组损伤的脊髓组织神经元和白质髓鞘发生肿胀,随时间的延长逐渐出现变性和坏死。造模后1、3、7、14 d组p62表达逐渐增加,并呈持续增长趋势。结论 p62在大鼠发生急性SCI后表达持续增加,提示p62在急性SCI后发挥一定作用。     

无骨折脱位型急性外伤性颈髓中央综合征的治疗

目的：分析无骨折脱位型急性外伤性颈髓中央综合征的临床治疗疗效,探讨其治疗方法。方法回顾性分析47例无骨折脱位型急性外伤性颈髓中央综合征患者的临床资料,男44例,女3例;年龄46～73岁,平均56．2岁,脊髓神经功能Frankel分级,B级30例,C级14例,D级3例。对于脊髓有明确的外在致压因素或损伤节段不稳的5例采用手术治疗,其中前路手术3例,后路手术2例,非手术治疗42例。对其致伤原因、致伤机制、影像学表现、神经功能损伤程度、治疗方法及临床疗效进行分析。结果：6例失访,非手术治疗死亡2例。39例术后随访3～84个月,乎均12个月。治疗后3个月内,非手术7例出现并发症,但两组患者后期均有不同程度的肢体神经痛.多数病例遗留手内在肌功能不同程度的损害。结论：根据病情及影像学资料灵活选择治疗方案,保守和手术均可取得良好的治疗结果：     

急性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗与预后

我院自1996-2002年收治无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤24例，全部手术治疗，术后恢复满意。     

急性脊髓损伤患者血清蛋白质组学研究

目的观察急性脊髓损伤(SCI)患者和健康人群血清差异表达蛋白,寻找急性SCI相关特异性代谢通路或蛋白标志物。方法 2013年7月—2014年12月,采集9例急性颈部SCI患者(病例组)和9例年龄、性别与病例组相匹配的健康受试者(对照组)的血液样本。记录病例组损伤时间、颈椎日本骨科学会(JOA)评分等基本信息。应用非标记相对定量蛋白质组学技术比较病例组与对照组血清蛋白质谱,采用Spearman相关分析寻找差异表达蛋白与患者年龄、损伤时间以及JOA评分的相关性。应用基因本体论(GO)分析、BiNGO富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(KEGG)对差异表达蛋白进行生物信息学分析。结果共发现22个差异表达蛋白。与对照组相比,病例组11个蛋白表达上调(包括果糖-二磷酸醛缩酶、碳酸酐酶等),且与损伤时间和颈椎JOA评分呈正相关;11个蛋白表达下调(包括免疫球蛋白等),且与损伤时间和颈椎JOA评分呈负相关。生物信息学分析发现这些差异表达蛋白主要富集在果糖和甘露糖代谢通路、血小板激活代谢通路、黏附连接代谢通路和氮代谢通路。结论急性SCI患者和健康人群血清蛋白质谱存在差异,果糖-二磷酸醛缩酶、碳酸酐酶等有望成为急性SCI潜在的分子标志物。     

颈椎骨折合并急性颈髓损伤的手术时机探讨

目的：探讨颈椎骨折合并急性颈髓损伤的手术时机。 方法：回顾性分析2000年1月~2011年1月我科治疗的颈髓损伤患者42例,其中急诊手术组（≤24h）18例,延期手术组（>24h）24例,对比分析手术前后神经功能变化、术后并发症和住院时间等临床资料,并进行统计学分析。 结果：急诊手术组感觉和运动功能改善明显,并发症发生率、重症监护时间和住院时间均低于延期手术组。 结论：颈椎骨折合并急性颈髓损伤的急诊手术减压是可行的,对神经功能的恢复有积极作用,并减少围手术期并发症。     

Survey of use of the insufflator-exsufflator in patients with spinal cord injury

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The insufflator-exsufflator has been shown to be effective in assisting cough in individuals with spinal cord injury. However, many institutions do not use this device. The study was performed to assess use of the device and attitudes among health care providers. METHODS: We developed a questionnaire with 4 categories of questions: knowledge of the device, type of facility, clinical practice with the device, and patient and provider satisfaction. The questionnaire was mailed to members of the American Paraplegia Society. RESULTS: Eighty-six questionnaires (16%) were returned. The device was being used in 49% of the institutions. The device was most commonly used with a tracheostomy; use did not correlate with size or type of facility. Patient and provider satisfaction with the insufflator-exsufflator was high. CONCLUSIONS: The insufflator-exsufflator is used as a means of removal of secretions in approximately one half of institutions polled. Satisfaction with the device is high.     

机械通气患者气管切开术的适应证、时机与方式

长期机械通气患者实施气管切开术的适应证、时机和方式尚存争议.近期的一些研究显示,早期气管切开增加了患者舒适度和依从性,可以减少镇静剂的使用,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎的发病率、缩短机械通气时间与ICU住院时间等.因此,早期气管切开可能使长期机械通气的患者受益,经皮扩张气管切开术是一种较好的气管切开方式,但要正确把握其适应证.     

Decreasing pressure injuries and acute care length of stay in patients with acute traumatic spinal cord injury

ObjectivesIdentifying factors associated with the occurrence of pressure injuries (PI) during acute care and with longer length of stay (LOS), focusing on modifiable factors that can be addressed and optimized by the acute rehabilitation team.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA single Level-1 trauma center specialized in SCI care.ParticipantsA cohort of 301 patients with acute TSCI was studied.Outcome measuresThe primary outcome was the occurrence of PI during acute care stay. The secondary outcome was acute care LOS. Bivariate and multivariate logistic or linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between non-modifiable factors and outcomes (PI of any stage and acute LOS), whereas bivariate and hierarchical multivariate logistic or linear regression analyses were used for modifiable factors.ResultsWhen controlling for the level and severity of the TSCI, the occurrence of pneumonia (OR = 2.1, CI = 1.1–4.1) was significantly associated with the occurrence of PI. When controlling for the level and severity of the TSCI, the occurrence of medical complications (PI, urinary tract infection and pneumonia) and lesser daily therapy resulted in significantly longer acute care LOS (P < .001).ConclusionsPrevention of PI occurrence and the optimization of the acute care LOS represent crucial challenges of the acute rehabilitation team, as they are significantly associated with higher functional outcomes. Patients who develop pneumonia may benefit from more aggressive prevention strategies to reduce PI occurrence. Systematic protocols for the prevention of complications as well as greater volume of therapy interventions should be considered to optimize the acute care LOS.     

Risk factors for laryngeal penetration-aspiration in patients with acute traumatic cervical spinal cord injury

Background Context

Laryngeal penetration-aspiration, the entry of material into the airways, is considered the most severe subtype of dysphagia and is common among patients with acute cervical spinal cord injury (SCI).

颈髓挥鞭样损伤的回顾性研究

目的通过对临床资料的回顾性分析,探讨颈髓挥鞭样损伤病例手术的必要性。方法根据治疗方式和损伤后MR I所示脊髓受压程度的不同,将2004年4月～2006年4月收治的36例过伸性颈椎损伤患者分成3组：非手术治疗组（8例）、受压不明显者手术组（10例）、受压明显者手术组（18例）;比较3组间治疗前后的ASIA评分及Frankel分级改变。结果所有患者获得12～24个月随访,神经功能行ASIA评分及Frankel分级,手术组均高于非手术治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论过伸性颈脊髓损伤尽早手术减压是最大限度恢复神经功能的关键。凡存在明显神经功能障碍、MR I提示有颈髓损伤,无论是否有明显脊髓受压者都应早期手术。手术可避免因颈椎管高压和颈椎不稳造成的继发性脊髓损伤,保证其远期疗效。     

无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤早期手术的临床疗效

目的探讨无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤早期手术（≤72h）的临床疗效。方法2006年1月～2007年12月共手术治疗无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤患者32例,其中早期手术治疗（≤72h）17例,晚期手术治疗（〉72h）15例,比较2组手术治疗前后及随访时JOA评分变化。结果2组术后的JOA评分较术前均有明显提高（P〈0.05）。但是早期手术治疗的临床疗效明显优于晚期手术治疗（P〈0.05）。结论对于无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的患者,早期手术治疗的临床疗效明显优于晚期手术治疗,应当积极争取早期手术治疗（≤72h）。     

无骨折脱位型急性中央颈脊髓损伤的手术疗效分析

目的分析评价无骨折脱位型中央颈脊髓损伤的手术治疗效果。方法自2000年5月至2005年4月,手术治疗了52例无颈椎骨折脱位型中央颈脊髓损伤患者,均经术前影像学检查证实。所有患者都接受损伤段颈椎前路或后路减压、融合和内固定手术。住院期间每日进行症状和体征的观测,脊髓功能采用美国脊柱损伤协会（ASIA）标准进行评分,以线性回归分析方法评价手术对患者ASIA评分的影响。随访患者的最终脊髓功能恢复情况,时间从12～42个月,平均29个月。结果手术后ASIA恢复曲线明显较手术前抬升（P〈0．01）。最终随访时所有患者的ASIA运动、针刺觉和轻触觉评分分别为（91±7）,（107±6）和（107±6）分,均较术前有明显好转（P〈0．01）。结论对损伤水平的脊柱充分减压和固定,可以给水肿的脊髓创造一个宽松和稳定的膨胀空间,加速脊髓功能的早期恢复,改善远期效果。     

Characterizing the need for tracheostomy placement and decannulation after cervical spinal cord injury

Purpose

There have been few reports on the risk factors for tracheostomy and the possibility of patients for decannulation. The purpose of this study was to identify factors necessitating tracheostomy after cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) and detect features predictive of successful decannulation in tracheostomy patients.

Methods

One hundred and sixty four patients with cervical fracture/dislocation were retrospectively reviewed. The patients comprised 142 men and 22 women with a mean age of 44.9 years. The clinical records were reviewed for patients’ demographic data, smoking history, level of cervical spine injury, injury patterns, neurological status, evidence of direct thoracic trauma and head injury, tracheostomy placement, and decannulation. Risk factors necessitating tracheostomy and factors predicting decannulation were statistically analysed.

Results

Twenty-five patients (15.2 %) required tracheostomy. Twenty-one patients were successfully decannulated. Smoking history (relative risk [RR], 3.05; p = 0.03) and complete SCI irrespective of injury level (C1–4 complete SCI: RR, 67.55; p < 0.001, C5–7 complete SCI: RR, 57.88; p < 0.001) were significant risk factors necessitating tracheostomy. C1–4 complete SCI was more frequent among those who could not be decannulated. However, even in patients with high cervical complete SCI at the time of injury, patients regaining sufficient movement to shrug their shoulders within 3 weeks after injury could later be decannulated.

Conclusions

The risk factors for tracheostomy after complete SCI were a history of smoking and complete paralysis irrespective of the level of injury. High cervical level complete SCI was found to be a risk factor for the failure of decannulation in patients without shoulder shrug within 3 weeks after injury.     

不同程度颈脊髓损伤后低钠血症的临床分析

 目的回顾性总结急性颈脊髓损伤后低钠血症的发生特点,并分析其可能的发生原因,以及脊髓损伤严重程度、性别、年龄等因素对血钠变化的影响。方法研究对象为2005年6月至2011年3月急诊收治的一组颈椎外伤患者,排除合并颅脑外伤及慢性疾病的患者,入选病例分为完全性脊髓损伤组、不完全性脊髓损伤组及无神经功能障碍组,回顾性分析各组病例的血钠变化情况。结果入选病例共102例,男83例,女19例;年龄17~68岁,平均45.6岁。完全性脊髓损伤组23例,不完全性脊髓损伤组60例,无神经功能障碍组19例。共发生低钠血症共39例,完全性脊髓损伤组15例(65%),不完全性脊髓损伤组23例(38%),无神经功能障碍组1例(5%)。低钠血症发生率在三组间两两比较,差异有统计学意义,完全性脊髓损伤组低钠血症的发生率明显高于不完全性脊髓损伤组和无神经功能障碍组。Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示低钠血症与患者脊髓损伤程度有明确相关关系,而与患者的年龄、性别、脊髓损伤节段无相关关系。结论急性颈脊髓损伤后具有较高的低钠血症发生率,虽然影响钠盐平衡的因素及相互作用非常复杂,但颈脊髓损伤致自主神经功能障碍、神经内分泌功能异常以及血液动力学改变可能是导致颈脊髓损伤后电解质系统异常的重要原因。     

神经毒素在脊髓损伤中的作用

目的 探讨神经毒素兴奋性氨基酸（ＥＡＡ）和神经肽在脊髓损伤的作用。方法 应用高效液相色谱法检测脊髓损伤后伤段组织中谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）天门冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）两种ＥＡＡ的含量变化；应用放射免疫分析技术测定脊髓损伤段组织中神经肽之一强腓肽ＤｙｎＡ１－１３含量的变化；观察了蛛网膜下腔注射Ｇｌｕ，ＤｙａｎＡ１－１３兴奋性氨基酸受体拮抗剂３－（２－羧基哌嗪）丙基－１－磷酸（ＣＰＰ），ＤｙｎＡ１－１３抗血清（Ａｎ－