Trans-sacral repair of rectal prolapse. Efficacy of treatment in thirty consecutive patients

Thirty patients underwent repair of rectal prolapse by the trans-sacral approach. There has been no mortality or recurrence. It is an operation of modest magnitude associated with maintenance of or improvement in fecal continence.     

Treatment of rectal prolapse

Numerous approaches have been described for the treatment of rectal prolapse. The two basic categories of operation are transabdominal and perineal. The former type tend to be more durable with lower recurrence rates but at the expense of higher morbidity. The latter group tends to be safer but associated with higher recurrence rates and less functional recovery. More recently, the abdominal approaches have been modified to be laparoscopically accomplished in most cases. Different methods and indications for rectal prolapse management will be described and discussed based in literature evidences.     

Preoperative clinical and pathological variables in prognostic evaluation of patients with rectal cancer. A prospective study of 327 consecutive patients

The prognostic information provided by a number of easily identified and preoperatively available characteristics was recorded prospectively and evaluated in 327 consecutive patients with rectal carcinoma. With use of the Cox regression model, the two variables indicating surgical non-curability, namely immobility of the tumour to the adjacent tissues and preoperatively diagnosed metastatic spread, showed the strongest relation to prognosis. Other variables predictive of a poorer outcome in all patients were abnormal liver function tests, large tumour size (number of degrees of the bowel wall circumference affected by the tumour), non-polypoid tumour growth, tumour ulceration, tumour stricture, tumour growth anteriorly and low histological differentiation in the preoperative biopsy. These variables, together with age, also gave information concerning the group of patients of interest for pre- or peroperatively initiated adjuvant therapy, i.e. patients potentially curable by surgery (locally resectable tumour and no known metastases). In this group, the two preoperatively available variables with the best prognostic value, polypoid tumour growth and age, appeared inferior to the postoperatively determined tumour stage (Dukes' staging). However, some clinical variables gave information additional to that provided by the tumour stage.     

Hemorrhoidal thrombosis. A clinical and therapeutical study on 22 consecutive patients

Hemorrhoidal thrombosis (HT) represents one of the most frequent complication of hemorrhoids. The two main modalities of clinical presentation are thrombosed of a single external pile or as massive thrombosis (MT), both representing an harmfull condition for the patient which can be usually treated with surgical intervention on an outptient basis. The etiopathogenesis of the disease is nowadays obscure and few investigated till now in the international literature. The Authors performed a prospective study on 22 patients with HT aimed at clarifying the ethiopathogenesis of the disease through the evaluation of the emocoagulative profile of these patients. All the main coagulopathy indexes such as aPT, APTT, Fibrinogen, AT III, XDP, aPCR and LAC resulted normal, while the products of prothrombin degradation (F1 + F2) showed higher values in respect of the control group (p < 0.0001). Our study seems to highlight that HT could not be considered a sistemic or local coagulopathy, so far surgical management of the disease remains the gold standard, as confirmed in our series.     

Primary colorectal sarcoma. A retrospective review and prognostic factor study of 50 consecutive patients

Fifty patients were admitted to Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, with primary colorectal sarcoma between 1948 and 1987. Thirty-one patients (62%) presented with a high-grade tumor, 37 patients (74%) with a tumor larger than 5 cm, and 12 patients (24%) with metastasis. The median survival of the whole group was 33 months, and the median survival of patients who underwent curative operation was 174 months. Nineteen of 32 patients who underwent curative operation were observed to develop distant metastasis after 3 to 209 months. The dominant sites of metastatic disease were the liver and peritoneal cavity. In a multivariable analysis, noncurative treatment and high-grade tumor were the only prognostic factors unfavorably affecting tumor-related mortality. If the type of treatment received was not considered, presentation with metastatic disease and a high-grade tumor were the two unfavorable characteristics that had independent prognostic value. Patients with a tumor that was larger than 5 cm or that was located in the colon had a greater likelihood of having a palliative procedure or high-grade tumor.     

Alfentanil in routine clinical use. A study of 50 patients

Alfentanil in combination with etomidate and N2O/O2 was given to 50 patients as single dosage (0.024 mg/kg b.w.) or with repeated injections for surgical interventions up to 90 minutes duration. In 68% of these cases sufficient analgesia was obtained. The most frequent side-effects were rigidity of the thorax (54%), quick, extensive changes in blood pressure (32%) and bradycardia (28%). The recovery phase was very short, postoperative sickness and vomiting were seen in 6% of all cases. Still, after repeated injections phases with prolonged sleep can appear. While using Alfentanil, exact monitoring is necessary, as quick and unexpected changes of blood pressure and pulse can appear.     

PPH结合直肠黏膜纵行缝合术治疗直肠黏膜内脱垂与脱垂痔

目的探讨PPH结合直肠黏膜纵行逢合术治疗直肠黏膜内脱垂与脱垂痔的疗效。方法用PPH切除松弛脱垂的黏膜袖外加于痔右前、右后及左侧环状母痔处齿状线上方1cm处纵行缝合直肠黏膜6~8cm以上,以缩短悬吊脱垂的黏膜及痔,解除排便困难。结果本组45例患者术后直肠黏膜内脱垂引起的便秘症状明显改善,痔脱出症状减轻甚至消失。结论利用PPH环切黏膜的有效性以及纵行逢合悬吊脱垂黏膜的彻底性,减少了术后复发,以及阻断直肠黏膜脱垂与便秘间的恶性循环,是一种简单、安全、有效的方法。     

Rectal prolapse. Clinical studies on rectal prolapse

A series of 164 patients with procidentia recti has been studied. Symptoms are sensation of obstruction, difficulties in emptying the bowel, proctitis, incontinence, reduced tonus of anal sphincters, and complete rectal prolapse. During I the rectum prolapses only under increased intraabdominal pressure and retracts spontaneously. Massive prolapse (stage II) often occurs without increased intraabdominal pressure and has to be reposited manually. Best results are obtained by fixing the mobilised rectum in the hollow of the sacrum as described by Wells in 1959 or by Ripstein in 1969. In bad risk patients a sublevatoric wire can be used. Most patients have satisfactory continence postoperatively without a corresponding physiological tonus of anal sphincters.     

A stapler modification of the altemeier procedure for rectal prolapse. Experimental and clinical evaluation

The Altemeier procedure remains one of the better alternatives in elderly patients with rectal prolapse too fragile to undergo an abdominal operation. The circular stapler was studied first in a dog model then in humans to ascertain whether it added anything to the previously well-described technique. A fixed rectal prolapse was created in dogs by means of a laparotomy. This was later repaired by a transanal technique using a stapler modification of the Altemeier procedure. The same perineal approach was then applied to two elderly female patients with complete rectal prolapse. It was found to improve the quality and ease of a difficult anastomosis. The stapler device allowed a higher colonic resection and may have improved the postoperative continence occurring in 50 per cent of the patients with this problem. The stapler anastomosis narrowed rapidly causing better retention of stool in the first several months after surgery. The two patients repaired in this manner have had no recurrences and are continent of solid stool 3 years after surgery.     

直肠内、外脱垂的肛管直肠动力学差异

目的探讨直肠内脱垂与直肠外脱垂的肛管直肠动力学差异。方法经排粪造影明确诊断的直肠内脱垂患者13例,直肠外脱垂患者12例,均采用ZGJ—D3型肛肠压力检测仪行直肠肛管压力测定,并与12例正常组对照分析,回顾性研究直肠肛管的动力学改变。结果直肠外脱垂与直肠内脱垂相比,肛管静息压力降低明显（5．27士2．35kPaVS12．53kPa±5．37kPa,P〈O．05）,肛管舒张压降低明显（O．93kPa±0．40kPavs3．75kPa±59kPa,P〈0．05）。结论直肠内脱垂及直肠外脱垂存在有肛管动力学差异。     

腹腔镜直肠悬吊固定术治疗直肠重度脱垂

目的探讨腹腔镜直肠悬吊固定术治疗直肠脱垂的临床应用价值。方法1998年3月至2007年2月,对4例完全性直肠脱垂患者进行了腹腔镜直肠悬吊固定术。1例采用缝合固定法,将直肠后壁分离、提高,用丝线缝闭直肠前陷凹,并将直肠后壁悬吊固定于骶骨岬前筋膜上,再将乙状结肠缝合固定在左侧腰大肌筋膜。3例采用网片固定法,将直肠游离到肛提肌水平,用1张6cm×9cm的T字型聚丙烯网片置于直肠后方,网片下缘在肛提肌水平环绕直肠,在直肠前方用丝线缝合网片和直肠浆肌层,再将网片上端在直肠后用疝修补钉夹固定于骶骨岬前筋膜,缝合关闭盆底腹膜。再将乙状结肠缝合固定在左侧腰大肌筋膜。结果4例患者手术均顺利,无中转开腹者。手术时间92.5(80-100)min,出血量6.5(5～10)ml。无并发症发生。术后尿失禁和肛门失禁的症状缓解,术后随访2个月至3年均未见复发与便秘出现。结论腹腔镜下行腹腔镜直肠悬吊固定术创伤小、恢复快和安全有效。     

Robotic-assisted lateral lymph node dissection for lower rectal cancer: short-term outcomes in 50 consecutive patients

Background

The goal of this study was to evaluate the short-term outcomes of robotic-assisted lateral lymph node dissection for patients with advanced lower rectal cancer.

Methods

Between 2012 and 2013, 50 consecutive patients underwent robotic-assisted lateral lymph node dissection for rectal cancer in Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital. Perioperative outcomes including operative time, operative blood loss, length of stay, postoperative complications, and histopathological data were collected prospectively.

Results

Median patient age was 62 years (range 36–74 years). Operative procedures included low anterior resections (n = 27), intersphincteric resections (n = 16), and abdominoperineal resections (n = 7). Bilateral lymph node dissection was performed in 44 patients. The median operative time was 476 min (range 320–683 min), and the median time required for lateral lymph node dissection was 165 min (range 85–257 min). The median blood loss was 27 mL (range 5–690 mL). There were no cases of open surgery or laparoscopic conversion. The median duration of postoperative hospital stay was 8 days (range 6–13 days). Clavien–Dindo classification Grade III–IV complications occurred in only one patient (2.0 %). There were no cases of anastomotic leak. There was no perioperative mortality. The median number of harvested lateral lymph nodes was 19 (range 5–47).

Conclusions

Robotic-assisted lateral lymph node dissection is a safe, feasible, and useful approach for patients with advanced lower rectal cancer.

     

Perineal proctectomy for rectal prolapse in elderly and debilitated patients.

This paper details the indications, operative technique and results of perineal proctectomy in the management of complete rectal prolapse in a high risk, elderly and debilitated group of patients. Eighteen procedures were performed by one surgeon (A.L.P.) on 16 consecutive patients over a 5 year period. Data collection was via: (i) retrospective analysis of hospital and office records; and (ii) response to a postal questionnaire by the patient, a relative or attending nursing staff. There were 14 females and two males with a mean age of 81 years. All patients had significant associated medical conditions. The interval from the time of a surgical procedure until review varied from 3 to 37 months with a mean follow-up period of 16 months. Total hospital stay varied between 6 and 20 days with a mean of 7 days. Eleven procedures were performed under general anaesthesia and seven under spinal anaesthesia. There was no postoperative mortality. One patient suffered an anastomotic haemorrhage that required operative intervention and another patient suffered a rectal stricture that necessitated dilatation. Two patients were re-operated for recurrent symptomatic prolapses at 34 and 36 months after the initial procedure. Continence improved in seven patients, worsened in one and was unchanged in the remaining patients. Fifteen of 16 patients were considered to have had a successful result from the operation with satisfactory control of the symptom of rectal prolapse. Perineal proctectomy is a low risk operative procedure for the elderly and debilitated group of patients in controlling complete rectal prolapse. If the condition recurs, the procedure can be repeated with equally low morbidity.