饮食干预对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者血脂紊乱的影响

目的了解饮食干预对肥胖型2型糖尿病患者血脂紊乱的影响，以提供更合理的营养治疗方法。方法选择2006年5月至2008年3月在内分泌科门诊就诊的肥胖型2型糖尿病患者80例，按患者就诊顺序编号按1：1比例随机入组，治疗组、对照组各40例。治疗组食用依据由营养师制订食谱的要求制作的称重膳食，对照组自己控制饮食。观察2组患者膳食中热能和部分营养素的摄入情况比较以及治疗前后两组患者血糖和血脂的变化。结果对照组热能、三大产热营养素及胆固醇的摄入明显较高，而膳食纤维的摄入量明显较低，而脂肪的摄入量明显较高，占总热能的36％；脂肪来源中饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸所占总能量的比例分别为14．2％、13．1％和8．7％，与治疗组同项比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。治疗组在治疗后空腹血糖（FBG）、体重指数（BMI）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）及低密度脂蛋白（LDL）均有明显下降，高密度脂蛋白（HDL）显著增高，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；而对照组在治疗后FBG、BMI、TC、TG、LDL及HDL的变化均不明显（P〉0．05）。结论营养干预能显著地降低患者的体质量，改善患者的脂代谢紊乱。     

青岛市示范幼儿园膳食营养状况分析

目的了解青岛市示范幼儿园膳食营养状况。方法膳食调查采取称重法。结果青岛市示范幼儿园热能、锌、钙、视黄醇等营养素1999年低于标准供给量,2005年达到标准供给量。2005年与1999年相比,钙、视黄醇的幼儿园达标率从1999年8.7%和30.4%提高到2005年57.1%和71.4%。但脂肪产热占总热能比例过高、钙磷比例不适宜等问题没有明显改善。结论幼儿园膳食中应多增加含钙丰富的食物,同时控制总热能,减少脂肪摄入。     

心胸外科住院老年患者膳食营养状况调查

目的调查心胸外科住院老年患者的膳食营养状况。方法心胸外科住院老年患者118例为研究对象,通过问卷调查、生化检查等方法评价其营养状况。结果与营养学标准相比,患者的热能、钠、动物脂肪摄入量偏高,蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙和铁摄入量明显偏低。患者对膳食营养的知识-态度-行为(KAP)得分普遍不高。结论心胸外科住院老年患者的膳食营养状况尚未达标,应采取相应的护理对策。     

Investigation of dietary nutritional status in elder in-patients of cardiothoracic surgery

目的 调查心胸外科住院老年患者的膳食营养状况.方法 心胸外科住院老年患者118例为研究对象,通过问卷调查、生化检查等方法评价其营养状况.结果 与营养学标准相比,患者的热能、钠、动物脂肪摄入量偏高,蛋白质、维生素B1、维生素B2、钙和铁摄入量明显偏低.患者对膳食营养的知识-态度-行为(KAP)得分普遍不高.结论 心胸外科住院老年患者的膳食营养状况尚未达标,应采取相应的护理对策.     

高脂血症患者膳食状况调查分析

目的通过调查高脂血症患者膳食结构分析评价其合理性并提出干预对策。方法采用食物频数法和24h膳食回顾对208例高脂血症患者的膳食状况进行调查。结果被调查患者膳食中禽肉类比重过高;蔬菜水果及粮谷类摄入不足,膳食纤维摄入量未达到要求。脂肪摄入超过推荐量标准。结论被调查的高脂血症患者膳食结构不合理,建议适当降低总能量和脂肪的摄入,增加膳食纤维的摄入,平衡膳食,均衡营养;加强高脂血症患者的营养教育。     

101例老年糖尿病患者的膳食现状调查分析

目的通过调查老年糖尿病患者膳食结构分析评价其合理性。方法对101例老年糖尿病患者进行膳食调查及人体测量。根据体质指数BMI分为正常体型组45例,超重体型组51例。采用24小时膳食回顾法,分析患者的膳食能量、三大营养素摄入量及所占总能量的比例。结果正常体型组能量,碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪摄入均大于标准供给量,有显著性差异(P<0.05);超重体型组能量,碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪摄入均超过标准供给量(P<0.01)。两组胆固醇摄入均大于300 mg/d,膳食纤维摄入量不足。结论老年糖尿病患者的膳食结构不合理,需要调整。     

飞行人员膳食调查与身体质量指数分析

目的合理调整膳食结构,进一步提高飞行员的营养水平。方法通过称量法,对165名飞行员飞行时的膳食及各种营养素摄人情况进行调查分析。结果热能及多种营养素达到或超过营养素供给标准（RDA）;蛋白质质量较好;膳食中的脂肪来自动物性食物的所占比重较大,而钙、铁、锌则以植物性食物来源为主;膳食中硫胺素摄入不足,占RDA的81．2％。身体质量指数（BMI）显示,营养状况正常者为81．8％,超重或肥胖者为18．2％。结论应合理调整飞行员飞行期间膳食结构：①补充植物油调整动植物脂肪比例;②注意增加富含钙、铁、锌的动物性食物;③督促飞行员服用维生素片;④适当控制总热能的摄入量,提高营养水平;⑤加强身体锻炼,增强飞行员的身体素质,预防疾病。     

军队老干部膳食结构及微量元素摄入15年变化分析

目的了解军队老干部在15年中膳食结构及微量元素摄入的变化情况。方法对1995、2005和2010年来我院疗养的军队老干部进行膳食调查,并对膳食中铁、锌、硒、铜、锰五种微量元素摄入情况进行分析与评价。结果 膳食结构中,谷类食物摄入逐年下降,已经接近中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐摄入量的低值;肉类、食盐、烹调油摄入量逐年升高并大大超过推荐量;乳类摄入量明显不足;热能、蛋白质、烟酸、VB1、VC、VE及胆固醇的摄入已超过推荐量,且呈逐渐上升趋势,VA、VB2及钙摄入量呈明显上升趋势,但还未达到推荐摄入量;脂肪供能比增长较快,2010年已达38.5%,大大超过推荐摄入量。微量元素铁、锌、硒摄入量呈逐年上升趋势,至2010年军队老干部膳食中铁、锌、硒、铜、锰五种微量元素已基本达到推荐摄入量。结论军队老干部营养状况改善明显,各种微量元素摄入量普遍得到提高,但脂肪、胆固醇、食盐摄入过高及乳类摄入不足的问题还比较严重,应继续加强营养宣传教育和正确引导。     

深圳私立幼儿园膳食营养状况分析

目的　了解 1999年在幼儿园推行先算后吃的措施后 ,深圳私立幼儿园膳食营养改善情况。方法　称重法。结果　深圳私立幼儿园热能、锌、钙 ,视黄醇等营养素 1997年低于标准供给量 ,2 0 0 1年达到标准供给量。 2 0 0 1年与 1997相比 ,钙、视黄醇的幼儿园达标率从 1997年 8 7%和 3 0 4%提高到 2 0 0 1年 5 7 1%和 71 4%。但脂肪产热占总热能比例过高 ,钙、磷比例不适宜等问题没有明显改善。结论　加强私立幼儿园膳食管理 ,调整营养结构     

营养膳食及相关因素与糖尿病关系的探讨

目的 为了解糖尿病与膳食营养状况、生活方式及遗传因素的关系。为改善糖尿病患者的膳食营养状况，提高生活质量，减少并发症的发生提供科学依据。方法 采用食物频率调查法，个人史回顾询问记录法以及有关健康知识测试法，所得数据利用有关的营养计算软件进行统计分析处理。结果 结果提示家族史、吸烟、饮酒均可引起糖尿病患病率的增高；谷类、蔬菜、水果、肉类、乳类摄入量的减少及豆类、油脂类摄入量的增加可能与调查人群糖尿病患病率高有关。结论 病例组和对照组的膳食结构基本合理，但均应适当增加碳水化合物的比例，降低脂肪摄入所占的比例，尽量选用优质蛋白质，加强对糖尿病患者的营养宣教和膳食指导。     

膳食及营养因素对社区居民高血压患病影响的多因素探析

目的分析膳食与营养因素在社区居民发生高血压中的影响作用。方法选取200例高血压患者与200例血压正常者进行调查,统计并对比膳食结构与营养因素摄取情况。结果高血压患者摄取油脂类食物,以及脂肪、蛋白质、能量、铁及钠均更多,大米、杂粮、维生素B2与铜等摄取更少(P<0.05)。结论应通过调整膳食结构与营养因素的摄取情况,对社区居民加强高血压防控。     

Dietary behavior of French men according to alcohol drinking pattern

Relationships of alcohol consumption with diet were studied in 216 French men aged 18-44. The sample was divided on the basis of alcohol intake in the preceding 7 days: controls (less than or equal to 43 g/day), moderate drinkers (44-87 g/day) and heavy drinkers (88-200 g/day). Moderate and heavy drinkers consumed more meat and meat products, bread and toast, dried vegetables and potatoes than controls but fewer nonalcoholic drinks and less milk, yogurt, cooked vegetables, raw and cooked fruits, pastries and confectioneries. Total energy intake was higher in drinkers than in controls but nonalcoholic energy intake was not significantly different; alcohol was simply added to food intake. Moderate and heavy drinkers consumed significantly less carbohydrates but more fat and protein than controls. Vitamins A and C intakes were lower in the moderate and heavy drinkers than in controls but folate and iron intakes were higher. The differences in dietary habits between controls and drinkers were not related to age nor to socioprofessional status since after adjustment for these two parameters the same relationships were still found.     

Effect of diet on posttransplant hyperlipidaemia.

Twenty-five patients with a renal transplant for 15 months to 19.4 years, hyperlipidaemia and stable graft function underwent three months of dietary management. Plasma lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations and lipoprotein electrophoresis were measured after a 12 hour fast at enrollment and after three months of diet. The aims of diet were to reduce energy intake in the overweight, restrict fat to 25-30% of total intake, reduce saturated fat content to less than 10% of total energy and cholesterol to less than 300 mg/d. After three months of diet there was a significant fall in mean cholesterol/HDL cholesterol risk ratio and a rise in mean HDL cholesterol concentration. Six patients reverted to a normal lipoprotein electrophoretic pattern with a significant reduction in mean total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, apoprotein B and apoB/apo A-1 ratio. Most of the other patients who made dietary modifications showed some improvement in their lipid parameters. Dietary modification should be the initial approach to the management of posttransplant hyperlipidaemia.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者静息能量消耗与非脂体质相关性

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）患者的静息能量消耗与非脂体质（FFM）的关系。方法 20例P-COS患者为PCOS组,20例健康者为对照组,比较2组的静息能量消耗（REE）、体脂（FAT）、FFM、血脂谱、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）及C反应蛋白（CRP）。结果 PCOS组的FAT、血脂谱、HOMA-IR及CRP明显高于对照组,REE和FFM明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。2组间REE/FFM比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 PCOS患者REE下降与患者的体脂增加有关。     

Effects of enterostatin (Val-Pro-Asp-Pro-Arg) on fat intake and blood levels of glucose and insulin in rats.

Enterostatin may be involved in the preference for fat and the control of fat intake. Using two different feeding patterns, we observed a change in food intake after injection of enterostatin (VPDPR) into the third ventricle. When rats were adapted to free selection choice between low fat (LF) and high fat (HF) diets, VPDPR inhibited intake of the LF diet at 100, 200 and 800 ng and inhibited intake of the HF diet at 200 ng. The dose-response of HF diet intake to VPDPR was U-shaped. However, even the optimal dose (200 ng), which reduced the intake of both LF and HF diets when both diets were given together, was not effective when the LF diet was given alone. In the present study, VPDPR has also shown to not affect plasma glucose or insulin levels. These results suggest that exogenous VPDPR may inhibit appetite when endogenous enterostatin secretion is increased by ingestion of dietary fat, and that VPDPR has a limited range of effects on feeding behavior. We support the hypothesis that the early satiety sense of VPDPR as an anorectic agent in a central site is directly related to endogenous enterostatin or procolipase levels after fat intake, but not glucose or insulin levels.     

中国南极考察越冬队员营养摄入状况调查及分析

目的参照《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量Chinese DRIs》对中国南极考察越冬队员营养摄入基本状况进行现场调查与分析。方法研究对象为中国第24、25次南极考察队越冬队员,共34名,均男性,自由饮食,采用记账法和称重法对考察队员进行膳食调查,然后根据食物成分表计算出每人每日能量和各种营养素摄入量。一年共进行4次。结果禽肉类摄入量等显著超过（中国DRIs）建议摄入量;蔬菜、水果、奶类摄入显著低于（中国DRIs）建议摄入量。能量、蛋白质和脂肪摄入量显著超过（中国DRIs）建议摄入量,维生素A1、B1、B2、C显著低于（中国DRIs）建议摄入量。结论南极考察队员蛋白质脂肪等摄入过高与南极特殊寒冷气候相关。维生素类摄入过低与食品供给条件相关。     

Improved glucose control in maturity-onset diabetes treated with high-carbohydrate-modified fat diet.

Fourteen patients with established maturity-onset diabetes were treated as outpatients with a high-carbohydrate-(about 60% of total daily energy requirements)-modified fat diet (ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to other fatty acids greater than or equal to 1:1) for six weeks. Commercially available and acceptable cereal foods and tuberous vegetables high in both digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates were used. Simple sugars were restricted. Compared with their usual, low-carbohydrate diabetic diet this diet resulted in a fall in basal plasma glucose concentration (average of values measured at 0300, 0500, and 0700), mean preprandial plasma glucose concentration (average of values measured at 0800, 1230, and 1730), and percentage of glycosylated haemoglobin. Modifying dietary fat also decreased the fasting plasma cholesterol concentration. The findings suggest that it is no longer justifiable to prescribe a low-carbohydrate diet for maturity-onset diabetes.     

400例孕妇膳食调查和营养分析

目的了解孕妇膳食摄入情况,并分析其营养状况,以正确进行营养指导和干预。方法以广东省某市400例孕妇为调查对象,调查孕妇的膳食摄入情况,并应用“孕期饮食营养分析指导系统”软件进行营养分析。结果各孕期膳食三大产热营养素的热能供给比例基本合理;中早孕阶段钙、铁、锌和维生素B1、维生素B2的摄入量较低,分别为764．51mg、26．94mg、15．71mg、1．12g、1．13g;各孕期优质蛋白占总摄入蛋白的50．O％以上,平均蛋白质RNI％为48．5％。结论孕妇的膳食结构基本合理,但仍要增加钙、铁、锌及B族维生素等摄入,并加强孕妇的营养指导。     

Lactose malabsorption and calcium intake as risk factors for osteoporosis in elderly New Zealand women

OBJECTS: to evaluate the prevalence of lactose malabsorption and to assess dietary calcium intake, in elderly New Zealand women with hip fractures, in age matched case controls without hip fractures drawn from general practice, and in healthy young women. METHODS: lactose malabsorption was assessed by measuring breath hydrogen after a 50 g oral lactose tolerance test. Dietary calcium was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: the elderly fracture cases (n = 15), and their elderly controls (n = 16), showed a similar (60% and 63% respectively), but significantly higher prevalence (p less than 0.001), of lactose malabsorption than young women (12%, n = 50). Dietary calcium intake was similar in lactose absorbers and malabsorbers. CONCLUSIONS: malabsorption of lactose occurs commonly in elderly New Zealand women but is scarce in young adults. A high prevalence of lactose malabsorption may be a risk factor for exacerbation of type II osteoporosis in the elderly.