先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘疗效探讨

目的探讨先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘的治疗效果。方法对1994年1月-2006年12月治疗的107例先天性食管闭锁和气管食管瘘进行了回顾分析。结果成活85例,成活率为79.44%;放弃治疗13例,死亡9例,死亡率8.41%;术后发生吻合口瘘29例,吻合口狭窄4例。结论提高食管闭锁和气管食管瘘患儿成活率的关键是早期诊断,减少吻合口瘘的发生。     

Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的探讨Ш型食管闭锁的早期诊断与治疗方法。方法回顾性分析我院1995年01月￣2005年07月收治的26例Ш型食管闭锁患儿的临床资料。结果26例均行手术治疗,治愈24例(92.3%),死亡2例(7.7%);其中1例死于肺炎合并硬肿症,1例死于肺不张合并硬肿症;术后随访6个月￣3年,1例死于合并先天性心脏病(完全性大动脉转位),2例术后有食管吻合口狭窄,行球囊扩张好转,其余21例进食良好。结论早期诊断和及时的手术治疗有助于提高先天性食管闭锁及食管气管瘘患儿的手术存活率。     

某中心近十五年间先天性食管闭锁的诊治与并发症分析

目的总结本院近十五年间先天性食管闭锁手术治疗的效果及并发症情况。方法回顾性分析本院自2001年至2016年间收治并实施手术治疗的115例先天性食管闭锁患儿的临床资料,其中男性73例,女性42例。出生胎龄(38±2)周,出生体重(2.64±0.53)kg。115例按Gross病理解剖分类:Ⅰ型6例,Ⅲ型101例,Ⅳ型3例,Ⅴ型5例。结果 115例中,107例治愈存活,8例死亡,死亡率7.0%(8/115)。术后并发症:食管吻合口瘘13例(11.3%,13/115),吻合口狭窄27例(23.5%,27/115),食管气管瘘3例(2.6%,3/115),肺炎肺不张65例(56.5%,65/115)。13例吻合口瘘中,2例分别因合并吻合口出血、法洛四联症最终死亡,11例经保守治疗痊愈。27例吻合口狭窄中,26例经球囊扩张术治愈,1例球囊扩张术后出现食管气管瘘。3例食管气管瘘术后均空肠营养改善全身情况、再次开胸手术后治愈。结论术后并发症是影响先天性食管闭锁患儿预后的主要因素,术中精细操作及加强术后护理减少吻合口张力,可减少吻合口瘘的发生;吻合口瘘或狭窄一般经保守治疗可治愈,若发生食管气管瘘复发可经空肠营养改善全身情况后适时手术治疗。     

先天性食管闭锁手术后并发症及处理

目的分析先天性食管闭锁的临床治疗效果,探讨先天性食管闭锁患儿术后常见并发症的发生率,为临床治疗方案的选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析2007年1月至2016年12月本院采取手术治疗并存活的303例先天性食管闭锁患儿临床资料。对其中Ⅲ型食管闭锁患儿按照所采取的手术方式(开放性手术或腔镜手术)进行分组后比较分析。结果 303例中,Gross分型Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型261例,Ⅳ型9例,Ⅴ型19例;术后出现吻合口漏64例,吻合口狭窄87例。261例Ⅲ型病例中,实施开放性手术84例,腔镜手术177例;术后出现食管吻合口漏56例(开放手术组39例,腔镜手术组17例);食管吻合口狭窄72例(开放手术组8例,腔镜手术组64例);气管食管瘘复发17例(开放手术组2例,腔镜手术组15例);经卡方检验,Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁患儿两种术式之间术后吻合口漏及吻合口狭窄的发生率差异有统计学意义(均有P0.05)。结论先天性食管闭锁手术后常见并发症为吻合口漏及吻合口狭窄,对于吻合口漏可采取保守治疗,吻合口狭窄多数经食管扩张可以缓解。Ⅲ型食管闭锁胸腔镜手术后吻合口漏的发生率较开胸手术低,但吻合口狭窄的发生率较高。气管食管瘘复发罕见的术后并发症,经再次手术修补可治愈。     

球囊扩张治疗先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄的时机选择

目的 探讨新生儿先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄采用球囊扩张治疗的时机.方法 回顾性分析15例先天性食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄患儿的临床资料,均在纤维胃镜或电子胃镜下实施球囊扩张术.结果 球囊扩张后直径为0.3～1.2 cm.单个患儿扩张次数为2～6次不等.以呼吸道症状逐渐减轻、消失,饮食由流体状态向固态改善,体重逐渐增加为治疗有效.48次球囊扩张术有43次扩张完成,完成率为89.6%.有效14例,1例扩张术后无好转行胃造瘘术.结论 食管闭锁术后1～3个月是食管狭窄治疗的最佳时机,早期发现并通过球囊扩张治疗新生儿先天性食管闭锁术后食管狭窄是有效而安全的治疗手段.     

先天性食管闭锁的外科治疗

目的：探讨提高先天性食管闭锁手术成功率的措施。方法：对我院1982－2000年62例先天性食管闭锁进行回顾分析。结果：59例获得手术治疗的先天性食管闭锁患儿,死亡7例,吻合口瘘4例,食管狭窄6例。1994年后连续22例无死亡。结论：早期诊断,熟练轻柔的手术操作及严密、高质量的术后监护是提高成功率的关键。     

一期胃代食管术治疗新生儿长段型食管闭锁的疗效分析

目的探讨一期胃代食管术治疗新生儿长段型食管闭锁的疗效。方法对2008年3月至2016年6月本院采用胃代食管术治疗的12例新生儿先天性长段型食管闭锁进行回顾性分析,其中男9例,女3例。Ⅰ型2例,Ⅲa型10例。结果所有患儿均顺利完成手术。10例治愈出院,1例死亡,1例家长放弃治疗。术后有6例严重肺炎,2例吻合口瘘。治愈的10例患儿获随访1～6年,其中吻合口狭窄3例,均行食管扩张术治愈;轻度胃食管反流7例,采用少量多餐及体位喂养治疗后症状缓解,未行手术治疗。结论一期胃代食管术在新生儿期治疗长段型食管闭锁临床可行,避免了分期手术,缩短了治疗周期,有助于提高治愈率。     

先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘胸腔镜手术探讨

目的 探讨胸腔镜下手术治疗先天性食管闭锁并食管气管瘘的方法和疗效.方法 回顾性分析本院2013年7月至2015年7月间经胸腔镜手术治疗54例先天性食管闭锁患儿的病例资料.其中男32例,女22例,患儿年龄1～12d,平均(5.17±2.32)d,患儿体重2.0～3.8kg,平均(2.85±0.44) kg.术前通过食管造影检查诊断先天性食管闭锁ⅢA型13例,ⅢB型41例.结果 51例患儿在胸腔镜下完成食管气管瘘结扎切断、食管端端吻合术,手术时间94～208min,平均(138±30) min.3例患儿中转开胸手术.2例患儿术中发现近端也合并有食管气管瘘,同时行近端瘘管结扎.3例患儿发现远端合并食管狭窄,术中同时行食管狭窄切开术.2例患儿术中发现合并右位主动脉弓畸形,行主动脉弓前食管吻合.2例患儿游离近端食管时气管破裂,予5-0可吸收线缝合修补治愈.术后9例发生吻合口漏,其中2例放弃治疗,2例因重症肺炎并呼吸衰竭死亡,1例食管气管瘘复发失访,其余4例患儿通过静脉营养支持治疗治愈.49例患儿治愈出院并获得随访4～28个月.5例患儿出现食管狭窄,在胃镜下行食管扩张治愈出院.结论 胸腔镜下手术治疗新生儿Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁是一种安全有效的手术途径;术中视野清晰,手术操作方便,能同时处理合并的其他食管畸形;食管斜面裁剪食管吻合可降低术后食管狭窄的发生.胸腔镜下食管闭锁手术的疗效需要术者具备丰富的手术经验和娴熟的腔镜操作技术,麻醉的配合是手术顺利进行的重要因素.     

先天性食管闭锁15例诊断及治疗分析

目的 探讨先天性食管闭锁的诊断及治疗。方法 回顾性分析本院近4年15例先天性食管闭锁的诊断及治疗经验。结果 15例先天性食管闭锁经胸片及食管支气管造影检查得以证实诊断，12例手术中除1例合并有室间隔缺损，1例术后并发胃瘘、腹膜炎及硬肿症最终导致心肺衰竭死亡之外，其余10例均手术治愈存活，存活率达83.3％。3例放弃手术，其中2例合并有先天性肛门闭锁，1例为Ⅱ型闭锁。结论 早期诊断，造影剂的改良，术中仔细操作，围手术期NICU监护，积极有效地预防术后并发症是提高食管闭锁患儿治愈率的重要因素。     

Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁的诊疗体会

目的 总结Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁的围产期诊断、围手术期治疗和并发症的处理经验.方法 回顾性分析本院自2004年7月至2013年7月收治的75例Ⅲ型先天性食管闭锁患儿临床资料.经产前诊断、生后食管造影及CT诊断明确并初步分型,术前持续抽吸胃管、抗炎治疗,及时行Ⅰ期食管气管瘘结扎＋食管吻合术,术后留置胃管、胸腔引流管,抗炎及静脉营养支持治疗.第7天行食管造影检查,有食管吻合口瘘者予鼻饲及静脉营养支持治疗.常规于术后1个月复查造影,证实存在吻合口狭窄者行食管扩张术.按计划随访.结果 75例中,出车转运61例,成功率100%;产前诊断11例,诊断率14.7%（11/75）.75例均合并不同程度肺炎,36例合并其他先天畸形,占48%（36/75）,5例确诊为VACTER综合征,占6.7%（5/75）.术前放弃治疗11例,接受手术64例,术后放弃4例,治愈60例,治愈率93.8%（60/64）.54例经胸膜外入路,10例经胸入路.Ⅲa型23例,Ⅲb型41例.出现食管吻合口瘘10例（15.6%,10/64）,放弃4例,6例经保守治疗痊愈;吻合口狭窄23例（35.9%,23/64）,行球囊扩张术（平均2.2±1.5次）后治愈.术后随访1个月至8年,5例有胃食管反流,3例有气管软化症,所有病例均生长发育良好,无吞咽困难.结论 通过围产期早期诊断,生后及时手术治疗,成熟缜密的手术技术,加强围手术期管理,以及对出现的术后并发症及时处理,可以提高CEA 的存活率及生存质量.     

Congenital esophageal stenosis associated with tracheoesophageal fistula

Two patients with congenital esophageal stenosis associated with an H-type tracheoesophageal fistula in one and esophageal atresia with distal fistula in the other are presented. In both patients the correct preoperative diagnosis was made by esophagram. Satisfactory results were obtained with surgical excision. Histologic studies revealed fibromuscular stenosis and membranous esophageal mucosa, respectively.     

An uncommon association of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Although infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following esophageal atresia repair is known, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis following H-type tracheoesophageal fistula has not been encountered previously. A case of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula and infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is presented. The patient, operated on for H-type fistula, a rare congenital anomaly of the esophagus, on the tenth day of life was readmitted 19 days later because of continuous vomiting after every feeding. The clinical findings and physical and radiological examinations revealed infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis which required surgical treatment. It is suggested that the association of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is coincidental, given the estimated incidence of one in every 84,375,000 males and 337,500,000 females.     

新生儿VACTERL联合征的临床与影像学表现

目的 分析新生儿VACTERL联合征的临床表现及影像学特点,提高对本病的认识和诊断水平.方法 选择2009年1月至2012年11月在本院放射科检查的食管闭锁和肛门闭锁患儿,按照VACTERL联合征的诊断标准,回顾X线影像资料,并分析患儿临床表现及影像学特点.结果 研究期间在本院放射科进行检查的食管闭锁和肛门闭锁患儿共38例,其中4例食管闭锁患儿符合VACTERL联合征的诊断.1例食管闭锁并气管食管瘘、胸椎半椎畸形、右侧第11肋骨缺如、多指畸形;1例食管闭锁并先天性心脏病（房间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭）、右心房右心室扩大、双手拇指畸形;1例食管闭锁并气管食管瘘、双侧第13肋骨、脊柱裂、左肾积水、右肾缺如;1例食管闭锁并气管食管瘘、先天性心脏病（室间隔缺损、动脉导管未闭）、左手赘指畸形.结论 新生儿VACTERL联合征临床和影像表现具有一定特点,临床和影像学检查结合可以做出该诊断.     

先天性食管闭锁两种手术途径的对比研究

目的 比较经胸腔和经胸膜外两种手术途径治疗先天性食管闭锁的疗效差异.方法 回顾性分析2002年1月至2007年4月在本院手术治疗的34例先天性食管闭锁（Ⅲ型）患儿临床资料,男27例,女7例,均行食管气管瘘结扎、食管端端吻合术.其中经胸腔手术（为经胸腔手术组）19例,经胸膜外手术（为经腹膜外手术组）15例.两组术前均有肺炎,心脏彩超检查提示21例有房面分流（考虑为房间膈缺损或卵圆孔未闭）和（或）动脉导管未闭,但均无肺动脉高压,心功能正常.结果 经胸腔手术组平均手术时间（2.17±0131）h,呼吸机使用时间为（21.07±25.42）h;术后需呼吸机辅助通气15例,发生气胸11例、胸腔积液10例、吻合口瘘5例;治愈16例,治愈率84.2%.经胸膜外手术组平均手术时间为（2.13±0.45）h,呼吸机使用时间为（9.27±13.70）h;术后需呼吸机辅助通气6例,发生气胸3例、胸腔积液2例、吻合口瘘6例;治愈13例,治愈率86.7%.结论 经胸腔和经胸膜外两种手术途径治疗先天性食管闭锁治愈率相当,所需手术时间和呼吸机使用时间无显著差异;但术后经胸膜外手术组需呼吸机辅助通气的几率明显降低,且发生气胸、胸腔积液的几率亦明显低于经胸腔手术组.     

A congenital proximal tracheoesophageal fistula 14 years after surgical repair of esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula

Congenital esophageal atresia with proximal and distal tracheoesophageal fistula occurs very rarely. This report describes late diagnosis of a congenital proximal fistula in a 14-year-old girl who underwent surgical repair of a congenital esophageal atresia with distal tracheoesophageal fistula on her first day of life and suffered recurrent bouts of lower airway infections and chronic cough, with the diagnosis of asthma in later childhood.     

Congenital and acquired tracheoesophageal fistulas in children

Tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEF) are an anomalous communication between airway and esophagus. There are several types of TEF. Congenital are mainly associated to an esophageal atresia. The type III or C, in which the upper segment of the esophagus ends in a blind pouch and there is distal tracheoesophageal fistula above the carina, accounts for 85% of esophageal atresias. The other are extremely infrequent. H-type or N-type TEF, classified as type 5 or E, is an uncommon variant and accounts for less than 4%.Recurrent TEF is a serious complication after first surgery of esophageal atresia and TEF. The rate of recurrence of TEF is estimated between 3-15%. The treatment is a challenge with a high rate of recurrence after surgery.Classical symptoms of RTEF include coughing especially after drinking, abdominal distension, repeated cyanosis, and respiratory infections. In the case of H-type fistula the symptoms are similar but appear during the first month of life.In this chapter we presented the management and alternative treatments of the congenital and acquired TEF.     

Respiratory distress due to a posterior mediastinal mass following failed repair of esophageal atresia

Respiratory distress due to masses in the posterior mediastinum have been extensively described, including duplication cysts of the esophagus. Retained esophagus following failed repair of esophageal atresia (EA) and esophageal replacement was described only once. Double atresia and midportion esophageal cyst is also a rare entity. We describe a baby with respiratory distress following esophageal replacement for failed repair of EA with tracheoesophageal fistula who was cured by the removal of an overlooked mediastinal cystic mass of esophageal origin at the age of 16 months.     

先天性食管闭锁患儿术后远期并发症诊治研究进展北大核心CSCD

先天性食管闭锁伴或不伴气管食管瘘是较常见且严重的先天性消化道畸形,通过手术修复,绝大多数患儿可实现长期生存,而随之产生的各种远期并发症会影响患儿的身心健康,造成生活质量下降。为进一步防治先天性食管闭锁术后远期并发症,现对其诊治现状和进展进行综述。     

Tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia: are pull-back tube esophagograms needed for diagnosis?

Background A pull-back tube esophagogram (PBTE) is widely accepted in the literature as the radiological investigation of choice for the diagnosis of tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. However, PBTE is rarely performed in our institution, as we have been successful in confirming the presence of such fistulae with a contrast material swallow (CS). We hypothesized that PBTE is not the radiological investigation of choice for the diagnosis of the fistula in this condition. Objective We sought to determine what proportion of patients with tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia can be diagnosed promptly by a CS and what the indications are for a PBTE. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological findings in patients with tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia to determine whether the fistula was diagnosed with a CS or PBTE. Results We identified 20 children (13 female and 7 male) with tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. Their age at diagnosis ranged from 3 days to 168 months with a median of 9 days. The diagnosis was documented by CS in 12, PBTE in 7 and CT in 1. In three of the seven who had the fistula documented by PBTE, a previous CS had shown contrast material in the trachea, but no fistulous tract or aspiration was identified. Conclusion We believe that CS should be the examination of choice in most patients suspected of having a tracheoesophageal fistula without esophageal atresia. A PBTE is indicated in patients who are intubated or are at significant risk of aspiration. Furthermore, a PBTE is also indicated where contrast material is seen in the airway on CS and there is uncertainty whether this is due to aspiration or a fistula.