Relationship between chronic nasal and respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD

The relationship between the upper and lower airways in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unknown. We examined the prevalence of chronic nasal symptoms and the correlation with lower respiratory symptoms and parameters of severity of COPD such as exacerbation frequency and spirometry. 61 COPD patients from the East London COPD cohort were studied. [Mean (SD) age 70 (6.96) years, FEV1 0.98 (0.38) l, FVC 2.45 (0.72) l, FEV1%Pred 37.0 (12.3), and 47.6 (31.8) smoking pack years, 14 current smokers, 36 males]. COPD patients had a high prevalence of nasal symptoms (75%), more than half reporting nasal discharge (52.5%) and sneezing (45.9%). Associations were found between nasal score and daily sputum production (P = 0.005) and post-nasal drip and sputum production (P = 0.046) with a trend to increased nasal symptoms in frequent exacerbators compared to infrequent exacerbators. No significant relationship was found between nasal symptoms and FEV1 or any other lower respiratory airway symptom. Associations between nasal and respiratory symptoms were found suggesting that there is a relationship between the upper and lower airway in COPD.     

Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The effects of respiratory viral infection on the time course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation were examined by monitoring changes in systemic inflammatory markers in stable COPD and at exacerbation. Eighty-three patients with COPD (mean [SD] age, 66.6 [7.1] yr, FEV(1), 1.06 [0.61] L) recorded daily peak expiratory flow rate and any increases in respiratory symptoms. Nasal samples and blood were taken for respiratory virus detection by culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology, and plasma fibrinogen and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at stable baseline and exacerbation. Sixty-four percent of exacerbations were associated with a cold occurring up to 18 d before exacerbation. Seventy-seven viruses (39 [58.2%] rhinoviruses) were detected in 66 (39.2%) of 168 COPD exacerbations in 53 (64%) patients. Viral exacerbations were associated with frequent exacerbators, colds with increased dyspnea, a higher total symptom count at presentation, a longer median symptom recovery period of 13 d, and a tendency toward higher plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels. Non-respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) respiratory viruses were detected in 11 (16%), and RSV in 16 (23.5%), of 68 stable COPD patients, with RSV detection associated with higher inflammatory marker levels. Respiratory virus infections are associated with more severe and frequent exacerbations, and may cause chronic infection in COPD. Prevention and early treatment of viral infections may lead to a decreased exacerbation frequency and morbidity associated with COPD.     

Epidemiological relationships between the common cold and exacerbation frequency in COPD.

Higher exacerbation incidence rates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with more rapid decline in lung function and poorer quality of life, yet the mechanisms determining susceptibility to exacerbation remain ill-defined. The same viruses responsible for common colds are frequently isolated during exacerbations. The current authors hypothesised that exacerbation frequency may be associated with an increased frequency of colds, and investigated whether increased exacerbation frequency was associated with increased acquisition of colds, or a greater likelihood of exacerbation once a cold has been acquired. A total of 150 patients with COPD completed diary cards recording peak expiratory flow, and respiratory and coryzal symptoms for a median 1,047 days. Annual cold and exacerbation incidence rates (cold and exacerbation frequency) were calculated, and the relationships between these variables were investigated. This analysis is based on 1,005 colds and 1,493 exacerbations. Frequent exacerbators (i.e. those whose exacerbation frequency was greater than the median) experienced significantly more colds than infrequent exacerbators (1.73 versus 0.94.yr(-1)). The likelihood of exacerbation during a cold was unaffected by exacerbation frequency. Patients experiencing frequent colds had a significantly higher exposure to cigarette smoke (46 versus 33 pack-yrs). Exacerbation frequency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with an increased frequency of acquiring the common cold, rather than an increased propensity to exacerbation once a cold has been acquired.     

吸烟对40岁以上人群的肺功能的影响

目的 观察吸烟对40岁以上人群的肺功能的影响.方法 本研究前瞻性调查了2 682例居民的吸烟状况、规律合并用药情况、性别、年龄、身高、体质量等资料,并进行了肺通气功能检测.结果 随访时间2年.2 290例(85.4%)得到了有效随访,其中1 197例(52.3%)从不吸烟,467例(20.4%)曾经吸烟,626例(27.3%)现吸烟.三组人群的年龄、性别、BMI、肺功能、COPD患者例数及合并用药差异均有统计学意义.随访结果显示,肺功能FEV1、FEV1%pred、FVC、FEV1/FVC均逐年下降.经调整上述差异性变量(年龄、性别、BMI、COPD患者例数、合并用药及基线肺功能),曾吸烟组肺功能FEV1(P=0.030)、FEV1%pred(P=0.011)和FEV1/FVC(P<0.001)较从不吸烟组显著下降.现吸烟组FEV1/FVC较从不吸烟组下降快.结论 从不吸烟居民肺功能下降最慢,提倡不吸烟或尽可能早期戒烟.     

Accelerated decline of lung function in COPD patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: a preliminary study based on small numbers of patients

STUDY OBJECTIVES: It has been suggested that chronic viral infection may increase the risk for development of COPD. This prospective study was designed to determine that chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with accelerated decline of lung function in patients with COPD, and that antiviral therapy against HCV is effective for such patients. DESIGN: Prospective 5-year follow-up study. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-nine patients with COPD (group A, 15 HCV-negative ex-smokers; group B, 14 HCV-negative current smokers; group C, 14 HCV-positive ex-smokers; group D, 16 HCV-positive current smokers). INTERVENTIONS: After a 5-year follow-up period, 21 HCV-positive patients received interferon (IFN)-alpha therapy. Measurements and results: The rate of annual decline in FEV(1) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) during the 5-year follow-up period were significantly higher in group B (DeltaFEV(1), 59.7 mL/yr [SD, 17.5], p = 0.0008; DeltaDLCO, 3.50%/yr [SD, 0.44], p < 0.0001) and group C (DeltaFEV(1), 54.0 mL/yr [SD, 15.3], p = 0.0128; DeltaDLCO, 3.36%/yr [SD, 0.28], p < 0.0001) than in group A (DeltaFEV(1), 33.5 mL/yr [SD, 7.7]; DeltaDLCO, 2.66%/yr [SD, 0.34]). Moreover, these parameters in group D (DeltaFEV(1), 79.5 mL/yr [SD, 20.6]; DLCO, 4.5%/yr [SD, 0.40]) were also significantly higher than those in group B and group C. We evaluated the DeltaFEV(1) after IFN therapy during the 3-year follow-up period in the 8 IFN responders and 13 IFN nonresponders. DeltaFEV(1) in the IFN nonresponders did not significantly change during the 3-year follow-up period (before, 65.5 mL/yr [SD, 23.5]; after, 66.1 mL/yr [SD, 24.0]). However, DeltaFEV(1) in the IFN responders significantly decreased (before, 68.4 mL/yr [SD, 26.2]; after, 57.3 mL/yr [SD, 23.6], p = 0.0116). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that chronic HCV infection might accelerate decline in lung function in patients who already have COPD.     

Effect of pulmonary exacerbations on long-term lung function decline in cystic fibrosis

It is unknown what proportion of long-term lung function decline in cystic fibrosis (CF) is explained by pulmonary exacerbations. The aim of this study was to determine how exacerbations requiring hospitalisation contribute to the course of CF lung disease. This was a retrospective cohort study. The primary outcome was the rate of decline of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) % predicted. Out of 851 subjects, 415 (48.8%) subjects had ≥ 1 exacerbation. After adjustment for confounders, the annual rate of FEV(1) decline in those without an exacerbation was 1.2% per yr (95% CI 1.0-1.5), compared with 2.5% per yr (95% CI 2.1-2.8) in those with an exacerbation. The proportion of overall FEV(1) decline associated with ≥ 1 exacerbation was 52% (95% CI 35.0-68.9). For a given number of exacerbations, the annual rate of FEV(1) decline was greatest in subjects with ≤ 6 months between exacerbations. Half of FEV(1) decline seen in CF patients was associated with pulmonary exacerbations. Time between exacerbations, specifically ≤ 6 months between exacerbations, plays an important contribution to overall lung function decline. These findings support using time to next exacerbation as a clinical end-point for CF trials.     

Airflow limitation in Japanese smokers: significance of serum neutrophil elastase/alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor ratio and FEV(1) (%pred) adjusted by pack-years

BACKGROUND: In spite of the known role of cigarette smoking in the development of airflow limitation (AL), fewer than 20% of smokers actually develop chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). OBJECTIVES: We examined how smoking histories and indices in blood are related to the degree of AL in asymptomatic smokers in order to determine whether they can predict the development of AL. METHODS: Spirometry and peripheral blood tests were examined in 433 Japanese asymptomatic current smokers at the initial examination. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) was measured periodically for 2 or more years (2-13 years) in 66 of the subjects. RESULTS: AL defined as an FEV(1)/vital capacity of less than 0.7, was found in 11.3% (49 of 433) of the smokers. Pack-years of smoking, serum amounts of alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor, and serum procollagen III peptide activities were correlated with the degree of AL. Fifteen percent (10 of 66) of subjects underwent rapid declines in FEV(1) that were found to be related not with smoking amounts or initial FEV(1), but with low FEV(1) (%pred) adjusted by pack-years and an elevated serum neutrophil elastase/alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor ratio. These results suggest that smokers with a low FEV(1) out of proportion to pack-years are susceptible smokers at a high risk of developing COPD, and further, that increased proteinase burden relative to antiproteinase activity may contribute to the development of COPD. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the serum neutrophil elastase/alpha(1)-proteinase inhibitor ratio and FEV(1) (%pred) adjusted by pack-years can be reliable predictors of the development of COPD.     

Success of smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Smoking causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in 15 to 20% of smokers. Smoking accelerates the annual rate of FEV(1) decline, whereas it was demonstrated that smoking cessation is the major factor that reduces this decline. The aims of this prospective study were to assess the success rate and factors affecting smoking cessation, besides, to evaluate the effect of cessation on annual FEV(1) decline. Sixty-five consecutive patients with COPD and as a control group 50 ageand sex-matched healthy smokers who were admitted to our smoking cessation clinic were enrolled in the study. Intensive behavioral therapy alone or with nicotine replacement therapy or bupropion HCL was given to both groups and success rate of smoking cessation after one year was assessed. It was shown that demographic features of the subjects and the history of COPD had no effect on success of smoking cessation. At the end of one year the rate of smoking cessation was 29% in patients with COPD and 49% in the control group (p< 0.05). All different therapy interventions had similar effects on smoking cessation. The annual FEV(1) values increased 29 mL in quitters and decreased 25 mL in patients continuing smoking (p> 0.05). In this study, we concluded that the success of smoking cessation in COPD patients admitted to the smoking cessation clinic was significantly lower than healthy smokers and annual FEV(1) decline was decreased in quitters.     

Frequent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbators: How Much Real,How Much Fictitious?

ABSTRACT

Exacerbations are important events in the natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The higher the number of COPD exacerbations, the worse are the clinical and economical consequences. The distribution of COPD exacerbations is however highly variable. Some patients do not exhibit exacerbations at all whereas others suffer frequent events (i.e., “frequent COPD exacerbators”). We review the scientific evidence regarding the impact of COPD exacerbation frequency and assess whether or not these frequent exacerbators represent a unique population of COPD patients with higher morbidity and mortality risks. A definition of “frequent COPD exacerbators” is suggested to differentiate it from other related terms, such as “treatment failure” and “recurrence.” The standardization of this terminology seems to be necessary to further identify COPD phenotypes in patients who have an individual susceptibility to develop frequent exacerbations. It can also be of help to refine the most appropriate therapeutic and preventative measures.     

Airway mucosal inflammation in COPD is similar in smokers and ex-smokers: a pooled analysis.

Bronchial biopsy specimens from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients demonstrate increased numbers of CD8+ T-lymphocytes, macrophages and, in some studies, neutrophils and eosinophils. Smoking cessation affects the rate of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) decline in COPD, but the effect on inflammation is uncertain. Bronchial biopsy inflammatory cell counts were compared in current and ex-smokers with COPD. A pooled analysis of subepithelial inflammatory cell count data from three bronchial biopsy studies that included COPD patients who were either current or ex-smokers was performed. Cell count data from 101 subjects, 65 current smokers and 36 ex-smokers, were analysed for the following cell types: CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes, CD68+ (monocytes/macrophages), neutrophil elastase+ (neutrophils), EG2+ (eosinophils), mast cell tryptase+ and cells mRNA-positive for tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Current smokers and ex-smokers were similar in terms of lung function, as measured by FEV(1) (% predicted), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV(1)/FVC. The results demonstrate that there were no significant differences between smokers and ex-smokers in the numbers of any of the inflammatory cell types or markers analysed. It is concluded that, in established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the bronchial mucosal inflammatory cell infiltrate is similar in ex-smokers and those that continue to smoke.     

Impairment of small airways in COPD patients with frequent exacerbations and effects of treatment with tiotropium

Disease exacerbations are an important aspect of COPD, because they affect its course and are associated with higher lung function decline. On the other hand, data obtained by biopsies have demonstrated that the progression of COPD is related to an increasing impairment of small airways. We sought to evaluate the small airway impairment (FEF25–75) in two groups of COPD patients (each group had 37 subjects) in relation to the frequency of exacerbations and the effectiveness of treatment with tiotropium bromide on the small airway impairment. The mean number of exacerbations was 3.6/year and 1.38/year in frequent and in infrequent exacerbators, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean value of FEF25–75 at baseline was 624 mL and 865 mL in frequent and in infrequent exacerbators respectively (p = 0.002). The changes in respiratory parameters versus baseline showed increases in mean FEV₁, FVC, and FEF25–75 in both groups but only the increase in FEF25–75 in frequent exacerbators was statistically significantly (p = 0.013). During the 3-month period of the study the mean number of exacerbations was 0.66 in frequent and 0.12 in infrequent exacerbators. These findings indicate that COPD patients with frequent exacerbations have a higher impairment of small airways. Treatment with tiotropium in COPD subjects with frequent exacerbations proved to be effective in improving small airway impairment.     

A pooled analysis of FEV1 decline in COPD patients randomized to inhaled corticosteroids or placebo

BACKGROUND: There is controversy about whether therapy with inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) modifies the natural history of COPD, characterized by an accelerated decline in FEV(1). METHODS: The Inhaled Steroids Effect Evaluation in COPD (ISEEC) study is a pooled study of patient-level data from seven long-term randomized controlled trials of ICS vs placebo lasting >/= 12 months in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD. We have previously reported a survival benefit for ICS therapy in COPD patients using ISEEC data. We aimed to determine whether the regular use of ICSs vs placebo improves FEV(1) decline in COPD patients, and whether this relationship is modified by gender and smoking. RESULTS: There were 3,911 randomized participants (29.2% female) in this analysis. In the first 6 months after randomization, ICS use was associated with a significant mean (+/- SE) relative increase in FEV(1) of 2.42 +/- 0.19% compared with placebo (p < 0.01), which is quantifiable in absolute terms as 42 mL in men and 29 mL in women over 6 months. From 6 to 36 months, there was no significant difference between placebo and ICS therapy in terms of FEV(1) decline (-0.01 +/- 0.09%; p = 0.86). The initial treatment effect was dependent on smoking status and gender. Smokers who continued to smoke had a smaller increase in FEV(1) during the first 6 months than did ex-smokers. Female ex-smokers had a larger increase in FEV(1) with ICS therapy than did male ex-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that in COPD in the first 6 months of treatment, ICS therapy is more effective in ex-smokers than in current smokers with COPD in improving lung function, and women may have a bigger response to ICSs than men. However, it seems that after 6 months, ICS therapy does not modify the decline in FEV(1) among those who completed these randomized clinical trials.     

The use of microspirometry in detecting lowered FEV1 values in current or former cigarette smokers

AIMS: COPD is an underdiagnosed disease. This study was undertaken to assess the value of microspirometry in detecting reduced FEV1 values in cigarette smokers, i.e., subjects at high risk for COPD. METHODS: A total of 611 smokers or ex-smokers with a smoking history >20 years and no previously-diagnosed lung disease were recruited (389 male, age 27-83 years, mean age 56 years, mean smoking history 35 pack years, 19% ex-smokers). RESULTS: An FEV1 < 80% predicted on microspirometry was found in 44.6% of cases. The mean FEV1 was 2.8 litres (80.6% predicted, range 26-121%). This correlated well with values obtained from full spirometry (R=0.965, p<0.0001). Detailed questionnaire responses revealed that almost half of the subjects (48.2%) reported chronic cough and sputum production and 39.8% reported breathlessness during exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Microspirometry finds a considerable number of smokers or ex-smokers with reduced FEV1 values. Microspirometry is quick to perform. All smokers with reduced microspirometry FEV1 values would benefit from smoking cessation, and all patients with reduced FEV1 values need to be considered for full spirometry to confirm if they actually have COPD.     

Inflammatory changes, recovery and recurrence at COPD exacerbation.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are associated with increased airway and systemic inflammation, though relationships between exacerbation recovery, recurrent exacerbation and inflammation have not been previously reported. In the present study, inflammatory changes at COPD exacerbations were related to clinical nonrecovery and recurrent exacerbations within 50 days. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein (CRP), sputum IL-6 and IL-8 were measured in 73 COPD patients when stable, at exacerbation and at 7, 14 and 35 days post-exacerbation. In 23% of patients, symptoms did not recover to baseline by day 35. These patients had persistently higher levels of serum CRP during the recovery period. A total of 22% of the patients who had recurrent exacerbations within 50 days had significantly higher levels of serum CRP at day 14, compared with those without recurrences: 8.8 mg.L(-1) versus 3.4 mg.L(-1). Frequent exacerbators had a smaller reduction in systemic inflammation between exacerbation onset and day 35 compared with infrequent exacerbators. Nonrecovery of symptoms at chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation is associated with persistently heightened systemic inflammation. The time course of systemic inflammation following exacerbation is different between frequent and infrequent exacerbators. A high serum C-reactive protein concentration 14 days after an index exacerbation may be used as a predictor of recurrent exacerbations within 50 days.     

Clinical predictors of exacerbation frequency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction: Reduction of exacerbation frequency plays an increasingly important role in interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To reduce this frequency efficiently, patients at risk for frequent exacerbations need to be identified. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify predictors for frequent exacerbations from multiple domains of COPD during a stable phase of the disease. Methods: Data of multiple domains of COPD were collected from 121 patients with moderate to severe COPD. Patients were divided into infrequent (<2 exacerbations per year) and frequent (≥2 exacerbations) exacerbators. Results: St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score and a course of oral corticosteroid within 3 months prior to the study together predicted best whether patients would be infrequent or frequent exacerbators over the course of the next year. Each unit increase in total SGRQ score was associated with a 3% higher risk of being a frequent exacerbator [odds ratio (OR) = 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.06; P = 0.047]. Patients who received a course of oral corticosteroids in the period of 3 months prior to the study had a three‐fold increased risk of being a frequent exacerbator (OR = 3.17; 95% CI: 1.20–8.34; P = 0.02). Furthermore, we observed that a sizable number of patients switched from being a frequent to an infrequent exacerbator and vice versa. Conclusions: Health‐related quality of life and a course of oral corticosteroid in the past 3 months are the best predictors of future exacerbator status. The predictive value of the model is, however, still insufficient. Furthermore, our data suggest, in contrast to previous observations, that exacerbation frequency is not a constant feature. Please cite this paper as: Brusse‐Keizer MGJ, van der Palen J, van der Valk PDLPM, Hendrix R, Kerstjens HAM. Clinical predictors of exacerbation frequency in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Respir J 2011; 5: 227–234.     

Impact of preventing exacerbations on deterioration of health status in COPD.

Exacerbations of chronic obstuctive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with worse health status. The Inhaled Steroids in Obstructive Lung Disease in Europe (ISOLDE) study showed that treatment with fluticasone propionate (FP) reduced exacerbation frequency and the rate of deterioration in health status as compared with placebo. The present study analysed these data to test whether the effect of FP on health status was attributable to its effect on exacerbations. Rates of deterioration in St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score were obtained for 613 patients with moderate to severe COPD followed for a maximum of 3 yrs. Exacerbation rates were skewed and could not be normalised, therefore, patients were stratified into three exacerbation groups: none, infrequent (<1.65 exacerbations x yr(-1)) and frequent (>1.65 exacerbations x yr(-1)). There were 91 patients with no exacerbations, 285 with infrequent exacerbations and 235 with frequent exacerbations. Frequent exacerbations were independently associated with a worse baseline SGRQ score (p<0.0001) and a more rapid rate of deterioration in health status (p=0.0003). Exacerbation frequency and rate of decline in forced expiratory volume in one second were independently related to the rate of deterioration in SGRQ score. Statistical modelling showed the beneficial effect of fluticasone propionate on deterioration in health status to be largely due to its effect on exacerbation frequency.     

Impact of COPD exacerbations on patient-centered outcomes

BACKGROUND: Frequent exacerbations are associated with a faster decline in FEV(1), impaired health status, and worse survival. Their impact and temporal relationship with other outcomes such as functional status, dyspnea, and the multidimensional body mass index, obstruction, dyspnea, exercise capacity (BODE) index remain unknown. HYPOTHESIS: We reasoned that exacerbations affect the BODE index and its components, and that changes in the BODE index could be used to monitor the effect of exacerbations on the host. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study in a Veterans Affairs medical center. METHODS: We studied 205 patients with COPD (mean [+/- SD] FEV(1), 43 +/- 15% predicted), and recorded the body mass index, FEV(1) percent predicted, modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale, 6-min walk distance, and the BODE index at baseline, during the exacerbation, and at 6, 12, and 24 months following the first episode, and documented all exacerbations for 2 years after the first acute exacerbation. RESULTS: From the cohort, 130 patients (63%) experienced 352 exacerbations or (0.85 exacerbations per patient per year); 48 patients (23%), experienced one episode, 82 patients (40%) experienced 2 or more exacerbations, and 50 patients required hospitalization. At study entry, exacerbators had a worse mean baseline BODE index score (4.2 +/- 2.1 vs 3.57 +/- 2.3, respectively; p < 0.03). The BODE index score worsened by 1.38 points during the exacerbation, and remained 0.8 and 1.1 points above baseline at 1 and 2 years, respectively. There was little change in BODE index score at 2 years in nonexacerbators. CONCLUSION: COPD exacerbations negatively impact on the BODE index and its components. The BODE index is a sensitive tool used to assess the impact of exacerbations and to monitor COPD disease progression.     

Respiratory syncytial virus, airway inflammation, and FEV1 decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen in adults with cardiopulmonary disease. It has been associated with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); however, it has also been detected in the lower airway in the stable state, but the consequences of RSV in stable disease have not previously been determined. We therefore studied the consequences of RSV persistence in adults with COPD and its effect on airway inflammation and lung function decline. METHODS: A total of 241 sputum samples from 74 patients with COPD (FEV(1)% predicted, 39.2%; interquartile range, 29.6-57.8%) were collected quarterly in the stable state over 2 yr. RSV was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative microbiology was performed, and inflammatory cytokines were quantified by ELISA. RESULTS: RSV RNA was detected in 32.8% of sputum samples. Patients in whom RSV was more frequently detected (> 50% of samples RSV PCR-positive, n=18) had higher airway inflammation and faster FEV(1) decline over the study (101.4 ml/yr [95% confidence interval, 57.1-145.8]) compared with those with less frequent detection of RSV (n=56; 51.2 ml/yr [31.7-70.8]; p=0.01). The observed relationship between RSV detection and accelerated lung function decline was independent of smoking status, exacerbation frequency, and lower airway bacterial load. CONCLUSIONs: Persistent RSV detection in patients with COPD is associated with airway inflammation and accelerated decline in FEV(1). Chronic RSV infection may be a novel therapeutic target to alter the natural history of COPD.     

Cough and phlegm are important predictors of health status in smokers without COPD

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The health-related quality of life of smokers without COPD and that of ex-smokers has not been defined. If abnormal, the role of small airways disease and that of cough and phlegm have never been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore whether the differences in quality of life between smokers and ex-smokers could be explained by cough and phlegm, differences in pulmonary function tests, or exercise capacity. DESIGN: Observational, prospective. SETTING: Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, COPD Center at St. Elizabeth's Medical Center. POPULATION: In 36 smokers, 21 ex-smokers (stopped smoking for > 20 years), 19 never-smokers with normal FVC and FEV(1) values, and 41 patients with COPD (FEV(1) 38 +/- 11% predicted [mean +/- SD]), the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), pulmonary function tests, and a 6-min walk distance (6MWD) were performed. RESULTS: The total SGRQ scores were worse in current smokers (15 +/- 15) than in ex-smokers (6 +/- 4) or never-smokers (4 +/- 3) [p < 0.05]. As expected, the worst score was seen in COPD (50 +/- 15). After correcting for cough and phlegm, the difference in SGRQ scores between smokers and ex-smokers disappeared. In current and ex-smokers, the SGRQ score was associated with the exposure to pack-years smoking history (r = 0.45, p < 0.01, and r = 0.83, p < 0.0001, respectively) but independent of lung function or exercise parameters (6MWD). CONCLUSIONS: In smokers without COPD, the abnormal SGRQ score is due to the noxious effect of cigarette smoke, resulting in cough and phlegm, independent of its physiologic effects.     

Assessing the Effectiveness of the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) to Evaluate COPD Severity and Exacerbation Rates

Aims: The CAT is a short, simple eight-item questionnaire for assessing and monitoring COPD. It is not known how reliable the CAT scores are for COPD patients who are frequently exacerbated. The effectiveness of the CAT for assessing COPD severity and exacerbation rates was evaluated. Methods: This study enrolled 165 stable COPD patients who completed the CAT between April 2011 and February 2012. Results: Patients had a mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) equal to 43.7% of the predicted value and a mean CAT score of 21.2 (± 7.56) units. There was a good association between the FEV₁ (percentage of predicted value) and CAT scores (p < 0.0001). Frequent exacerbators had significantly higher CAT scores than infrequent exacerbators (24.8 ± 6.7 versus 17.5 ± 6.5, p < 0.0001). Also, as the frequency of the COPD exacerbations increased, CAT scores (p < 0.0001) significantly increased. There was a significant association between the frequency of hospitalization and the CAT scores (p = 0.001). Conclusions: We observed a good relation between the CAT, FEV 1, and disease severity in patients with COPD. We found that the baseline CAT scores are elevated in frequent exacerbators.