低体质指数的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者临床和实验室研究

目的 探讨低体质指数(BMI)的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的临床特征及与COPD患者BMI相关的因素. 方法 选取中、重度稳定期COPD患者38例,测量身高、体质量,按BMI分为低体质量组:16例,BMI<20}正常体质量组22例,20≤BMI<26.所有患者行肺功能检查;记录吸烟指数;测6 min步行距离(6MWD);采用英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难量表(MRC)记录气促分级并评分;St George's呼吸问卷(SGRQ)和一般健康状况调查问卷(SF-36)评价生活质量,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定血清瘦素、格列林的水平. 结果 低体质量组与正常体质量组比较,深吸气量(IC)明显降低(P<0.01);第1秒用力呼气量(FEVl)、肺活量(VC)、最大通气量(MVV)、最大呼气峰值流速(PEF)均下降(P<0.05);残气量与肺总量比值(RV/TLC)明显增高(P<0.01).低体质量组吸烟指数增加,6MWD减少(P<0.05),MRC气促评分增高(P<0.01).低体质量组SGRQ评分中活动分、影响分与总均分增高(P<0.05),SF-36量表中情感职能、社会功能评分明显减低(P<0.05).低体质量组瘦素水平明显降低(P<0.01),格列林水平增高(P<0.05).经多元逐步回归分析发现,与BMI独立相关的因素分别是:IC、SF-36量表的精神健康和生理机能、瘦索、6MWD、吸烟指数. 结论 低BMI COPD患者肺功能、营养状况、运动能力及生活质量较正常BMI患者下降;IC与BMI关系最密切,患者的精神健康、运动能力、血清瘦素水平、吸烟指数均与BMI独立相关;纠正低BMI应为COPD综合治疗的重要组成部分.     

慢性阻塞性肺病体重指数与肺功能的相关性研究

目的通过比较低体重指数和正常体重指数慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）患者的肺功能、血气、呼吸困难评分、运动能力和呼吸肌肉功能,探讨COPD患者体重指数和肺功能的相关性。方法选稳定期中重度COPD患者为研究对象,均为男性,以体重指数（BMI）≤18．5kg／m^2者为低体重指数组和30〉BMI〉18．5kg／m^2为正常体重指数组;比较两组肺功能、血气、6分钟步行距离和最大吸气压和最大呼吸压,分析BMI和上述各项指标的相关性。结果低体重组21例,正常体重组19例,两组肺功能、血气、呼吸困难评分、6分钟步行距离无统计学差异;最大呼气气压两组无统计学差异,但最大吸气压正常体重指数组高于低体重指数组,有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;相关性分析表明除最大吸气压与BMI有较强的相关性外（相关系数0．301,P〈0．05）,其余各指标与BMI相关性均无统计学差异。结论COPD患者的体重指数和最大吸气压可能有一定的相关性。     

Clinical and inflammatory factors associated with body mass index in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Aim: Body mass index (BMI) is closely associated with mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Systemic inflammation has been suggested as one of the mechanisms of malnutrition in COPD. This study investigated the relationships of clinical variables and inflammatory biomarkers with BMI in COPD in an aging population. Methods: Baseline levels of serum biomarkers were determined for 69 patients with stable male COPD. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between clinical variables, including emphysema scores, and biomarkers with BMI. Results: Twenty eight patients were categorized as low BMI (<20 kg/m²). BMI was inversely correlated with serum α1‐antitrypsin (α1‐AT) concentration and emphysema scores, and was positively correlated with forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that α1‐AT was independently associated with BMI. Conclusion: Low BMI was associated with the severity of emphysema and systemic inflammation reflected by elevated α1‐AT level. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 32–38.     

Low body mass index and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)]

This study examined retrospectively the relationships between body weight and exercise capacity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Seventeen patients with a %FEV1 less than 55% (mean +/- SD 36% +/- 8.8%) and minimum body weights of the body mass index (BMI) less than 20 (17.3 +/- 1.7) performed incremental exercise testing using a treadmill. Seventeen %FEV1-matched control patients with normal body weights were selected. There were no significant differences in the patients' characteristics or their pulmonary function tests (including vital capacity, carbon monoxide diffusing capacity, and arterial blood gases). Low BMI patients Is this the weaning of (67.8 +/- 6.3 years old) were younger than the control patients (73.1 +/- 8.5 years old), but the difference was not statistically significant. The exercise capacities of low BMI patients were significantly superior to those of the control patients (316.5 +/- 171.5 seconds vs 204.1 +/- 116.3 seconds, p = 0.038) and total walking distance without statistical significance (194.9 +/- 117.0 m vs 125.7 +/- 98.0 m, p = 0.071). Also, low BMI patients achieved higher maximal minute ventilation volume during exercise than the controls. The major factor limiting exercise in patients with low BMI was ventilation. Moderately low body weight may not be a risk factor in Japanese COPD patients.     

Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a reduction in midthigh muscle cross-sectional area obtained by CT scan (MTCSA(CT)) is a better predictor of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than low body mass index (BMI). We also wished to evaluate whether anthropometric measurements could be used to estimate MTCSA(CT). One hundred forty-two patients with COPD (age = 65 +/- 9 years, mean +/- SD, 26 F, BMI = 26 +/- 6 kg/m(2), FEV(1) = 42 +/- 16% predicted) were recruited from September 1995 to April 2000 with a mean follow-up of 41 +/- 18 months. The primary end-point was all-cause mortality during the study period. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to predict mortality using the following independent variables: age, sex, daily use of corticosteroid, FEV(1), DL(CO), BMI, thigh circumference, MTCSA(CT), peak exercise workrate, Pa(O2), and Pa(CO2). Only MTCSA(CT) and FEV(1) were found to be significant predictors of mortality (p = 0.0008 and p = 0.01, respectively). A second analysis was also performed with FEV(1) and MTCSA(CT) dichotomized. Patients were divided into four subgroups based on FEV(1) (< or >or= 50% predicted) and MTCSA(CT) (< or >or= 70 cm(2)). Compared with patients with an FEV(1) >or= 50% predicted and a MTCSA(CT) >or= 70 cm(2), those with an FEV(1) < 50% predicted and a MTCSA(CT) >or= 70 cm(2) had a mortality odds ratio of 3.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.41-28.00), whereas patients with an FEV(1) < 50% predicted and a MTCSA(CT) < 70 cm(2) had a mortality odds ratio of 13.16 (95% confidence interval, 1.74-99.20). MTCSA(CT) could not be estimated with sufficient accuracy from anthropometric measurements. In summary, we found in this cohort of patients with COPD that (1) MTCSA(CT) was a better predictor of mortality than BMI, and (2) MTCSA had a strong impact on mortality in patients with an FEV(1) < 50% predicted. These findings suggest that the assessment of body composition may be useful in the clinical evaluation of these patients.     

慢性阻塞性肺病静息能量消耗与体重指数的关系

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)静息能量消耗(REE)与营养状况的关系.方法按体重指数(BMI)从小到大依此将33例COPD患者分为A、B、C三组,另设20例健康者作对照组(D组),运用间接测热法对上述4组进行REE测定.结果 A、B、C、D组单位体重REE(REE/WT)分别是(23.8±2.8)、(23.4±4.2)、(17.7±2.8)和(20.2±1.7)kcal/kg,A、B两组显著>C、D组,C组<A、B、D组(P<0.01),COPD组BMI与REE/WT呈显著负相关(r=-0.53371, P<0.01).结论 COPD营养状况与基础能量代谢高度相关,COPD超高能量代谢的特点仅适用于营养不良及营养正常组,超重组COPD其能量消耗相对偏低.     

甲羟孕酮在低体质量慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者中应用的疗效评价

目的探讨甲羟孕酮在低体质量慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者中的疗效。方法将60例低体质量AECOPD患者随机分为2组,研究组30例,对照组30例。2组均予以抗感染、吸氧、解痉、平喘、化痰、纠正酸碱失衡及电解质紊乱等综合治疗。研究组给予甲羟孕酮0.5 mg,一次/d口服,疗程10 d。在研究前1 d、研究后10 d分别对两组患者进行血气分析指标、血脂、血清白蛋白水平测定。记录2组患者住院时间及住院总费用。结果治疗后研究组和对照组患者p H值(7.42±0.05 vs.7.35±0.05)、氧分压(74.83±7.19 vs.68.10±8.19)mm Hg、二氧化碳分压(55.57±6.94 vs.61.60±8.32)mm Hg、总胆固醇(3.67±0.34 vs.3.52±0.36)mmol/L、甘油三酯(1.49±0.49 vs.1.27±0.46)mmol/L、白蛋白(30.44±3.04 vs.26.27±1.83)g/L。研究组患者的血气指标、血脂及血清白蛋白水平较对照组患者有较明显改善(P0.05),研究组患者住院时间[(12.20±2.86)d]缩短,住院费用[(9 031.41±2 457.67)元]减少,与对照组患者相比有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论甲羟孕酮可改善低体质量AECOPD患者的食欲、增加进食量、改善肺通气、促进病情恢复。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者体质量指数与肺功能及HRCT气道重塑参数的相关性研究

目的探讨低体质量指数（bodymassindex,BMI）cOPD患者肺功能受损程度、临床及影像学特征。方法选取COPD急性加重期患者62例,根据BMI分为4组：低体重组（BMI％18．5kg／m2）、正常体重组（BMI18．5～23．9kg／m2）、超重组（BMI24．0H27．9kg／m2）、肥胖组（BMI≥28kg／m2）。所有患者进行慢性阻塞性肺疾病自我评估测试（COPDassessmenttest,CAT）问卷、肺功能检测及高分辨CT（highresolutionCT,HRcT）检查,并同时应用HRCT相关软件测定肺气肿评分、气道壁厚度及管腔面积等气道重塑指标。观察各组上述指标的变化,并研究其与BMI的相关性。结果①所有患者中低体重组患者12例,正常体重组患者30例,超重组患者7例,肥胖组患者13例,各组患者的年龄、性别、吸烟指数差异无统计学意义;②与正常体重、超重及肥胖患者比较,低体重患者FEV。％pred、MVV、Dt．co／VA％pred、FEV,／FVC均下降（P〈0．05）,而RV／TLc增高（P〈0．05）;③与正常体重、肥胖患者比较,低体重患者CAT评分增高（Pd0．05）;④与正常体重、超重及肥胖组患者比较,低体重组患者肺气肿评分高（Pd0．05）;⑤低体重患者管壁面积百分比（WA％pred）、壁厚与外径比率（TDR％pred）与各组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;⑥BMI与CAT评分、肺气肿评分、RV／TLC均呈负相关（r=-0．351,P〈0．05;r=-0．628,P〈0．05;r=-0．256,P〈0．05）,而与WA％pred、TDR％pred无相关性（P〉0．05）;BMI与FEV1／FVC、DLCO／VA％pred呈正相关（r=0．387,P〈0．05;r=0．549,P〈0．05）。结论低BMI的COPD患者肺气肿程度严重,通气及弥散功能明显下降,这对临床综合评估COPD病情的严重程度有一定帮助。     

Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

To investigate the effects of inspiratory muscle resistive loading training (IMT) on exercise performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 13 patients undergoing standard pulmonary rehabilitation were divided into control (n = 6) and experimental (n = 7) groups. Prior to training, we measured inspiratory muscle strength and endurance, resting pulmonary function, and exercise performance on a bicycle ergometer (a progressive test and an endurance test at two thirds of maximal work load). We then determined their resistive loads for training by measuring their 10-min maximal sustainable resistance. Training by patients in the experimental group involved inspiring against a predetermined resistive load. The control subjects breathed through a sham training tube, so that studies were performed in double-blind fashion. The training consisted of 15-min sessions twice daily for 4 wk. The IMT dramatically improved inspiratory muscle endurance--represented as either sustainable inspiratory pressure (SIP) or endurance time at 60% of maximal inspiratory mouth pressure (Pimmax) at functional residual capacity. The SIP of the trained group increased from 29 +/- 11 to 46 +/- 11% of Pimmax (p less than 0.005). Training slightly increased inspiratory muscle strength (p less than 0.05), as determined by Pimmax. In contrast, resting pulmonary function and performance of both progressive and constant-load exercise remained unchanged. We conclude that 4-wk IMT in a pulmonary rehabilitation setting improves inspiratory muscle endurance in patients with COPD without changing pulmonary function or exercise performance.     

The impact of body mass index on inpatient- versus outpatient-treated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations

BACKGROUND:

Increased body weight has been associated with worse prognoses for many chronic diseases; however, this relationship is less clear in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with underweight patients experiencing higher morbidity than normal or overweight patients.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the impact of body mass index (BMI) on the risk for COPD exacerbations.

METHODS:

The present study included 115 patients with stable COPD (53% women; mean [± SD] age 67±8 years). Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI. Patients were followed for a mean of 1.8±0.8 years to assess the prospective risk of inpatient-treated exacerbations and outpatient-treated exacerbations, all of which were verified by chart review.

RESULTS:

Cox regression models revealed that underweight patients were at greater risk for inhospital-treated exacerbations (RR 2.93 [95% CI 1.27 to 6.76) relative to normal weight patients. However, overweight (RR 0.59 [95% CI 0.33 to 1.57) and obese (RR 0.99 [95% CI 0.53 to 1.86]) patients did not differ from normal weight patients. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, length of diagnosis, smoking pack-years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s, and time between recruitment and last exacerbation. BMI did not influence the risk of out-of-hospital exacerbations.

CONCLUSIONS:

The present study showed that underweight patients were at greater risk for inhospital exacerbations. However, BMI did not appear to be a risk factor for out-of-hospital exacerbations. This suggests that the BMI-exacerbation link may differ according to the nature of the exacerbation, the mechanisms for which are not yet known.     

BODE指数在慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者中的应用

BODE指数是一种较单一指标在评估慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者预后方面更加有效的复合评分系统.BODE指数包括体质量指数、肺功能、呼吸困难和运动能力4个方面.由于其良好的评估作用,目前已被用于在COPD患者中预测生存率.预测肺减容术后的生存率,作为运动耐量标准.预测住院率、生活质量,评估病情、疗效等等.     

Home respiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: The benefits of inspiratory muscle strength training in decreasing symptoms, disability or handicap of patients affected by COPD are not well established. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of the constant use of a new flow-volumetric inspiratory exerciser, named Respivol, in improving respiratory functional parameters in COPD patients. METHODS: Twenty consecutive ambulatory patients affected by COPD were enrolled. Each patient was assessed, before and after 3 and 6 months inspiratory exercise with Respivol, for the following clinical parameters: maximal inspiratory pressure, maximal expiratory pressure, dyspnoea grade, quality of life by a self-administered St George questionnaire and a 6-min walking test. After a brief progressive ambulatory training programme, inspiratory exercise with Respivol was performed at home for 6 months. All patients used Respivol together with medical treatment. RESULTS: Maximal inspiratory pressure and maximal expiratory pressure values were significantly increased after 3 and 6 months of exercise. Dyspnoea grade was significantly reduced and the 6-min walking test showed an increase in effort tolerance, after 6 months of home training. Quality of life assessment showed an improvement, associated with a decrease of respiratory disease symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Inspiratory muscle strength training with Respivol seems to be efficient in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life in adults with COPD.     

体重指数与慢性阻塞性肺疾病及生活质量的关系

目的在2002至2004年中国7个地区（北京、上海、广东、辽宁、天津、重庆和陕西）慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）现况调查的基础上，探讨体重指数（BMI）与COPD的关系。方法现况调查采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法，对40岁及以上的居民进行问卷调查、身高和体重的测量及肺功能检测。调查有效人数为20245名，男8705名，女11540名，以支气管扩张试验后第一秒用力呼气容积／用力肺活量（FEV1／FVC）〈70％作为COPD的诊断标准，并排除其他已知的气流受限的疾病，共筛查出1668例COPD和18577例非COPD进行BMI与COPD的关系分析。结果COPD患者的BMI[（22．7±3．5）kg／m^2]较非COPD患者[（24．1±3．4）kg／m^2]低，吸烟者BMI为[（23．6±3．4）kg／m^2]较不吸烟者[（24．2±3．5）ks／m^2]低，差异均有统计学意义（F分别为158．31、49．10，P均〈0．01），且COPD与吸烟存在对BMI的交互作用（F=6．03，P〈0．05）。COPD病情程度分级越高BMI越低（F=45．46，P〈0．01），COPD病情程度分级与BMl分级存在负相关（r=-0．08，P〈0．01）。BMI越低COPD的患病率越高（趋势x^2=102．68，P〈0．01），多因素logistic回归分析显示，与正常BMI（18．5～23．9kg／m^2）比较，1级BMI（〈18．5kg／m^2）、3级BMI（24．0～27．9kg／m^2）和4级BMI（≥28．0ks／m^2）患COPD的D尺值分别为[2．12（1．73～2．59）、0．67（0．59～0．76）、0．60（0．49～0．73），P均〈0．05]；且BMl分级与吸烟存在对COPD的交互作用（x^2=4．73，P〈O．05）。与2级BMI的COPD患者比较，1级BMI的COPD患者生活质量差（心理指数评分：55±8、57±6，F=2．96，P〈0．05；躯体指数评分：42±10、46±9，F=4．21，P〈0．01）；气促分数高（1．4±1．5、1．1±1．3，x^2=14．32，P〈0．01）。结论1级BMI与COPD关系密切，其可能是COPD患病的独立于吸烟的危险因素，而低BMI也可能是COPD病情严重程度的一个重要指标。     

Inspiratory muscle strength and endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and the sustainable inspiratory maximal pressure (SIPm) in 79 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) which were divided into the mild group (MG) and the mid-severe group (MSG) were measured. The results showed that MIP and SIPm were significantly lower in MSG than the prediction and in MG, the inspiratory fatigue in MSG was taken place in lower load and shorter time. We considered: MIP and SIPm fallen significantly in COPD patients might play a very important role in developing patients' respiratory failure.     

Evidence of skeletal muscle metabolic reserve during whole body exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

When freed from central cardiorespiratory limitations, healthy human skeletal muscle has exhibited a significant metabolic reserve. We studied the existence of this reserve in 10 severely compromised (FEV1 = 0.97 +/- SE 0.01) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To manipulate O2 supply and O2 demand in locomotor and respiratory muscles, subjects performed both maximal conventional two-legged cycle ergometry (large muscle mass) and single-leg knee extensor exercise (KE, small muscle mass) while breathing room air (RA), 100% O2, and 79% helium + 21% O2 (HeO2). With each gas mixture, peak ventilation, peak heart rate, and perceived breathlessness were lower in KE than cycle exercise (p < 0. 05). Arterial O2 saturation and maximal work capacity increased in both exercise modalities while subjects breathed 100% O2 (work: +10% bike, +25% KE, p < 0.05). HeO2 increased maximal work capacity on the cycle (+14%, p < 0.05) but had no effect on KE. HeO2 resulted in the greatest maximum minute ventilation in both bike and KE (p < 0. 05) but had no effect on arterial O2 saturation. Thus, a skeletal muscle metabolic reserve in these patients with COPD is evidenced by: (1) greater muscle mass specific work in KE; (2) greater work rates with higher fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2); (3) an even greater effect of FIO2 during KE (i.e., when the lungs are less challenged); and (4) the positive effect of HeO2 on bicycle work rate. This skeletal muscle metabolic reserve suggests that reduced whole body exercise capacity in COPD is the result of central restraints rather than peripheral skeletal muscle dysfunction, while the beneficial effect of 100% O2 (with no change in maximum ventilation) suggests that the respiratory system is not the sole constraint to oxygen consumption.