肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭5例临床分析

目的总结肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的防治经验。方法回顾性分析5例肝移植受者术后早期发生急性肾功能衰竭临床资料,手术方式为改良背驮式肝移植术,其中4例术前即合并肾功能不全。结果5例术后早期急性肾功能衰竭患者3例通过调整免疫抑制方案和改善肾脏灌注及利尿治疗肾功能恢复;2例给予连续性肾脏替代治疗后肾功能恢复。结论肝移植术后免疫抑制剂的个体化应用,积极改善肾脏灌注,必要时选择血液透析治疗,有助于防治肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭。     

肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的预防和治疗

目的总结肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭的预防和治疗经验。方法回顾性分析63例原位肝移植术后早期发生急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,探讨其发病的危险因素及治疗方法。结果63例患者中,12例术前已存在不同程度的肾功能损害,28例有严重的腹水及进行性高胆红素血症。术后发生肺部感染28例,多器官功能衰竭26例,腹腔内积液、积脓9例。所有患者肝移植术后均采用环孢素A、霉酚酸酯或他克莫司预防排斥反应。23例患者应用多巴胺(2-5μg·kg-1·min-1)等血管活性药物改善肾脏灌注,并酌情配合利尿药物的使用,同时给予白蛋白、新鲜血浆输注、营养支持及抗感染治疗。12例病情较重者给予持续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT),平均治疗时间50 h。术后1个月时,有26例患者死亡,死亡率为41．27％。结论肝移植术前应重视对肾功能的评估并及时处理,术后尽量避免感染。免疫抑制剂的个体化应用,改善肾脏灌注,可提高肝移植术后急性肾功能衰竭治疗的成功率。     

ABO血型不合的肝移植（附3例报道）

目的 探讨ABO血型不合的肝移植治疗急性肝功能衰竭的疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院急诊状态下开展的3例(布加综合征患者1例,肝癌患者1例,重症乙型肝炎患者1例)ABO血型不合的肝移植患者的临床资料,术后以四联免疫抑制剂抗排斥反应.结果 1例布加综合征患者术后相继出现肺部感染、脑桥髓鞘溶解症及急性排斥反应,经积极对症处理后缓解,现已存活14个月; 1例肝癌患者术后出现不可控制的感染,术后13 d因多脏器功能衰竭死亡; 1例重症乙型肝炎患者术后出现急性肾功能衰竭,给予持续肾脏替代疗法,肾功能恢复.结论 ABO血型不合的肝移植术后并发症多,通过加强围手术期管理和应用有效的免疫抑制方案,可提高ABO血型不合肝移植的疗效.在无合适供体的紧急情况下,ABO血型不合的肝移植可以作为急性肝功能衰竭患者的一个重要选择.     

分期肝肾联合移植1例报告

目的 报告1例分期肝肾联合移植，并探讨分期肝肾联合移植治疗技术及其效果。方法 对1例晚期乙型肝炎肝硬变伴肾功能衰竭患者实施原位肝移植术，所用免疫抑制方案为环孢霉素A与甲基强的松龙联合用药，于肝移植术后3个月行肾移植术，结果 肝移植一肝功能恢复良好，但肾功能持续恶化，经血液透析治疗无效而行肾移植术。患者肝肾联合移植术后9个月，一般情况良好，移直和移植肾功能均正常。结论 对肝移植后各种原因导致的肾功能衰竭，当血液透析治疗无效时可再行肾移植术，同时，免疫抑制剂用量并未增加。     

西罗莫司在肝移植术后钙调素类抑制剂相关肾损病人中的应用

目的 探讨西罗莫司对肝移植术后钙调素类免疫抑制剂相关肾功能损害病人的肾功能的改善作用及安全性.方法 对11例肝移植术后出现钙调素类免疫抑制剂相关肾损害病人进行西罗莫司转换治疗,同时减少或完全停止钙调素类免疫抑制剂的应用.观察转换治疗后病人的肾功能、肝功能、急性排斥反应的发生及药物副作用等情况.结果 随访至今所有病人均存活,随访时间6～23个月.转化治疗后所有病人的肾功能均有不同程度的改善,6个月后血肌酐从(163.8±47.9)μmol/L降为(108.1±26.6)μtmol/L(P<0.05);除1例病人出现转氨酶升高,加用钙调素类免疫抑制剂后恢复正常外,其余病人肝功能无明显变化;药物副作用有高脂血症、贫血、溃疡型口疮等.结论 西罗莫司可以安全地应用于肝移植术后钙调素类免疫抑制剂相关肾功能损害的病人,改善病人的肾功能,同时对移植肝功能无明显影响.     

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭的肾脏替代治疗

目的探讨体外循环（CPB）心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭（ARF）的发生原因及肾脏替代治疗的方法,总结其治疗经验。方法回顾性分析我院2004年2月至2008年2月14例体外循环心脏手术后发生急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料,所有患者除常规治疗外,分别给予持续血液滤过1例、血液透析5例、腹膜透析7例。结果14例患者中死亡7例,其中5例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于低心排血量综合征,1例死于腹膜透析并发败血症。余7例经肾脏替代治疗8～39d肾功能恢复,治愈出院。生存的7例患者随访1～48个月,肾功能无明显异常,尿素氮4．16±3．19mmol／L（2．96±8．18mmol／L）,肌酐56±16μmol／L（55～89μmol／L）。结论急性肾功能衰竭是体外循环心脏手术后严重并发症之一,死亡率较高。采取适当的预防措施可减少该并发症的发生,血液滤过、血液透析及腹膜透析是有效的肾脏替代治疗方法。     

肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的诊断和治疗(附41例回顾性分析)

目的总结肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的防治经验。方法回顾性分析41例肝移植术后早期肾功能不全的发病机制、治疗方法及效果。结果41例肝移植受者中,死亡14例(34.15%)。术后并发症:肺部感染24例,多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)13例,腹腔出血6例,急性排斥反应6例,胆道并发症3例,门静脉血栓1例,原发性移植肝无功能1例,全身播散性真菌感染1例。术后2例生存超过5年,4例生存超过4年,7例生存超过3年,11例生存超过2年。结论在背驮式肝移植中行腔-腔静脉侧侧吻合(SSCCA)、采用抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗、降低钙神经蛋白抑制剂用量、实施环孢素C2监测对降低肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的发生率可能有一定意义,对于出现难以逆转的肾损害同时无法耐受血液透析的受者,肾移植可能是惟一的选择。     

肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的诊断和治疗（附41例回顾性分析）

目的 总结肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的防治经验。方法 回顾性分析41例肝移植术后早期肾功能不全的发病机制、治疗方法及效果。结果 41例肝移植受者中，死亡14例（34．15％）。术后并发症：肺部感染24例，多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）13例，腹腔出血6例，急性排斥反应6例，胆道并发症3例，门静脉血栓1例，原发性移植肝无功能1例，全身播散性真菌感染1例。术后2例生存超过5年，4例生存超过4年，7例生存超过3年，11例生存超过2年。结论 在背驮式肝移植中行腔-腔静脉侧侧吻合（SSCCA）、采用抗CD25单克隆抗体诱导治疗、降低钙神经蛋白抑制剂用量、实施环孢素C2监测对降低肝移植术后早期急性肾功能衰竭的发生率可能有一定意义，对于出现难以逆转的肾损害同时无法耐受血液透析的受者，肾移植可能是惟一的选择。     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭(附15例报告)

目的:分析15例输尿管结石致急性肾功能衰竭患者的急诊输尿管镜腔内碎石方法,探讨输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石梗阻并发急性肾功能衰竭的临床疗效。方法:硬膜外阻滞麻醉,采用输尿管硬镜,在电视监视下,经尿道插入膀胱和输尿管,气压弹道碎石探杆将结石击碎。结果:15例碎石均获成功。13例术后3天肾功能复查正常;1例并发重度贫血者,术后2周血Cr168μmol/L;另1例并发糖尿病者术后出现持续高热,腰痛,有严重肾脏感染,感染控制后肾功能未明显好转而行血液透析治疗。结论:输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石并发急性肾功能衰竭安全、有效,对并发感染、慢性肾功能不全等基础疾病者,术后肾功能恢复程度及可能出现的并发症仍应予以重视。     

经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭

目的探讨经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭的疗效。方法对21例输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭(血Cr≥310μmol/L)的患者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石取石治疗。结果17例经输尿管镜碎石取石成功,3例输尿管上段结石部分击碎后进入肾盂,1例输尿管中段结石进镜失败中转开放手术。术中均留置双J管,梗阻均解除,无严重并发症。术后20例肾功能恢复正常,另1例术后12个月血BUN8.7mmol/L、Cr193μmol/L。结论经输尿管镜治疗输尿管结石梗阻致急性肾功能衰竭具有微创、安全、疗效好、恢复快等优点,应作为首选治疗手段。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.