Surgical complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy: results of a single center experience

Pancreaticoduodenectomy represents the only therapeutic option for cefalo-pancreatic and periampullary cancers. Surgical and anaesthesiological techniques development over the last twenty years has granted an operative mortality decrease. However, surgical morbidity is still high, with an incidence of 30-50%. A 20 year experience of a single Centre is examined retrospectively: 121 patients underwent pancreatic resection with radical intent. Type of operation or re-operation, operative mortality within 30 days, general and surgical morbidity, postoperative hospital stay were analysed. Average recovery time was 24 days (range 12-65); operative mortality was 5.8% (7/121); general morbidity, including medical and surgical complications, was observed in 47 patients (38.8%). Pancreatic fistula occurred in 16 patients (13.2%); ten of these underwent a second operation. Patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenctomy were divided as follows: 76 pts. received a pylours-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and 45 a Whipple's resection. Neither surgical complications incidence nor mortality rate were significantly different between the two groups. Postoperative complications following pancreaticoduodenectomy are still frequent and severe. In particular, pancreatic fistula represents the most relevant complication following pancreaticoduodenectomy. The Authors suggest that standard and meticulous surgical procedures together with continued efforts to improve postoperative follow-up, support early detection of complications and improvement of results in most patients.     

Modified Technique of Pancreaticojejunal Anastomosis with Invagination Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Cohort Study

BACKGROUND: Leakage from pancreatic anastomoses remains the single most important morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy and contributes to prolonged hospitalization and mortality. This observational cohort study reported the surgical outcome of a modified invagination technique of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: Between December 2001 and December 2007, a total of 52 consecutive patients underwent elective pancreaticoduodenectomy for benign or malignant pathologies of the pancreas or the periampullary region in a tertiary referral center. All patients underwent our modified invagination technique of pancreaticojejunostomy regardless of the characteristics of the pancreatic stump. Data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: The mean hospital stay was 12.6 +/- 3.2 days. The incidence of overall surgical complications was 9.6%. No patient developed pancreatic fistula. One patient (1.9%) died of respiratory failure on postoperative day 7. CONCLUSIONS: We reported our pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis technique with a pancreatic fistula rate of 0% and low intra-abdominal complication rate. The favorable results of this technique warrant further investigation in large prospective cohort studies and prospective randomized controlled studies.     

Triple-layer duct-to-mucosa pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with a high degree of morbidity; the main cause is failure of the pancreatic anastomosis. It is imperative that this is performed safely and is secure. Pancreatic leaks will lead to serious morbidity and even mortality. Here we describe the use of a new surgical triple-layer pancreaticojejunostomy in a group of patients with minimal morbidity. METHODS: This is a retrospective review from a prospective database. Fifty-one consecutive patients underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (either pylorus-preserving (PPPD) or classical Whipple's) from May 1999 to December 2005 and had the pancreaticojejunostomy reconstructed as described below. RESULTS: The mean age of the 51 patients was 56.71 +/- 9.0 years; 32 (62.7%) were female and 19 (37.3%) were males. The mean operating time was 368.55 +/- 57.94 min; the average blood loss was 396 +/- 236 ml with 15 patients (29.4%) requiring postoperative blood transfusions. The mean pancreatic duct size was 4.94 +/- 2.6 mm. In terms of pancreatic texture, there were 33 (64.7%) hard pancreas and 18 (35.3%) soft pancreas. PPPD was performed on 28 (54.9%) and the classical Whipple's procedure on 23 (45.1%). Twelve patients had postoperative complications; only 1 patient had a pancreatic fistula which was treated conservatively. CONCLUSION: This method is safe and reliable. It can be used for a myriad of pancreas remnants with a wide range of pancreatic duct sizes.     

Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy is a safe anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy is relatively common, and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of two-layered duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy as a method for restoring pancreaticoenteric continuity. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from 100 consecutive patients who underwent Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy for tumour were evaluated. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. RESULTS: The perioperative 60-day mortality rate was 1.0 per cent. There were no pancreatic fistulas or anastomotic leaks. Sixteen patients had significant complications that delayed discharge from hospital. Twenty-one patients subsequently required empirical pancreatic exocrine supplements. CONCLUSION: Two-layered duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy for restoration of pancreaticoenteric continuity after pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with a low incidence of complications.     

Optimal management of the pancreatic remnant after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated methods of operative management of the pancreatic remnant after pancreaticoduodenectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Despite reductions in mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, leakage from the pancreatic remnant still may cause significant morbidity. Patients with small, unobstructed pancreatic ducts or soft, friable pancreata are at particularly high risk. Although numerous surgical techniques have been described to avoid such complications, no single method is suitable for all patients. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 114 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. Sixty-nine patients were men (61%) and 45 were women (39%), with median age 66 years. Underlying disease was malignant in 87 (76%) and benign in 27 (24%). Patients were divided into groups based on risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula and on the operative management of the pancreatic remnant. Sixty-eight patients underwent end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy, 13 of whom were high risk (group 1A) and 55 of whom were low risk (group 1B). Thirty-seven patients, all high risk, had either pancreatic duct closure by oversewing (N = 19, group 2) or end-to-end pancreaticojejunal invagination (N = 18, group 3). Nine patients underwent total pancreatectomy (group 4). Morbidity related to prolonged pancreatic drainage (PPD) of greater than 20 days was determined. RESULTS: Overall incidence of PPD was 17% and caused the only death. Patients considered high risk for postoperative pancreatic fistula had a 36% incidence of PPD compared with 2% in patients considered low risk (p < 0.0001). Prolonged pancreatic drainage frequency related to the method of pancreatic remnant management was as follows: group 1A, 15%; group 1B, 2%; group 2, 79%; and group 3, 6% (p < 0.001 for group 2 vs. other groups). No serious sequelae followed PPD in 15 patients (79%); however, 4 patients required reoperation for pseudocyst or abscess drainage; one in group 1A (who died) and three in group 2. Multivariate analysis revealed that operative technique (oversewing of the pancreatic duct) and male sex were significant factors predisposing a patient to the development of PPD. CONCLUSION: After pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic remnant management by end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy appeared safe in low-risk patients. In high-risk patients, end-to-end pancreaticojejunal invagination was the safest option. Morbidity was greatest after pancreatic duct closure without anastomosis.     

胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症的分析与处理

目的 探讨胰十二指肠切除术后外科相关并发症发生的原因与处理措施.方法 回顾性研究1995年1月至2010年4月共412例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料,男性232例,女性180例,分析其术后并发症发生的影响因素与治疗方法.结果 本组中共有153例患者出现并发症214例次,总发生率为37.1%.术后30 d内死亡19例,总病死率4.6%.统计学分析显示,胰腺钩突全切除与否(P=0.022)、胰肠吻合方式(P=0.005)、胰管直径(P=0.007)及残余胰腺质地(P=0.000)与胰瘘的发生具有相关性;未进行胰腺钩突全切除(P=0.002)、术中失血量≥600ml(P=0.000)及合并胰瘘者(P=0.000)术后出血发生率显著增高;保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术组术后胃排空障碍的发生率显著高于传统胰十二指肠切除术组(P=0.000).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,胰管直径及胰腺质地是影响胰瘘发生的独立危险因素;未进行胰腺钩突全切除、术中失血量≥600ml及胰瘘为影响术后出血的独立危险因素;联合血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者与未行血管切除或腹膜后淋巴清扫的患者相比,并发症发生率的差异无统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 合并慢性胰腺炎及胰管扩张的患者可行胰肠端侧黏膜对黏膜吻合,而端端或端侧套入式吻合更适于胰管不扩张或胰腺质软者;完整切除钩突、术中仔细止血是预防术后出血的重要因素;胰瘘是并发术后出血的重要原因之一.联合肠系膜上静脉或门静脉切除及腹膜后淋巴结清扫不会增加术后并发症的发生率.     

Surgical treatment of pancreatic head carcinoma in elderly patients

HYPOTHESIS: The treatment of cancer in elderly patients has become a global clinical issue, considering the increasingly longer life expectancy. Three quarters of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma are older than 60 years. Surgical resection is the only chance of cure, and early outcome of pancreaticoduodenectomy in elderly patients is comparable with that obtained in a younger population. DESIGN: During an 11-year period, 166 patients underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Clinical and demographic factors were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses to test their effect on early outcome. SETTING: State university medical school tertiary care center. PATIENTS: One hundred sixty-six patients underwent curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. They were divided into 2 groups according to age (group A for patients older than 70 years, group B for patients younger than 70 years). INTERVENTION: Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed using a Whipple procedure. An end-to-end pancreaticojejunostomy was constructed. Lymphadenectomy was carried out along the hepatoduodenal ligament, common hepatic artery, vena cava, superior mesenteric vein, and along the right side of the superior mesenteric artery. Four abdominal drainage sites were routinely used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The postoperative hospital stay was calculated and morbidity and mortality were assessed. RESULTS: Significantly higher operative morbidity and mortality were observed in group A (group A, 49.1% vs group B, 45.8% and 10.5% vs 3.7%, respectively). Underlying comorbid conditions in group B patients influenced postoperative morbidity but not mortality. Rate and nature of surgical complications were indicated as causes of significant higher mortality in group B patients. CONCLUSIONS: An aggressive surgical approach is justified for elderly patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. However, surgical complications that lead to reoperation are responsible for a high mortality in elderly patients. In addition to general causes, such as concomitant disorders, reduced functional reserve, poor tolerance to stress, and the texture of the pancreatic remnant, there are specific prognostic factors affecting pancreaticojejunostomy leakage and related mortality.     

External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent to reduce leakage rate of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a prospective randomized trial

OBJECTIVE: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent has been shown to reduce pancreatic fistula rate of pancreaticojejunostomy in a few retrospective or prospective nonrandomized studies, but no randomized controlled trial has been reported thus far. This single-center prospective randomized trial compared the results of pancreaticoduodenectomy with external drainage stent versus no stent for pancreaticojejunal anastomosis. METHODS: A total of 120 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy with end-to-side pancreaticojejunal anastomosis were randomized to have either an external stent inserted across the anastomosis to drain the pancreatic duct (n = 60) or no stent (n = 60). Duct-to-mucosa anastomosis was performed in all cases. RESULTS: The 2 groups were comparable in demographic data, underlying pathologies, pancreatic consistency, and duct diameter. Stented group had a significantly lower pancreatic fistula rate compared with nonstented group (6.7% vs. 20%, P = 0.032). Radiologic or surgical intervention for pancreatic fistula was required in 1 patient in the stented group and 4 patients in the nonstented group. There were no significant differences in overall morbidity (31.7% vs. 38.3%, P = 0.444) and hospital mortality (1.7% vs. 5%, P = 0.309). Two patients in the nonstented group and none in the stented group died of pancreatic fistula. Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the stented group (mean 17 vs. 23 days, P = 0.039). On multivariate analysis, no stenting and pancreatic duct diameter <3 mm were significant risk factors of pancreatic fistula. CONCLUSION: External drainage of pancreatic duct with a stent reduced leakage rate of pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

External stenting of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis and pancreatic duct after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreatic fistula is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. External drainage of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis with a stent is used to reduce the rate of pancreatic fistula. This study compares the rates of pancreatic fistula between external stent drainage versus no-stent drainage for pancreaticojejunal anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy. A total of 53 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for various benign and malignant pathologies were included in the study. An external stent was inserted across the anastomosis to drain the pancreatic duct in 26 patients and 27 patients received no stent. The primary end point was pancreatic fistula. All surgeries were done by a single surgeon with expertise in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery at a single institute. The two groups were comparable in demographic data, underlying pathologies, presenting complaints, presence of comorbid illnesses and proportion of patients with preoperative biliary drainage, pancreatic consistency and duct diameter. The pancreatic fistula rates were similar in both the groups (11.5 vs. 14.8?%, P?=?0.725). The morbidity and surgical re-exploration rate were statistically not significant between the two groups (65.4 vs. 51.9?%, P?=?0.318 and 11.5 vs. 7.4?%, P?=?0.60). Postoperative stay was also similar with a mean of 14?days in both the groups (P?=?0.66). The mortality rate was statistically not significant in the two groups (3.8 vs. 7.4?%, P?=?0.575). External drainage of pancreaticojejunostomy anastomosis and the pancreatic duct with a stent does not decrease the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

Toward zero pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy

BACKGROUND: Postoperative morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy has been associated mainly with the development of pancreatic fistula. However, postoperative complications unrelated to pancreatic fistula cannot be disregarded after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the postoperative morbidity in a large series of pancreaticoduodenectomies with pancreaticogastrostomies without pancreatic fistula. METHODS: The present study analyzed the data from 194 consecutive patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a pancreaticogastrostomy between July 1997 and June 2003 in whom no postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred. RESULTS: The overall rate of postoperative morbidity was 33.5%. Specific and general complications occurred in 16% and 17.5% of the patients, respectively. An American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of 3 and blood transfusion were the only independent factors associated with postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the overall morbidity after a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a pancreaticogastrostomy still remains high even in the absence of pancreatic fistula and is associated with the preoperative medical condition (ASA score) of the patients and with blood transfusion.     

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目的 探讨降低胰十二指肠切除术后并发症发生率及手术死亡率的措施。方法 将单层吻合技术应用于15例胰十二指肠切除术胰肠重建，33例施行保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术，其余病例均行经典的胰十二指肠切除术，胰肠重建采用传统的双层吻合。结果 101例中术后出现并发症的有27例，其中胰瘘13例（12.9%)，住院期间死亡4例（3.8%)。应用单层褥式交锁缝合进行胰肠重建的15例术后经过均良好。无一例并发胰瘘，亦无手术死亡。结论 单层吻合技术应用于胰十二指肠切除胰肠重建以及保留幽门的胰十二指肠切除术是降低术后并发症发生率的有效方法。     

End-to-End Invaginated Pancreaticojejunostomy with Three Overlapping U-Sutures––A Safe and Simple Method of Pancreaticoenteric Anastomosis

Background: Postoperative pancreatic fistula associated with mortality and morbidity remains an intractable problem after pancreaticoduodenectomy. To date it still carries a notable incidence of roughly 10% to 30% in large series in spite of numerous pharmacological and technical methods that have been proposed to achieve a leakproof pancreatic remnant. Methods: In order to perform a safe anastomosis to pancreatic remnant with less sophisticated sutures and shorter operative duration, a fast and simple technique of end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy with three overlapping U-sutures was devised in our institution. Results: Between April 2011 and July 2013, end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy with three overlapping U-sutures technique was used in 23 consecutive cases that underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy in our institute. The median operative time for pancreaticojejunostomy was 12 min. The incidence of pancreatic fistula was 8.7% (n = 2) and both cases were grade A fistula with no clinical impact or delayed hospital discharge. Neither relaparotomy nor postoperative mortality was observed. Conclusions: The technique of using three overlapping U-sutures in an end-to-end invaginated pancreaticojejunostomy represents a simple management of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis with reliability and applicability, and provides an alternative choice for pancreaticojejunostomy to senior pancreatic surgeons as well as those without experience.     

胰腺残端处理方式对胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的影响

目的探讨预防胰体尾切除术后胰瘘的胰腺残端处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院1996至2008年186例因胰腺或胰外病变行胰体尾切除术患者的临床资料,胰腺残端处理方法分别为：结扎主胰管、残端结扎、间断缝合、Prolene线连续缝合、胰腺空肠吻合及闭合器钉合六种方式,比较上述六种方式对术后胰瘘的影响并行统计学分析。结果186例患者中围手术期死亡5例（2．7％）,术后总并发症发生率34．9％（65／186）,胰瘘发生率21．0％（39／186）。8例胰腺残端结扎术后4例发生胰瘘,11例胰腺空肠吻合患者无胰瘘发生;17例Endo—GIA关闭胰腺残端者有胰瘘4例;结扎主胰管组、连续缝合组、间断缝合组胰瘘发生率分别为13．9％（5／36）、15．6％（10／64）、32．0％（16／50）,前两者与后者差别具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论胰体尾切除术中残端结扎和间断缝合容易发生胰瘘,选择性缝扎主胰管或Prolene线连续缝合能降低胰瘘发生率,尤其后者更简单易行。近端胰管梗阻患者可选用胰肠吻合预防胰瘘;闭合器钉和胰腺残端要根据胰腺大小和质地选择性使用。     

Risk factors of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a collective review

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is the most frequent complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy, results in increased morbidity and mortality, and adversely affects length of stay and costs. Reported rates of postoperative pancreatic fistula vary from 0 per cent up to more than 30 per cent. Plenty of randomized trails and meta-analysis were published to analyze the ideal procedure, technique of anastomosis, and perioperative management of patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy; however, results are often discordant and clear evidence on the ideal management and surgical technique to reduce POPF rate is not yet provided. This collective review examined the current evidence about risk factors contributing to postoperative pancreatic fistula and delineates methods of diagnosis and treatment of this universally dreaded complication.     

Treatment of the pancreatic stump after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Wirsung duct occlusion versus pancreaticojejunostomy

AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the results obtained using two different techniques of reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy: pancreaticojejunostomy and pancreatic remnant duct occlusion. METHODS: The authors describe a retrospective study performed in 44 nonselected patients submitted to pancreaticoduodenectomy from 2000 to 2004. They have been divided into 2 groups. Patient characteristics were comparable in both groups. The first group (22 patients) received pancreaticojejunostomy. The second group (22 patients) received duct occlusion with sclerosing glue. Intraoperative finding (operative time, estimated blood loss) and postoperative morbidity and mortality were evaluated. Endocrine and exocrine function were analyzed at 3 and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: Results showed no differences in median blood loss, duration operation and hospital day. Morbidity and mortality were higher in duct occlusion group; pancreatic fistula was more frequent after duct occlusion, but less dangerous than one from pancreaticojejeunostomy. Also exocrine function was better in anastomosis group and the incidence of diabetes mellitus was higher in patients with duct occlusion. CONCLUSION: Pacreaticojejunostomy is the procedure of choice, while duct occlusion should be performed in friable stump with small pancreatic duct (higher risk of pancreatic fistula).     

Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Role of interventional radiologists in managing patients and complications

Although the mortality rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy has decreased, the morbidity rate remains high. Major morbidity is often managed with the aid of interventional radiologists. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cooperative roles of interventional radiologists and pancreatic surgeons in complex pancreatic surgery, specifically pancreaticoduodenectomy. Our pancreaticoduodenectomy database was reviewed for all patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2000. The interventional radiologic procedures for each patient were evaluated. A total of 1061 patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy. The overall mortality and morbidity rates were 2.3% and 35%, respectively. Five hundred ninety patients (56%) had no interventional radiologic procedures, whereas 471 patients (44%) had interventional radiologic procedures. Of those, 342 (32%) had preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) and 129 (12%) required postoperative interventional radiologic procedures. Percutaneous aspiration/catheter drainage was required in 84 patients for intra-abdominal abscess, biloma, or lymphocele, with 24 requiring two or more abscess drains. Thirty-nine patients underwent postoperative PBD for bile leaks due to anastomotic disruption, undrained biliary segments, or T-tube/ bile stent dislodgment. Eighteen patients had hemobilia/gastrointestinal bleeding treated by angiography with embolization. The reoperation rate for the entire cohort of 1061 patients was 4.1% (n = 43). Nineteen of the 129 patients (15%) requiring postoperative radiologic intervention required reoperation. Although 4 of 18 patients who required embolization for bleeding subsequently required surgical intervention for the same reason, only 4 of 84 patients undergoing abscess drainage later required operation for anastomotic disruption or unsuccessful percutaneous drainage. As would be expected, the patients who required postoperative radiologic intervention (n = 129) had a higher incidence of postoperative complications including pancreatic fistula (20% vs. 6%, P <0.01), bile leakage (22% vs. 1%, P< 0.01), and wound infection (16% vs. 8%, P < 0.01). With the complications in these 129 patients, the postoperative mortality rate was only 6.2% compared to 1.7% in patients who did not require radiologic intervention (n = 932, P< 0.01). The median postoperative length of stay was 15 days in those patients requiring postoperative radiologic intervention, 10 days in those not requiring intervention (P< 0.01; postoperative interventional radiology vs. no postoperative interventional radiology), and 29.5 days for patients needing reoperation. Interventional radiologists play a critical role in the management of some patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. Although complications such as anastomotic leaks, abscess formation, and bleeding can result in increased mortality and a longer hospital stay, the skills of the interventional radiology team provide expert management of some life-threatening complications, thus avoiding reoperation, speeding recovery times, and minimizing morbidity. Presented at the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, San Francisco, California, May 19–22, 2002 (poster presentation).     

胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防

目的 总结胰十二指肠切除术后胰瘘的预防经验.方法 回顾性分析1992年1月至2010年11月97例行胰十二指肠切除术的病例资料.结果 本组术后无胰瘘发生,术后肺部感染9例,腹部伤口感染6例(其中伤口裂开2例,右胸腔积液2例,胰腺残端出血、腹腔脓肿形成、胃排空延迟各1例),术后因高渗性昏迷死亡1例.结论 完全性胰液外引流...     

Telescopic technique associated with mucosectomy: a simple and safe anastomosis in pancreaticoduodenectomy

Pancreatic fistula remains a common problem and a main cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). We have developed a safe and simple method of pancreaticojejunostomy in 33 patients, in whom approximately 3 cm of jejunal mucosa was cut to improve the adhesion between the loop and pancreatic parenchyma after end-to-end invagination. Furthermore, we have performed a purse-string procedure on 21 patients to secure the jejunum to the intussuscepted pancreatic stump instead of continuous running fashion with double needles of 5-0 monofilament synthetic absorbable sutures. This procedure was proved to be much more expeditious, and only 2 of 33 patients had pancreatic leakages. Therefore, the telescopic technique associated with mucosectomy is an acceptable and safe surgery for pancreaticojejunal anastomosis.     

Association of Preoperative Biliary Drainage With Postoperative Outcome Following Pancreaticoduodenectomy

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether preoperative biliary instrumentation and preoperative biliary drainage are associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is accompanied by a considerable rate of postoperative complications and potential death. Controversy exists regarding the impact of preoperative biliary instrumentation and preoperative biliary drainage on morbidity and mortality rates after pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: Two hundred forty consecutive cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy performed between January 1994 and January 1997 were analyzed. Multiple preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative variables were examined. Pearson chi square analysis or Fisher's exact test, when appropriate, was used for univariate comparison of all variables. Logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-five patients (73%) underwent preoperative biliary instrumentation (endoscopic, percutaneous, or surgical instrumentation). One hundred twenty-six patients (53%) underwent preoperative biliary drainage (endoscopic stents, percutaneous drains/stents, or surgical drainage). The overall postoperative morbidity rate after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 48% (114/240). Infectious complications occurred in 34% (81/240) of patients. Intraabdominal abscess occurred in 14% (33/240) of patients. The postoperative mortality rate was 5% (12/240). Preoperative biliary drainage was determined to be the only statistically significant variable associated with complications (p = 0.025), infectious complications (p = 0.014), intraabdominal abscess (p = 0.022), and postoperative death (p = 0.037). Preoperative biliary instrumentation alone was not associated with complications, infectious complications, intraabdominal abscess, or postoperative death. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative biliary drainage, but not preoperative biliary instrumentation alone, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. This suggests that preoperative biliary drainage should be avoided whenever possible in patients with potentially resectable pancreatic and peripancreatic lesions. Such a change in current preoperative management may improve patient outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

胰十二指肠切除术中两种胰肠吻合方式疗效比较

目的 比较胰十二指肠切除术中采用胰肠套入吻合与胰管-空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合术后胰漏发生率、住院时间和费用的差异。方法 回顾2009年3月至2013年5月126例接受胰十二指肠切除术治疗病例,采用胰肠套入吻合67例,胰管-空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合59例。分析两种胰肠重建方式术后胰漏发生率及严重程度的差异,同时对两组平均住院时间及费用进行比较分析。结果 套入式胰肠重建组术后胰漏发生率为31.34%（21/67）,黏膜对黏膜胰肠重建组为13.56%（8/59）;两组术后胰漏严重程度（A、B、C级）情况分别为10.45%（7/67）,14.93%（10/67）,5.97%（4/67）和8.47%（5/59）,3.39%（2/59）,1.69%（1/59）。两组平均住院时间为（24.15 d vs 16.86 d）,费用分别为（49 882.73元 vs 38 047.80元）。两组患者术后胰漏发生率和严重程度B级所占比例、平均住院时间和费用差异均有统计学意义（P均＜0.05）。结论 采用胰管-空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合的胰肠重建方式术后胰漏发生率和严重程度（B级）、平均住院时间和费用明显低于采用胰肠套入吻合,该法可能更有利于患者术后恢复。