胆囊切除术式的探讨

目的：分析胆囊切除手术的不同手术方式，规范手术操作，减少或避免胆管损伤。方法：根据患者病情及影像学资料，结合术者经验及设备条件，选择开腹胆囊切除术(OC)，小切口胆囊切除术(MC)，腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)，以及开腹胆囊切除术的顺利切除法、逆行切除法和顺行加逆行结合法胆囊切除术，比较各种术式不同特点。结果：各种术式术后均行B超和肝功能检查，随访3～12个月，无死亡和并发症发生。结论：根据临床特点，选择恰当的手术方式进行胆囊切除术，可有效预防胆管损伤，减少并发症及死亡率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除胆管损伤的原因与对策

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除胆管损伤的原因、预防措施及处理方法。方法回顾性总结分析1990～2005年间6例腹腔镜胆囊切除手术胆管损伤并发症的临床资料。结果腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）1254例，发生肌管损伤并发症6例，2例术中发现小撕裂伤，修复后置入T管支撑引流，4例术后发现，行肝总管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术，T管支撑，均治愈。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除手术胆管损伤并发症重在预防，及时有效地处理这些并发症也很关键．     

腹腔镜下逆行切除胆囊168例临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜下逆行胆囊切除术手术方法及临床意义。方法:回顾分析2000年~2006年本院腹腔镜下逆行胆囊切除术患者168例临床资料。结果:本组168例中转开腹手术3例,其余均成功完成手术,无胆道损伤,手术时间最短1 h,最长3 h,平均2 h。结论:腹腔镜下逆行胆囊切除术能有效地防止胆道损伤,同时提高了腹腔镜胆囊切除的成功率。     

急性坏疽性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的预防

目的 探讨急性坏疽性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的预防措施.方法 选择2007年1月～2010年2月该院急性坏疽性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者62例的临床资料,回顾性分析术中预防胆管损伤的措施.结果 该组62例患者中完全腹腔镜下完成胆囊切除术52例.其中,胆囊管置管法25例,逆行法胆囊切除术15例,胆囊部分切除术...     

复杂类型胆囊的非常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术

目的：探讨非常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗复杂类型胆囊的可行性。方法：回顾分析我院1992年10月～2001年12月56例非常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床资料：腹腔镜下逆行法胆囊切除术24例：腹腔镜胆囊大部分切除术24例，其中保留胆囊后壁的胆囊大部分切除术20例，保留胆囊颈部的胆囊大部分切除术4例；胆囊切开取石术8例。结果：本组全部治愈，无胆管损伤。术中出血20～200ml，平均出血80ml．手术时间15～150min，平均手术时间56min。术后出血2例、胆漏2例，腹腔脓肿2例，均保守治疗痊愈。结论：不适于常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术的复杂类型胆囊的腹腔镜手术，可选择非常规腹腔镜胆囊切除术，此术式治疗效果肯定。避免了胆管损伤，降低了中转开腹率，同样达到微创目的。     

腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术92例临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术的适应证、手术方法、临床效果和并发症。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术遇困难时行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术92例患者的临床资料。急性化脓性胆囊炎46例多伴胆囊颈部结石嵌顿,由于炎症重、张力高、胆囊壁水肿增厚,腹腔镜顺行或顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊;萎缩性胆囊结石29例及充填性胆囊9例腹腔镜逆行或顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊;肝内胆管结石并发肝硬化7例和横位胆囊1例均腹腔镜顺逆行相结合次全切除胆囊。结果 92例腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术病例无1例中转开腹,手术时间30～120min,平均60min;住院天数3～10d,平均5d;术后无胆汁漏、出血、黄疸等并发症。随访2～5年患者无不适感觉。结论腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术与腹腔镜胆囊切除术相比疗效相似,均具有出血少、术后恢复快、住院时间短、痛苦少、并发症低等优点,故在复杂情况下行腹腔镜胆囊次全切除术,有利于降低手术难度及风险,减少中转开腹率,缩短手术时间,减少术后并发症,切实可行。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤危险因素。方法选取2012年8月~2020年6月本院收治的腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗的患者1140例。统计术中胆管损伤情况及患者一般资料,检验腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的影响因素。结果1140例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,术中发生胆管损伤11例,发生率为0.96%;经单因素与多因素分析结果显示,胆囊炎症、存在解剖变异、术前有合并症、术者经验缺乏均是腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤发生的影响因素(OR>1,P<0.05)。结论胆囊炎症、存在解剖变异、术前有合并症及术者经验缺乏均会增加腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的发生风险,故临床可据此进行合理的干预,以降低胆管损伤发生率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及处理.方法回顾性分析1 560例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后中9例胆漏的临床资料.结果9例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏患者中7例行腹腔镜探查,其中6例经镜下处理治愈,1例因肝外胆管损伤改行剖腹探查,经胆管修补,T管引流治愈.结论迷走胆管损伤、胆囊管钛夹脱落、肝外胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要原因.腹腔引流、胆管修补、T管引流是治疗腹腔 镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要方法.     

腹腔镜术中胆道造影的临床意义

目的：探讨术中胆道造影在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的临床应用价值。方法：对2005年4月-2008年7月行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中经胆囊管插管造影共27例的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果：造影均成功，术中胆道造影发现胆总管结石3例，胆管变异2例，胆管损伤1例。结论：腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆道造影对降低胆管结石的残留，预防并及时发现胆管损伤，明确胆管解剖及变异均有帮助。     

腹腔镜处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的诊治体会

目的探讨腹腔镜处理腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及防治方法。方法对12例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏患者的临床资料诊治进行回顾性分析。结果4例患者经非手术治疗痊愈；8例经再次行腹腔镜探查术，其中胆囊管残端钛夹脱落或夹闭不全4例，经重新结扎胆囊管并置腹腔引流后治愈；肝外胆管撕裂伤2例，经腹腔镜下缝合修补置腹腔引流治愈；迷走胆管损伤致胆漏者1例，采用钛夹夹闭治愈；胆囊切除加胆总管切开取石胆总管一期缝合针眼渗漏胆汁l例，拆除胆总管缝线置“T”管引流，一个月后拔除“T”管治愈。结论胆囊管残端钛夹脱落或夹闭不全、肝外胆管或迷走胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要原因，若腹腔引流通畅，无腹膜炎体征，引流胆汁每日不超过200ml并逐日减少可经非手术治疗治愈，其他可再次行腹腔镜探查予以处理，但关键还在于预防。     

Cefoperazone concentrations in bile and gall bladder wall after intravenous administration.

Cefoperazone concentrations in the common duct bile, gall bladder bile, and gall bladder wall were determined in four patients with cholelithiasis and one patient with carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, all of whom had normal renal functions. Within 65 min after a 1-g intravenous administration, maximum concentrations ranged from 373.4 to 3,100 micrograms/ml in common duct bile and from 6.8 to 680 micrograms/ml in gall bladder bile. Cefoperazone concentrations per gram of the gall bladder wall ranged from 16.8 to 48.0 micrograms.     

无钛夹腹腔镜胆囊切除术625例经验

目的探讨无钛夹法处理胆囊管及胆管动脉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中的应用。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜无钛夹法胆囊切除625例，术中应用超声刀或单极电刀封闭切断胆囊动脉，丝线结扎、套扎器结扎或可吸收夹结扎疸囊管。结果术后无1例病人出现腹腔感染、胆漏和出血等并发症。术后随访1-12个月。未见有腹痛、肩背部疼痛、黄疸及发热等症状。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中无钛夹法处理胆囊管及胆管动脉安全、可靠。能避免使用钛夹所致的并发症。     

THE FILLING AND EMPTYING OF THE GALL BLADDER

As a result of the control of the flow of bile into the duodenum largely by tonus and movements of the duodenum, bile intermittently enters the gall bladder where it is concentrated and undergoes other changes. The gall bladder empties itself of its content through the cystic duct (1) by the washing out of its contents by bile from the liver, (2) by the elasticity or contractile mechanism of its walls, and (3) by variations of intraabdominal pressure due to respiratory movements, contiguous organs, etc. A fourth manner of emptying of the gall bladder is by absorption of a portion of its content through its walls. The gall bladder is never entirely empty but tends to come to a state of partial collapse, when its contents are under minimum pressure. We have been unable to demonstrate rhythmic contractions of the gall bladder due to its musculature. If they are present they may aid but they are not essential for its emptying or filling. Experimentally, in the dog, a rubber bag which was substituted for the gall bladder functioned in a manner very similar to that of the normal gall bladder as shown by cholecystographic studies. The concentrating function, however, was absent.     

Cefamandole bile levels in patients with hepatobiliary disease.

Intraoperative biliary cefamandole concentrations were determined in 16 patients with hepatobiliary pathology. These included seven patients with cholelithiasis, five with acute cholecystitis, two with recurrent ascending cholangitis, and two with liver abscesses. Bile collected 0.5 to 2.5 h after the last antibiotic dose of 1 g administered by intravenous drip showed therapeutically effective concentrations of cefamandole in 84% (11 of 13) of gall bladder samples with a median of 220 micrograms/ml (range, 1.6 to 1,400), and in 100% (13 of 13) of common bile duct samples with a median of 1,100 micrograms/ml (range, 9.0 to greater than 2,000). Only with complete aseptic cystic duct obstruction was cefamandole undetectable in gall bladder bile.     

PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES FOR THE VARIED CHARACTER OF STASIS BILE

The gall bladder and ducts exert opposite influences upon the bile. The ducts fail to concentrate and thicken it with mucus as the bladder does, but dilute it slightly with a thin secretion of their own that is colorless and devoid of cholates even when the organism is heavily jaundiced. The fluid may readily be collected into a rubber bag connected with an isolated duct segment. It continues to be formed against a considerable pressure, and, in the dog, is slightly alkaline to litmus, clear, almost watery, practically devoid of cholesterol, and of low specific gravity to judge from the one specimen tested. In obstructed ducts separated from the gall bladder, or connecting with one so changed pathologically that the concentrating faculty has been lost, such fluid gradually replaces the small amount of bile originally pent up. It is the so called "white bile" of surgeons. When obstructed ducts connect with an approximately normal gall bladder the stasis fluid is entirely different, owing to the bladder activity. At first there accumulates in quantity a true bile much inspissated by loss of fluid through the bladder wall, darkened by a change in the pigment, and progressively thickened with bladder mucus. As time passes duct secretion mingles with the tarry accumulation and very gradually replaces it. The inspissation of the bile, as indicated by the pigment content, is at its greatest after only a day or two of stasis. The differing influences of the ducts and bladder upon the bile must obviously have much to do with the site of origin of calculi and their clinical consequences. The concentrating activity of the bladder cannot but be a potent element in the formation of stones. We have discussed these matters at some length. Intermittent biliary stasis is admittedly the principal predisposing cause of cholelithiasis; and the stasis is to be thought of as effective, in many instances at least, through the excessive biliary inspissation for which it gives opportunity. In this way a normal gall bladder can become, merely through functional activity, a menace to the organism. In patients with the tendency to stones frequent feedings may lessen the danger of their formation.     

腹腔镜下倒刺缝线与可吸收缝线缝合胆总管切口的效果比较研究

目的评价免打结倒刺缝线运用于腹腔镜下胆总管切开取石后Ⅰ期缝合的临床效果。方法选取2015年1月-2015年10月到该院就诊的胆囊结石伴有胆总管结石并行腹腔镜下胆囊切除、胆总管切开、探查取石和Ⅰ期缝合术的患者共计66例,并随机分为两组。实验组30例在术中采用倒刺缝线连续缝合胆总管切口。对照组36例在术中采用可吸收缝线连续扣锁缝合。术后比较两种缝合方式在手术时间、术中胆漏发生率及术后胆漏发生率的差异。结果两组患者共计66人均成功于腹腔镜下完成手术,无中转开腹,其中实验组在缝合时间、术中胆漏发生率上与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),实验组在缝合时间上少于对照组,在术中胆漏的发生率低于对照组,但在术后的胆漏发生情况上,实验组与对照组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论倒刺缝线在腹腔镜下连续缝合胆总管切口与传统可吸收缝线相比,具有手术时间短,术中及术后胆漏发生率低等特点,值得临床推广。     

Possibilities of laparoscopic decompression of the gallbladder in middle-aged and elderly patients with diseases of the biliary tract]

It is established that laparoscopic cholecystostomy presents the most acceptable method of gall bladder decompression in acute cholecystitis patients of advanced age comprising a high-risk group for surgery. Cholecystostomy efficiency reaches 97.2%. In case the procedure is not feasible in acute cholecystitis patients with intrahepatic position of the gall bladder or perivesicular adhesions the preference should be given to transhepatic drainage of the gall bladder whose effectiveness is 88.5%. An expedient method of laparoscopic decompression of the biliary tracts in mechanical jaundice due to tumor obstruction of the terminal part of the common bile duct is the formation of an external biliary fistula and "continuous" direct drainage of the gall bladder warranting satisfactory results in 93.3 and 100% of cases, respectively. Patients with a 1.5-week history of mechanical jaundice are not recommended transhepatic drainage, in longer duration of the jaundice (more than 1 month) it becomes contraindicated.     

The concentration of latamoxef achieved in the bile and gallbladder wall of patients with cholecystitis

This study reports the clinical and pharmacokinetic results following an injection of latamoxef (moxalactam disodium) in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Two groups were involved in the study. Group A consisted of 22 patients who received 1 g of intramuscular latamoxef at the time of premedication prior to surgery, and group B consisted of 12 patients each of whom received an intravenous dose of 0.5 g of latamoxef at the time of anaesthetic induction. Latamoxef levels were then measured in peripheral blood, gall bladder bile, common bile duct (CBD) bile and gall bladder wall. Despite a significant difference in the sampling times, inhibitory levels were obtained in the majority of samples in both groups, singularly high levels being assayed in CBD bile. We conclude that an intravenous dosage of latamoxef (0.5 g) given with anaesthetic induction is as effective as 1 g intramuscular dosage given with the pre-medication.     

Atypical cholesonograms in primary and secondary malignant disease of the biliary tract.

Hepatic metastases or mass lesion near the head of the pancreas are usually found when echograms are performed on patients with malignant diseases of the biliary tract. Atypical cholesonograms may result when the gall bladder itself is deformed or invaded by tumor, when tumor obstructing the bile duct is plaquelike and not detectable as a mass lesion, or when gall stones coexist as a purely incidental finding.     

Cholagenic diarrhea

AIM: To characterize cholagenic diarrhea as a nosological entity with its specific features of etiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture and treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 167 patients with chronic diarrhea (CD) participated in the trial. Of them, 25 patients have undergone resection of the small intestine, 98--cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis, 44 had concurrent hypokinesia of the gall bladder caused by celiac disease (n = 30) or biliary dyskinesia (n = 14). The examination included estimation of cholic acid in the duodenal content (40% glucose solution or cholecystokinin were used as stimulators); 24-h fecal mass; fecal mass for 24 hours, fat, potassium and sodium content in the feces; electromotor activity (EMA) of the gall bladder, small intestine and colon. RESULTS: Duodenal intubation with 40% glucose in patients with extensive resection of the small intes- tine detected a fall in cholic acid content in vesical bile to 408 +/- 58.39 mg compared to normal (910 +/- 97.29 mg%). In intravenous administration of cholecystokinin cholic acid concentration rose insignificantly (547.0 +/- 94.7 mg%) and was accompanied with bile loss with feces, polyfecalia, steatorrhea and high sodium concentration in feces. In celiac disease patients bile with high cholic acid concentration was secreted only in administration of cholecystokinin (1673 +/- 175.9 mg/%, normal 1701 +/- 140.6 mg/%). In patients after cholecystectomy colon EMA was primarily slow-wave and middle-amplitude, typical for hypermotor dyskinesia. CONCLUSION: CD develops after extensive resection and in inflammatory ileac diseases, suppression of contractile function of the gall bladder and after cholecystectomy. CD after cholecystectomy can be considered as a variant of postcholecystectomy syndrome. The treatment of CD should include drugs binding excessive bile acids in the colon, in hypokinesia of the gall bladder the treatment should include stimulators of its contractile function.