原发性肝癌首次介入治疗的护理

对230例原发性肝癌患者施行第一次肝动脉化疗栓塞术，结果术后所有病例临床症状明显减轻，1个月后复查CT或MR，瘤体均有不同程度缩小，其中140例(60．9％)瘤体缩小30．0％以上，92例(40．0％)AFP恢复正常，200例(87．0％)转氨酶、胆红素有不同程度下降。护理要点：术前进行心理辅导争取配合，对栓塞综合征的观察与处理，预防穿刺部位血肿，预防瘤卒中、肝脓肿。     

放射性125I粒子植入治疗晚期肝癌的护理

目的：探讨放射性^125I粒子植入治疗晚期肝癌的护理。方法：16例晚期肝癌患者，其中原发性肝癌并肝内转移9例，转移性肝癌7例。通过患者病灶的CT图像扫描，用三维实体定向放射治疗计划系统制定其粒子治疗计划，在CT定位引导下．经皮穿刺，按照计划将放射性^125I粒子8～33粒通过微创手术植入患者肝内肿瘤部位。术前对患者做好健康宣教，术中做好配合，术后进行系统护理管理，积极预防术后并发症。结果：粒子术中种植成功率100％，术后无并发症发生。结论：放射性^125I粒子植入治疗晚期肝癌．近期疗效满意，术后规范护理行为，预防并发症的发生．能提高患者生存率，降低病死率．改善预后。     

射频治疗第一肝门区肝癌的围手术期护理

目的 探讨对于位于第一肝门区的小肝癌行B超引导经皮肝穿刺射频消融(PRFA)联合瘤内无水酒精注射(PEI)治疗的围手术期护理.方法 2001年1月-2004年10月选择肿瘤位于第一肝门区、直径≤5 cm、病理或临床证实为原发性或继发性肝癌的26例患者进行PRFA+EI治疗.通过术前有针对性的心理护理,术中密切配合,术后严密观察,及时发现并发症,给予相应的护理措施.结果 本组术中胆心反射1例,出现电极板皮肤烧伤1例,术后心率减慢4例,发热26例,肝区疼痛17例,经及时处理,全部治愈出院未发生护理并发症,无住院死亡,无胆管狭窄发生.结论 射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗第一肝门区小肝癌是一项新的治疗技术,科学的围手术期护理,是提高治疗成功率,减少并发症的重要保证.     

射频治疗第一肝门区肝癌的围手术期护理

目的 探讨对于位于第一肝门区的小肝癌行B超引导经皮肝穿刺射频消融(PRFA)联合瘤内无水酒精注射(PEI)治疗的围手术期护理.方法 2001年1月-2004年10月选择肿瘤位于第一肝门区、直径≤5 cm、病理或临床证实为原发性或继发性肝癌的26例患者进行PRFA+EI治疗.通过术前有针对性的心理护理,术中密切配合,术后严密观察,及时发现并发症,给予相应的护理措施.结果 本组术中胆心反射1例,出现电极板皮肤烧伤1例,术后心率减慢4例,发热26例,肝区疼痛17例,经及时处理,全部治愈出院未发生护理并发症,无住院死亡,无胆管狭窄发生.结论 射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗第一肝门区小肝癌是一项新的治疗技术,科学的围手术期护理,是提高治疗成功率,减少并发症的重要保证.     

125Ⅰ放射粒子种植治疗原发性肝癌26例的护理

总结26例原发性肝癌患者肝组织植入放射性粒子^125I的护理。术前护理要点为进行健康教育，讲解有关放射性防护的知识，做好各类术前准备；术后注意预防并发症，观察有无腹腔内出血、粒子移位等，做好患者、医务人员的放射性防护管理及饮食指导，本组术后肝功能无明显异常，术后平均生存时间为12．6个月，最长达17个月。     

原发性肝癌术后肝内复发射频消融治疗的护理配合

目的：探讨经皮射频消融（percutaneous radiofrequency ablation，PRFA）治疗原发性肝癌术后肝内复发的护理配合要点。方法：回顾性分析48例原发性肝癌术后肝内复发患者行PRFA治疗的前后护理。结果：本组无消融治疗相关性死亡病例，治疗后1周复查肝功能，与治疗前比较全部患者均无显著变化，患者均顺利出院。结论：充分的术前准备、针对性的护理及密切观察患者术后并发症，是PRFA治疗成功和提高生活质量的重要因素。     

可调形射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗肝癌的围手术期护理研究

目的探讨可调形射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗肝癌的围手术期护理。方法对26例肝癌患者进行可调形射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗,通过术前有针对性的心理护理,术中密切配合,术后严密观察,及时发现并发症,给予相应的护理措施。结果本组术中胆心反射、心跳骤停1例,术后心率减慢4例,发热26例,肝区疼痛17例,经及时处理,全部治愈出院,未发生护理并发症,无住院死亡。结论可调形射频联合瘤内无水酒精注射治疗肝癌是一项新的治疗技术,科学的围手术期护理,是提高治疗成功率,减少并发症的重要保证。     

44例原发性肝癌栓塞化疗的护理

我科自１９９５年初对４４例原发性肝癌患者进行了碘油化疗药物肝动脉栓塞治疗，在治疗期间制定了具体的护理措施：术前准备，术后护理。我们认为，在肝动脉栓塞术后１￣２周内，密切观察患者生命体征及病情变化，同时做好体位护理，饮食护理，心理护理，并发症的预防，不仅有利于手术的顺利进行，对术后疗效亦很重要。     

瘤内无水酒精注射治疗肝癌切除术后复发的疗效及预后因素分析

目的：研究经皮瘤内酒精注射（pereutaneous ethanol injection，PEI）治疗原发性肝癌术后复发病灶的疗效，分析影响预后的因素。方法：原发性肝癌术后复发患者行PEI治疗，部分患者合用射频毁损治疗（radiofrequency ablation，RFA）、肝动脉化疗栓塞治疗（transcatheter arterial chemoembolization，TACE）。采用寿命表法分析患者复发后的生存期，并分析影响患者生存期的因素。结果：58例术后复发患者治疗后1、3、5年生存率分别为96.6％、59．2％、29．3％，中位生存期为42．5个月。单因素分析显示Child-Pugh分级B级为疗效差的影响因素，合用RFA有助于提高疗效；多因素分析显示Child-Pugh分级为独立的预后因素。结论：酒精注射治疗复发性肝癌可取得较好疗效。     

肝动脉栓塞介入治疗原发性肝癌54例的护理

目的：探讨原发性肝癌肝动脉栓塞介入治疗的应用与护理。方法：对54例原发性肝癌患者,采用肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术（TACE）,术后对发热、疼痛等反应进行对症治疗,减少并发症发生。结果：54例患者肝动脉栓塞化疗均成功,无严重并发症出现。结论：加强术前指导及心理护理、术后并发症的全面观察和有效护理是患者治疗成功的保障。     

肝移植后肝功能的异常★

背景：肝移植后导致肝功能异常原因复杂，早期弄清引起肝功能异常的原因对治疗至关重要。目的：较全面的了解肝移植后可以导致肝功能异常的原因，以便应用于临床诊治。方法：应用计算机检索CNKI和FMJS数据库，采用医学主题词检索，检索词为“肝移植；肝功能异常；转氨酶异常；胆红素升高；原因”或“liver transplantation；abnormal liver function；transaminase abnormalities；bilirubin increased, and causes”，时间范围为1991年1月至2012年7月，共检索到98篇文章，选择文章主要内容与肝移植后肝功能异常直接相关的、发表在权威杂志上的文章共35篇进行综述。结果与结论：肝移植后导致肝功能异常的原因众多，临床表现复杂。最常见的原因依次是急性排斥反应、胆道并发症及病毒感染。肝移植后早期，尤其是1个月内出现肝功能异常，需警惕小体积综合征和原发性移植物无功的发生。各种原因引起的肝功能异常，转氨酶及胆红素升高的程度不尽相同。急性排斥反应、自身免疫性肝炎、病毒感染、门静脉及肝静脉狭窄、缺血-再灌注损伤等转氨酶升高较胆红素升高显著；慢性排斥反应、胆道并发症、肝动脉狭窄、原发性胆汁性肝硬化、原发性硬化性胆管炎等早期以梗阻酶碱性磷酸酶、谷氨酰转移酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素升高为主；肿瘤导致的肝功能异常视肿瘤大小、压迫部位不同，可表现出以转氨酶升高为主或以胆红素升高为主。此外，各种原因多有其特殊病史，仔细询问病史有助于早期诊断。临床工作中，应重视尽量详尽的采集病史，根据转氨酶和胆红素升高的具体情况，首先考虑引起肝功能异常的常见原因，经临床证实排除后再考虑其他相对不常见原因，并结合实验室检查、影像学检查及肝脏穿刺病理活检，尽早明确病因及治疗。     

Acute liver failure: liver support therapies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: We summarize the therapeutic approach to patients with acute liver failure with the main focus on bioartificial and artificial liver support. We also describe specific and general therapeutic approaches based upon recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of acute liver failure. RECENT FINDINGS: Bioartificial liver support systems use hepatocytes in an extracorporeal device connected to the patient's circulation. Artificial liver support is intended to remove protein-bound toxins and water-soluble toxins without providing synthetic function. Both systems improve clinical and biochemical parameters and can be applied safely to patients. Although bioartificial liver-assist devices have not been shown to improve the survival of patients with acute liver failure, further development is underway. Artificial liver support systems have been shown to alter several pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of acute liver failure but survival data are still limited. SUMMARY: Mortality in patients with acute liver failure is still unacceptably high. The most effective treatment, liver transplantation, is a limited resource and so other therapeutic options to bridge patients to recovery or stabilization have to be considered. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of acute liver failure and device development is necessary to achieve the elusive goal of effective extracorporeal liver assist.     

Lipid peroxidation of the liver in liver disease

Material of puncture biopsy of the human liver left after morphological study was used to explore enzymatic and non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation, NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity, the content of triglycerides, cholesterol and protein. It was shown that the degree of lipid peroxidation varies considerably in different liver diseases. The highest degree of lipid peroxidation was discovered in patients with fibrosis accompanied by the symptoms of fatty dystrophy. It was established that the rate of peroxidation does not directly correlate with the level of liver lipid infiltration. It is concluded that NADH-ferricyanide reductase activity mirrors adequately the nature of a liver disease and can be used as a highly sensitive and very specific enzymatic test.     

Management of chronic liver failure until liver transplantation

Chronic liver failure is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is the long-term consequence of many chronic liver diseases. In addition to determining the specific cause of the chronic liver disease, which may be amenable to targeted therapy, it is important to treat the sequelae of chronic liver failure effectively to improve quality of life, to prolong survival, and to provide a bridge to liver transplantation. Once a patient who has chronic liver failure develops hepatic decompensation, liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for those who qualify. Management of chronic liver failure is the focus of this article.     

晚期肝癌合并肝包膜下出血或肝破裂出血的护理

目的总结晚期肝癌并肝包膜下出血或肝破裂出血的护理要点。方法2001年1月~2004年12月对本院收治的56例晚期肝癌并肝包膜下出血或肝破裂出血病人进行抢救治疗,并配合护理。结果治疗总有效率为80.4%,死亡率为12.5%。结论晚期肝癌并肝包膜下出血或肝破裂出血,病情变化快,死亡率高,护理的重点在于止痛、止血、并发症的急救、病情观察,心理及支持性的护理,并开展健康教育,尽量消除各种诱发因素,有效地控制出血和防止再出血,从而提高病人的生活质量。     

Antipyrine kinetics in liver disease and liver transplantation

Antipyrine kinetics were studied in seven normal subjects, 10 patients with liver disease, and 13 clinically stable patients who received a liver transplant. Five patients were studied both before and after liver transplantation. Antipyrine concentrations in saliva after oral dosing were measured by HPLC. The antipyrine t1/2 was significantly longer (P less than 0.05) in patients with liver disease than in patients undergoing liver transplantation and normal subjects. Antipyrine clearance was not significantly different between patients undergoing liver transplantation and normal subjects, but it was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) in patients with liver disease. In five patients who were studied before and after liver transplantation, there was a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in the antipyrine clearance and a marked reduction in its t1/2 after liver transplantation. These results indicate that liver transplantation improves the drug metabolizing ability of patients with liver disease and that the oxidative metabolizing capacity of the liver in clinically stable patients after liver transplantation is similar to that of normal subjects.