川崎病46例临床特点与疗效评估

目的 :分析川崎病 (KD)的临床特点并评估三种不同方法治疗效果。方法 :将 46例KD患者分为阿斯匹林 (ASA)治疗组 (A组 ) ,大剂量静脉注射用免疫球蛋白 (IVIG) 40 0mg·kg-1·d-1× 5d组 (B组 )和IVIG 2g·kg-1·d-1× 1d或IVIG 1g·kg-1·d-1× 2d组 (C组 )。结果 :在平均住院时间、热程、冠状动脉损害等方面B组和C组优于A组 ,C组优于B组。结论 :在KD急性期尽早使用大剂量IVIG 2g·kg-1·d-1× 1d或 1g·kg-1·d-1× 2d疗法 ,同时应用ASA口服及其它抗凝辅助治疗     

非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植后免疫重建的初步研究

我们观察了 5例白血病患者行非清髓异基因造血干细胞移植 (NAST)后免疫重建的情况 ,现报道如下。对象和方法1　研究对象　 5例均为本院 2 0 0 0年 1 2月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月行NAST的白血病患者 ,1 0名不吸烟的健康成人作为对照组。患者的一般资料见表 1。预处理方案 :氟达拉滨 (Flud) 30mg·m-2 ·d-1 ,移植前第 9天 (- 9天 )～ - 5天或环磷酰胺 (CTX)30mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ,- 4～ - 3天 ;白消安 (BU) 2mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ,- 8～ - 5天 ;抗胸腺细胞球蛋白 (ATG) 1 0mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ,- 7～ - 4天。环孢菌素A(CsA) 2mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ,- 1天开始用…     

大剂量丙种球蛋白联合小剂量糖皮质激素治疗重症血小板减少性紫癌的临床研究

目的 :评价大剂量丙种球蛋白 (HDIG)联合小剂量糖皮质激素在治疗危重症免疫性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)的作用。方法 :75例患者按就诊顺序随机分组。大剂量丙种球蛋白联合小剂量糖皮质激素组 (HDIG组 ) 38例 ,给予丙种球蛋白 0 .4 g· kg- 1 · d- 1 5 d,泼尼松 0 .5 mg· kg- 1 · d- 1 2 8d;糖皮质激素组 (激素组 ) 37例 ,给予泼尼松 1～ 2 mg· kg- 1· d- 1 2 8d。结果 :HDIG组中显效 2 5例 (6 5 .8% ) ,良效 9例 (2 3.7% ) ,进步 2例(5 .3% ) ,无效 2例 (5 .3% ) ,总有效率为 94 .7% ;激素组中显效 2 3例 (6 2 .2 % ) ,良效 9例 (2 4 .3% ) ,进步 3例(8.1 % ) ,无效 2例 (5 .4 % ) ,总有效率为 94 .6 %。两组治疗后血小板计数 (BPC)均较治疗前明显上升 (P均 <0 .0 1 ;BPC峰值数 HDIG组明显高于激素组〔(2 1 2 .5 6± 90 .2 5 )× 1 0 9/ L 比 (1 2 7.2 6± 81 .2 6 )× 1 0 9/ L,P<0 .0 1〕;达峰值时间 HDIG组明显短于激素组〔(7.80± 4 .5 0 ) d比 (2 7.0 0± 9.32 ) d〕。结论 :大剂量丙种球蛋白联合小剂量糖皮质激素治疗 ITP可明显缩短血小板上升至安全水平的时间     

胃癌术后的早期肠内营养支持

目的 :观察、比较胃癌术后肠内与肠外营养的效果。方法 :4 4例胃癌术后病人分为早期肠内营养 (EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组。EN组术后 2 4h启动经鼻肠管输注肠内营养制剂 ,给热卡 2 5～ 30kcal·kg-1·d-1,氮 0 .18g·kg-1·d-1,热氮比为 134∶1,PN组经外周静脉输注 ,热量 2 5～ 30kcal·kg-1·d-1,由葡萄糖及 30 %Intralipid分别提供 5 0 %的热量 ,氮 0 .18g·kg-1·d-1(氮源为 8.5 %乐凡命 ) ,共 7d。结果 :两组均顺利完成营养计划。两组术后体重均低于术前 ,有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。TP、PA、ALB组内比较PN组均下降明显 ,有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,组间比较PN组PA下降有极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。对肝功能的影响PN组术后AST、ALT、GGT升高较明显 ,有极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,组间比较PN组术后GGT升高有极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1) ,术后经口进食时间EN组早于PN组 ,有极显著差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :胃癌术后早期肠内营养是安全可行、有效的。EN对于改善营养状况、维持机体血浆蛋白水平优于PN ;与PN相比 ,EN对肝功能影响较小 ,术后经口进食时间提前。     

前列腺素E1促进血吸虫病家兔肝脏内源性干扰素γ表达及其意义

目的探讨前列腺素(PG)E1对血吸虫病家兔肝脏纤维化形成过程中内源性干扰素(IFN)γ表达的影响及其意义.方法血吸虫尾蚴皮肤敷贴法感染14只家兔构建肝纤维化模型.其中7只家兔于感染后60d开始静脉应用PGE1 2.5μg·kg-1·d-1至120 d.观察虫卵肉芽肿数量和面积,原位杂交方法检测IFN-γ表达,苦味酸天狼星红检测胶原纤维总量.结果血吸虫病家兔肝纤维化形成过程中胶原纤维含量增加(71.66±13.59);外源性PGE1可以明显降低肝脏胶原水平(13.38±4.24),与模型组比较,P＜0.01.IFN-γ积分光密度由模型组0.105±0.024升高到治疗组0.438±0.076(P＜0.01).结论PGE1可以通过上调IFN-γ表达,有效地降低血吸虫病家兔肝脏胶原纤维生成.     

化疗加G-CSF和GM-CSF联合动员自体外周血干细胞

目的　探讨化疗加粒细胞集落刺激因子 (G CSF)和粒 巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (GM CSF)联合动员自体外周血干细胞 (APBSC)的效果。方法　卡铂 (CBP) 35 0mg m2 ,第 1天静滴 ;足叶乙甙(Vp16 ) 35 0mg m2 ,第 1～第 3天静滴 ;白细胞降至最低点又回升到 (2 .4～ 6 .4)× 10 9 L时 ,皮下注射G CSF 5 μg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 (早 6∶0 0 ) GM CSF 5 μg·kg- 1 ·d- 1 (晚 6∶0 0 ) 地塞米松 5mg d(采集日 10mg d)直到采集结束前 1天 ;白细胞上升到 (2 9.80± 5 .98)× 10 9 L ,开始用CS30 0 0plus血细胞分离机连续 2d采集APBSC。结果　 2 0例患者连续采集APBSC 2次 ,共采集到MNC(5 .93± 1.6 2 )× 10 8 kg ,CD34 细胞 (2 3.10± 11.5 3)× 10 6 kg ,CFU GM(3.44± 2 .85 )× 10 5 kg。无严重不良反应。 9例 10次自体外周血干细胞移植(APBSCT)造血功能均获满意重建。结论　以化疗联合G CSF和GM CSF能高效、安全地动员APBSC ,1次动员采集 2次可满足 1～ 2次的APBSCT。     

肾素血管紧张素系统激活在环孢霉素A肾病中的作用

目的 :探讨肾素血管紧张素系统 (RAS)的激活在环孢霉素 A (Cs A)肾病中的作用。方法 :低盐饮食大鼠皮下注射 Cs A(1 5 mg· kg- 1· d- 1 ) 2 8d制成 Cs A肾病模型。 Cs A肾病大鼠分别胃内灌入自来水、盐酸维拉帕米、依那普利 ,剂量均为 1 0 m g· kg- 1· d- 1。采用放射免疫法检测各组实验动物血管紧张素 (Ang )水平 ;Northern杂交检测肾组织血管紧张素 1型受体 (AT1 R) m RNA的表达 ,同时对各组实验动物肾间质纤维化程度进行半定量计分。结果 :Cs A处理组血浆和肾组织 Ang 水平为 (4 92± 92 ) ng/L 和 (2 9.8± 6 .0 ) ng/g,均明显高于对照组 (1 90± 36 ) ng/L和 (8.7± 1 .7) ng/g,P均 <0 .0 0 1 ;而依那普利可以明显降低血浆和肾组织 Ang 水平 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。 Cs A处理后出现明显的肾间质纤维化 ,依那普利能明显减轻肾间质纤维化 ,盐酸维拉帕米对肾间质纤维化无显著改善。结论 :RAS的激活在 Cs A肾间质纤维化过程中起重要作用 ,阻断 RAS可以明显减轻 Cs A引起的肾间质纤维化。     

生长激素合并低热量肠外营养对术后多器官衰竭患者的影响

目的 :探讨生长激素合并低热量肠外营养 (PN)对术后多器官衰竭 (MOF)患者的影响。方法 :6 0例术后 MOF患者分为对照组 (30例 )和生长激素组 (30例 ) ,术后 4 8小时～ 16日为观察期 ,2组患者术后治疗和营养支持方案相同 ,营养支持总热量不超过 83.7～ 10 4 .6 k J· kg- 1 · d- 1 ,脂肪供热 4 0 % ,供氮量不超过 0 .12～0 .15 g· kg- 1 · d- 1 。生长激素组术后 4 8小时开始加用重组人类生长激素 (rh GH ,8U /d)皮下注射 ,连续 14日。监测所有患者治疗前后营养指标、免疫功能指标和营养耐受性指标 ,同时记录胰岛素应用情况、并发症及临床结果。结果 :所有患者术后血清转铁蛋白、前白蛋白、白蛋白水平、CD3、CD4 、NK活性及 CD4 /CD8比值均低于正常。使用 rh GH后第 7日生长激素组患者血清前白蛋白浓度明显高于治疗前和对照组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ,第 14日血清转铁蛋白、前白蛋白均显著高于对照组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ,而对照组患者治疗前后差异不明显 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ;第 7日生长激素组恢复正氮平衡 ,生长激素组患者使用 rh GH后第 7日 CD4 、NK活性及 CD4 /CD8比值均明显高于治疗前 (P<0 .0 5或 P<0 .0 1) ,而对照组仍处于负氮平衡 (P<0 .0 5 )。治疗前后 CD4 、NK活性及 CD4 /CD8差异不明显 (P均 >0 .0 5 ) ,     

抗肿瘤坏死因子单抗对内毒素血症家兔临界氧提取率的影响

目的　观察抗肿瘤坏死因子单抗对内毒素血症大鼠组织氧提取率的影响。方法　以内毒素静脉注射法复制动物模型 ,以电磁血流量计和血气分析仪测量并计算氧运输量、氧耗量和氧提取率。结果　内毒素组临界氧运输量、氧耗量分别为 (14 1± 3 8)mL·min-1·kg-1和 (8 7± 1 7)mL·min-1·kg-1,显著高于对照组 [分别为 (9 8± 3 4 )mL·min-1·kg-1,P <0 0 1和 (7 2± 1 3)mL·min-1·kg-1,P <0 0 5 ],临界氧提取率 (0 5 7± 0 0 6 )显著低于对照组 (0 80± 0 19,P <0 0 1)。抗体保护组临界氧运输量、氧耗量及氧提取率 [分别为 (10 0± 3 7)mL·min-1·kg-1,(7 5± 1 6 )mL·min-1·kg-1和 0 82± 0 2 1]与对照组无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。无关抗体组上述指标与内毒素组无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　肿瘤坏死因子在内毒素所致的家兔氧提取能力下降中起重要介导作用 ,应用中和性单克隆抗体可以提高组织氧提取率。     

亚标准剂量静脉丙种球蛋白联合地塞米松治疗特发性血小板减少性紫癜疗效评价

特发性血小板减少性紫癜 (ITP)是常见的出血性疾病 ,1981年开始应用大剂量静脉丙种球蛋白 (IVIG) )治疗ITP ,标准用法为 0 .4g·kg-1·d-1,总剂量为 2g/kg ,疗效显著 ,IVIG现已成为ITP治疗的重要方法。由于IVIG费用昂贵 ,2 0 0 1年 1月以来我们采用较小剂量的IVIG(0 .2g·kg-1·d-1,总量 1g/kg)治疗ITP ,疗效明显优于此前采用的大剂量地塞米松治疗方法 ,与文献报道的大剂量IVIG疗效相近 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　病例选择　 6 7例均为 1999年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 8月我科住院患者。全部病例均符合 1986年 12月首届中华血液…     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.