关节镜下双股半腱肌腱重建后交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下双股半腱肌腱转移重建后交叉韧带(PCL)术的临床疗效。方法采用开口螺旋肌腱剥离器剥离半腱肌腱,保留肌腱远侧附着点,在近侧腱肌交界处切断,对折成两股编织,转移到关节镜下重建PCL。隧道内口侧使用可吸收挤压螺钉固定,股骨隧道外口加强固定。结果手术16例,平均随访23.5个月。Larson评分由术前58分提高到93分,Lysholm评分由术前54分提高到90分,所有患膝术前后抽屉试验及Lachman试验均阳性,术后仅2例抽屉试验弱阳性,l例Lachman试验弱阳性。结论(1)关节镜下使用双股半腱肌腱转移重建PCL较B-PT-B通过隧道时柔顺通畅。(2)隧道内口可吸收螺钉挤压固定,愈合后内口消失,可避免韧带撞击内口使之逐渐扩大引起重建韧带松弛。(3)隧道内外口的坚强固定,使重建后交叉韧带有足够刚强度。     

关节镜下运用4股腘绳肌腱同期重建前后交叉韧带损伤

目的 关节镜下运用Intrafix和可吸收界面螺钉固定自体4股腘绳肌腱，同期重建前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament，ACL）、后交叉韧带（posterior cruciate ligament，PCL），评估其疗效。方法 ACL、PCL同时损伤的患者16例，关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为重建移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉固定移植物股骨端，Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定胫骨端，同期行ACL和PCL损伤重建术。7例行内侧副韧带修补，4例行外侧副韧带复合结构修复，2例行内外侧同时修复。所有患者按照国际膝关节评分委员会（International Knee Documentation Committee，IKDC）评分标准进行术前评估，均为D级。术前Lysholm评分为（36．5±3．7）分。结果 随访时间为12～18个月，平均14．6个月。终末随访时，IKDC总体评价：A级6例（38％），B级9例（56％），C级1例（6％），无D级患者。Lachman试验0～2mm8例；3～5mm6例；6～10mm2例（P〈0．05）。屈70°前后总位移0～2mm10例；3～5mm5例；6～10mm1例（P〈0．05）。屈70°后位移0～2mm12例；3～5mm4例（P〈0．05）。术后2个月Lysholm功能评分为（90．4±2．9）分，终末随访时为（93．4±3．5）分，与术前相比差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 关节镜下以自体4股胭绳肌腱作为移植物，应用可吸收界面螺钉、Intrafix钉鞘和可吸收锥形钉固定股骨胫骨端同期重建ACL和PCL损伤，有利于早期积极的功能康复，膝关节功能恢复满意。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建膝关节前交叉韧带80例

目的　介绍关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建前交叉韧带(ACL)手术操作及其技巧。　方法　设计应用关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合拉出钢板法重建ACL,对80例患者手术操作经验进行总结。　结果　本组80例完成关节镜下重建ACL手术,平均手术时间为80min。术中出现穿导针弯曲、断裂,微型器械断裂,微型钢板骨隧道内受阻等情况。本组病例平均随访16个月,除2例术膝轻度胀痛外,其余患者无主诉症状。所有病例感觉膝部稳定,恢复原工作。Lysholm膝部评分,术前(48±12)分,术后(92±4)分（P<0．01）。　结论　关节镜下双股半腱肌闭合微型钢板固定法重建ACL,手术效果良好。临床实践中应掌握手术原则,严格按手术程序操作。     

关节镜下双股半腱肌重建前交叉韧带

前交叉韧带（ＡＣＬ）损伤是常见膝部损伤，有关诊断、关节镜下修复重建的问题已引起临床界的重视〔１、２〕。采用我科自行研制的配套器械行双股半腱肌关节镜下重建ＡＣＬ手术，临床治疗５０例前交叉韧带损伤患者，随访资料完整３９例，取得满意的临床效果。１资料与方法...     

关节镜下自体半腱及股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带

 目的 探讨关节镜下以自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带(ACL)的手术方法及疗效.方法 自2006年3月～2007年12月,关节镜下绳肌腱修复膝前交叉韧带损伤39例.膝前小切口取半腱肌腱、股薄肌腱修整、对折后成四股,分别建立胫骨隧道及股骨隧道,用Endobutton和生物可吸收挤压螺钉固定肌腱,重建ACL的解剖结构和生理功能.术后即行功能锻练.结果 术后患者伤口均Ⅰ期愈合,8～10周膝关节屈伸功能恢复正常.随访时间3～15个月,平均8个月.抽屉试验和Lachman试验阳性者2例,可疑阳性者6例;余患者均为阴性.根据敖英芳临床判断标准,本组优23例,良11例,中3例,差2例.Lysholm评分术后(87.6±4.6),与术前(45.3±4.2)比较,差异显著(P<0.01).结论 绳肌腱具有良好的抗拉强度和刚度,在关节镜下用四股绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带是一种疗效可靠的治疗方式.     

应用半腱肌、股薄肌和髌韧带在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带65例

目的 探讨应用髌韧带（bone-patellar tendon-bone,BTB)和半腱肌、股薄肌（bone-ham-string-bone,BHB)在关节镜下修复前交叉韧带（anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)损伤的临床疗效。手术要点及关节功能改善情况。方法 在膝关节镜直视下,选用自体BTB和BHB行ACL竽建手术65例,其中BTB重建30例,BHB重建31例,股四头肌腱重建4例,结果 随访时间1个月-3年,手术前Lachman和Piveot shift试验从阳性转为阴性,按日本骨科学会膝关节疗效评定标准,优48例,良7例,可10例,本组病人2个月后均恢复原来日常活动,半年后恢复体育活动,结论 应用BTB、BHB在关节镜下修复ACL损伤,术中等长点的选择是手术关键,坚强固定是早期康复训练的前提。     

半腱肌股薄肌腱打结骨栓嵌入固定镜下重建前交叉韧带的初步观察

目的　探讨自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结、骨栓嵌入挤压固定法在关节镜下重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)的可行性。　方法　 15例前ACL损伤 ,采用自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱中间打结 ,骨栓嵌入挤压固定法镜下重建ACL。半腱肌腱和股薄肌腱预张力后 ,肌腱中间打结嵌入 12mm×6mm骨栓。经ACL导向器打入导针 ,用环钻建立股骨和胫骨隧道。胫骨和股骨隧道下 1 3的直径为 5～ 7mm ,股骨隧道近 2 3为 11mm。将肌腱从股骨隧道的近端经关节腔牵入胫骨隧道 ,将肌腱拉紧、膝关节屈伸活动 2 0次 ,使肌腱结和骨栓完全嵌入瓶颈状股骨隧道内。将 4股肌腱从胫骨隧道和其下方 10mm处分别穿出 ,交叉打结并缝合固定在骨桥上。　结果　 15例患者得到随访 ,关节稳定 ,功能恢复正常。按膝关节疗效评定标准 ,优 11例 ,良 2例 ,可 2例 ,优良率 86.7%。　结论自体肌腱打结骨栓嵌入固定法重建ACL为生物固定 ,创伤小 ,固定可靠 ,费用低 ,有利于愈合 ;可免除金属内固定物 ,术后不影响MRI检查     

关节镜下自体髌腱重建前交叉韧带

目的探讨关节镜下自体髌腱中1/3重建前交叉韧带(ACL)术效果的影响因素。方法对15例前交叉韧带损伤患者,在关节镜下行自体骨-髌腱-骨(B-PT-B)中1/3重建ACL。其中同时行侧副韧带修复1例,半月板损伤部分切除3例,半月板结合部缝合1例。结果按照日本骨科学会制定的膝关节疗效评定标准,优6例,良7例,中2例,优良率为86.7%。结论术中选择等长点,测量关节内重建韧带的长度,获取标准的髌腱两端骨块及胫骨、股骨隧道,并正确使用挤压螺钉固定两骨块于隧道中是减少并发症、提高手术效果的关键。该手术创伤小,对关节内环境影响小,可同时进行关节内其他手术,术后恢复快,是ACL重建的优良方法     

军队人员关节镜下重建前交叉韧带

目的 探讨军人前交叉韧带损伤患者采用自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带的手术方法及远期疗效.方法 关节镜下以自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱为前交叉韧带重建替代物,保留少许前交叉韧带残端作为定位标志物,对35例前交叉韧带损伤军人行重建术.结果 术后35例膝关节活动度均恢复至正常范围,无韧带撞击现象,前抽屉试验全部阴性,Lachman试验全部小于Ⅰ度.Lysholm评分由术前的平均52.3分提高到术后的平均88.5分,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.01).大多数患者获得满意治疗效果,可继续从事日常工作.结论 关节镜下自体四股半腱肌腱 股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带是恢复膝关节稳定性较好的方法.关节镜下重建前交叉韧带是前交叉韧带损伤军人较为理想的手术方式,其创伤较小、卧床时间短、远期疗效较好.     

关节镜下髌韧带与腘绳肌腱重建前交叉韧带的疗效比较

目的比较分析膝关节镜下自体髌韧带与腘绳肌腱移植重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的疗效。方法回顾分析49例膝关节镜下自体髌韧带移植重建ACL及54例自体腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL的情况，随访24～48个月，平均31．6个月。采用Lysholm膝关节评分、国际膝关节文献编制委员会分级评估标准和KT-1000关节测量仪测定稳定性评价疗效。结果两组间患者满意度、关节稳定性及功能差异均无统计学意义。髌韧带重建组膝痛发生率较腘绳肌腱组高(37％比11％)。结论关节镜下髌韧带与腘绳肌腱移植重建ACL的疗效相同。ACL重建中等长重建、牢固固定及早期康复锻炼对疗效更有决定作用。     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft

Tendon–bone incorporation of a tendon graft within the bone tunnel is of priority concern when using for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Superior healing process and stronger healing strength can be achieved when periosteum is sutured on the tendon inserted into a bone tunnel. We applied this idea to ACL reconstruction for enhancing tendon graft–bone tunnel healing. This is a prospective clinical outcome study with this surgical technique at minimal 2 years follow-up. Periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft has been used in 68 patients. Data from 62 patients who had been followed up completely were analyzed. All patients suffered from a grade 3 or higher grade of Lachman and anterior drawer test with a positive pivot-shift test. Clinical assessments included the Lysholm knee scores, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 instrumented testing, thigh muscle assessment, and radiographic evaluation. The median Lysholm knee score was 59 (40–70) and 94 (60–100) points (P<0.01) before and after surgery. After reconstruction, 81% of patients were able to return to moderate or strenuous activity. Four (6%) patients were found to exhibit grade 2 or more ligament laxity. Complete range of motion could be achieved in 86% of patients. Three patients (5%) had positive pivot shift. Finally, 92% of patients were assessed as normal or nearly normal rating by IKDC guideline. Bone tunnels enlargement of more than 1 mm was identified in 5% of femoral tunnels and 6% of tibial tunnels. The study shows that a satisfactory result can be achieved with the periosteum-enveloping hamstring tendon graft in ACL reconstruction. Periosteum can be easily harvested at the proximal tibia from a routine incision for hamstring tendon harvesting. Besides the potential for improving tendon–bone healing, enveloped periosteum may help to seal the intra-articular tunnel opening in the early postoperative period, and thus avoid synovial fluid reflux into the tunnel. Bone tunnel enlargement could be reduced.     

Arthroscopic intra- and extra-articular anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with gracilis and semitendinosus tendons

Numerous surgical procedures have been developed and used for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Patellar tendon is probably the most common graft used, but gracilis and semitendinous tendons present some interesting advantages: small incision, large graft when doubled, characteristics close to ACL, rapid harvest. We describe a combined intra- and extra-articular arthroscopic ACL reconstruction using hamstring tendons which includes some original steps. The tendons are harvested, leaving the distal insertion intact, and sutured together. After drilling of the tibial tunnel, an over-the-top arrangement is formed, creating a groove in the posterolateral aspect of the femur. The tendons are then fixed with double staples in the groove, and their remaining part is fixed distally to Gerdy’s tubercle passing under the fascia, but over the lateral collateral ligament (LCL). This technique ensures sufficient strength in the graft and permits correction of any associated instability, because of the presence of the extra-articular portion of the tendons. Furthermore, the over-the-top arrangement reduces trauma and possible pitfalls related to tunnel construction and permits isometry of the extra-articular portion to be established. Forty patients involved in sports activity were prospectively selected and evaluated at a minimum 2 years’ follow-up. IKDC score and Lysholm score were used for clinical evaluation, and the KT-2000 was used for instrumental laxity measurements. Resumption of sport and time to that point were recorded as well as Tegner activity score. We had 92.5% normal and fairly normal knees according to IKDC score and only 7.5% abnormal knees. Mean Lysholm score was 95. Mean Tegner score was 7.2. KT-2000 showed a mean injured/uninjured difference of 2.1 mm. In all, 90% of patients resumed sports at the same level, 67.5% in 3–4 months and 27.5% in 4–6 months. The highly satisfactory results of this series with no major complications confirm the reliability of this techinque and the possibility of guaranteeing functional behaviour in the knee. Received: 5 April 1997 Accepted: 25 July 1997     

Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with quadriceps tendon autograft: clinical outcome in 4–7 years

Surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is indicated in the ACL-deficient knee with symptomatic instability and multiple ligaments injuries. In the present study, we describe the clinical results of quadriceps tendon-patellar bone autograft for ACL reconstruction. From 1996 to 1998, the graft has been used in 38 patients. Thirty-four patients with complete final follow-up for 4–7 years were analyzed. The average follow-up time was 62 (48–84) months. Thirty-two patients (94%) achieved good or excellent results by Lysholm knee rating. Twenty-six patients (76%) could return to moderate or strenuous activity after reconstruction. Twenty-eight patients (82%) had ligament laxity of less than 2 mm. Finally; 31 patients (91%) were assessed as normal or nearly normal rating by IKDC guideline. Twenty-five patients (73%) had less than 10 mm difference in thigh girth between their reconstructed and normal limbs. Thirty-two (94%) and 31 (91%) patients could achieve recovery of the extensor and flexor muscle strength in the reconstructed knee to 80% or more of normal knee strength, respectively. A statistically significant difference exists in thigh girth difference, extensor strength ratio, and flexor strength ratio before and after reconstruction. Tunnel expansion with more than 1 mm was identified in 2 (6%) tibial tunnels. Our study revealed satisfactory clinical subjective and objective results at 4–7 years follow-up. Quadriceps tendon autograft has the advantage of being self-available, relatively easier arthroscopic technique, and having a suitable size, making it an acceptable graft choice for ACL reconstruction. There is little quadriceps muscle strength loss after quadriceps harvest. A quadriceps tendon-patellar autograft is an adequate graft choice to ACL reconstruction.     

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with doubled semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft in rugby players

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the results of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with doubled hamstring tendon graft in a selected group of 18 rugby players. The graft was fixed with a transcondylar screw (Transfix) on the femur, and with an absorbable interference screw and a metallic staple on the tibia. All the patients followed the same rehabilitation program. Return to sports activities was allowed after 6 months. Follow-up was 2 years in all cases. The athletic level of the patients was rated according to the Tegner scoring system. Clinical results were evaluated using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scoring system. Furthermore, an instrumented evaluation of the anterior laxity with a KT–1000 arthrometer, and an isokinetic evaluation were performed 6 and 24 months after surgery. The Tegner mean score at follow-up (8.2) was similar to that prior to injury (8.3). IKDC overall results were normal in ten cases (55.6%), nearly normal in six cases (33.3%), and abnormal in two cases (11.1%). Side-to-side difference of anterior laxity measured with KT–1000 at 6 and 24 months did not show an impairment of knee stability with time. Isokinetic evaluation showed a significant improvement on peak torque both in extension and flexion on comparison between 6- and 24-month measurements. The results reported in this study showed that the use of doubled hamstring tendon graft for ACL reconstruction in athletes that were at risk for high-energy traumas to the knees, such as rugby players, gave normal or nearly normal results in about 90% of the cases. Recovery of muscle strength was almost complete 2 years after surgery, and there was no impairment of knee stability with time.     

Lateral meniscal tears and their evolution in acute injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee Arthroscopic analysis

Arthroscopic diagnosis was used to determine the incidence of the most frequent injuries to the knee’s internal structures associated with ACL tear as well as ones without ACL tear. The most frequent finding associated with a recent ACL tear was the LM tear (72.7%). There is a statistically significant incidence of recent LM tear in knees with a recent ACL tear compared with recently injured knees without an ACL tear (P < 0.001). A statistically significant incidence of longitudinal LM tear was found in knees with a recent ACL tear compared with recently injured knees without an ACL tear (P < 0.001). Longitudinal tears were present in 63.6% of the knees with a recent ACL tear or in 87.5% of all knees with a recent LM tear. No statistically significant difference was found in the incidence of LM tear in the knees with a recent ACL tear compared to the incidence of LM tear in knees with an old ACL tear (P > 0.05). The posterior horn was most frequently injured (71.5% vs 64.0%). A significant difference between the findings in the various patient groups studied supports the hypothesis that longitudinal LM tears in an ACL-deficient knee do not involve secondary meniscal pathology but that their onset derives from a primary recent injury. Most probably, the recent LM lesion does not evolve in meniscal length and depth. This hypothesis needs thorough investigation. Received: 25 May 1996 Accepted: 7 April 1997     

Arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with Leeds-Keio ligament in non-professional athletes

We report our experience using the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The study relates the results of the first 40 patients subjected to arthroscopic reconstruction of the ACL with a Leeds-Keio ligament, with a mean follow-up of 73 months. No associated peripheral procedures were carried out on any patient. The average age of the patients at the time of the operation was 31 years (range 26–35 years). The rehabilitation protocol followed by all patients aimed at resumption of sport 4 months after the operation. Clinical assessment included IKDC and the Lysholm scoring scale. The KT-2000 system was used for instrumented evaluation of joint laxity. All patients underwent a radiographic check-up. Clinically there were 55% excellent or good results when using the IKDC scale, while with the Lysholm score, satisfactory results were obtained in 80%. Complete post-traumatic rupture of the ligament was observed in three patients. No patient suffered an episode of either hydrarthrosis or reactive synovitis, which indicates good tolerance to the ligament. The radiographic evaluation of the operated knees showed a close correlation between the appearance of degenerative phenomena and performance of arthroscopic meniscectomy. The results achieved with the Leeds-Keio artificial ligament 5 years after application, although not completely satisfactory and inferior to those obtained with autologous biological ligaments, should be considered an encouragement to promote new efforts in this interesting research field.     

Arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with hamstring tendon autograft: results with a minimum 4-year follow-up

This study prospectively evaluates the outcomes at a minimum 4-year follow-up after PCL reconstruction using quadruple hamstring tendon autograft with an arthroscopic double fixation technique. During 1996–1999, hamstring tendon autograft graft has been used in 57 patients. Data from 52 patients who had been followed up completely were analyzed. All patients suffered from a grade 3 or higher grade of posterior drawer test and posterior sag sign with MRI image confirmation. Twelve knees had combined posterior and posterolateral instability, which were simultaneously reconstructed. Clinical assessments included Lysholm knee score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores, KT-1000 instrumented test, thigh muscle assessment, and radiographic evaluation. The mean Lysholm score was 54 (40–65) and 91 (65–100) points (P<0.01) before and after surgery. Thirty (58%) patients could return to moderate or strenuous activity. The evaluation of AP translation has been performed with KT-1000. The average posterior displacement measured with KT-1000 was 11.69±2.01 mm preoperatively and 3.45±2.04 mm postoperatively. Forty-two (81%) patients demonstrated ligament laxity of less than 5 mm. Forty-two (81%) patients were rated as normal or nearly normal based on IKDC scores. Forty-six (88%) patients achieved a minimum of 80% recovery of extensor strength and 44 (85%) patients achieved a minimum of 80% recovery of flexor strength. Statistically significant differences existed in thigh girth, extensor strength, and flexor strength before and after reconstruction. Arthroscopic reconstruction for PCL with four-strand hamstring tendon graft produced satisfactory results. The semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft is adequate in graft size, technically easier to perform and more reproducible, and had a satisfactory result.     

Arthroscopic-assisted anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with the central third patellar tendon A 5–8-year follow-up

We reviewed 89 arthroscopically assisted patellar tendon anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions for chronic isolated injuries with an average follow-up of 7 years (range 5.4 to 8.6 years). Pain was present in 7 knees (8%). Giving-way symptoms were reported by 7 patients (8%). A KT-2000 side-to-side difference over 5 mm at 30 lbs was recorded in 12 cases (16%). The pivot shift was glide in 17 cases (19%) and clunk in 10 (11%). A 3°– 5° extension loss compared with the normal side was present in 20 knees (22%) and 6°–10° in 4 knees (4%). The intra-articular exit of the femoral tunnel was misplaced in the anterior 50% of the condyles along the roof of the notch in 10% of the knees. This positioning significantly (P = 0.003) increased the frequency of graft failure (62.5%) compared with the cases with a more posterior placement (graft failure 12%). An anterior position of the intra-articular exit of the tibial tunnel (in the anterior 15% of the sagittal width of the tibia) significantly (P = 0.01) increased the frequency of extension loss > 5°. Medial meniscectomy was associated with a 35% incidence of narrowing of the medial joint space, which was significantly higher compared with knees with normal menisci (9%; P = 0.04) or with medial meniscal repair (7%; P = 0.05). In conclusion this study showed satisfactory anterior stability (KT-2000 side-to-side difference up to 5 mm and pivot absent or glide) in 83% of the knees. This percentage increases to 88% in the knees with a correct posterior and proximal femoral tunnel placement. Accuracy in tunnel positioning is essential for the success of ACL surgery. Meniscal repair was effective in decreasing joint space narrowing and should be attempted when possible. Received: 15 November 1996 Accepted: 17 March 1997     

关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带合并半月板损伤

目的　探讨关节镜下同时修复重建前交叉韧带 (ACL)合并半月板损伤的临床效果。方法　 4 8例患者全部在关节镜下完成ACL、半月板损伤的修复重建术。术前临床症状、体征包括 :膝关节行走痛 4 1例 ,膝关节不稳定感 36例 ,关节交锁史 8例 ,Lachman试验阳性 4 5例 ,前抽屉试验阳性 38例 ,外侧轴移试验阳性 2 4例。半月板损伤采用系列导管下特制长缝合针由内向外缝合法修复 ;ACL损伤修复采用半腱肌、股薄肌 ,闭合拉出微型钢板法重建 ,术后采用康复治疗。　结果　本组随访 13～ 6 5个月 ,平均 2 7个月。 1例剧烈活动后膝关节胀痛 ,2例活动受限 2 0° ,其余关节功能正常。Lyshlom膝关节评分 ,术前 5 8± 9,术后 95± 5 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　关节镜下同时修复重建ACL、半月板损伤的疗效显著 ,值得推广。