术中持续有限扩张术的临床应用

自１９９３年５月以来，临床应用术中持续有限扩张术（ＩＳＬＥ），为２１例病人进行即刻创面修复。其中１８例效果良好，３例效果欠佳，临床有效率达８５．７％。实践证明，ＩＳＬＥ可成功地应用于全身各部位。其临床效果与组织缺损的宽度和扩张后所增加的皮肤组织量以及持续扩张的时间有关。     

术中持续有限扩张术的临床应用

自1993年5月以来,临床应用术中持续有限扩张术(ISLE),为21例病人进行即刻创面修复。其中18例效果良好,3例效果欠佳,临床有效率达85.7%。实践证明,ISLE 可成功地应用于全身各部位。其临床效果与组织缺损的宽度和扩张后所增加的皮肤组织量以及持续扩张的时间有关。     

一次性软组织扩张的实验研究

为了探索一次性软组织扩张的可能性，应用激光多普勒微循环血流仪（ｌａｓｅｒｄｏｐｐｌｅｒｆｌｏｗｍｅｔｅｒ，ＬＤＦ），在９只健康雄性白色乳猪躯干部作一次性软组织扩张术（ｉｎｔｒａｏｐｅｒａｔｉｖｅｓｕｓｔａｉｎｅｄｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｅｘｐａｎｓｉｏｎ，ＩＳＬＥ），共对５４个ＩＳＬＥ扩张的皮肤进行微循环监测，同时对扩张囊内压力与ＩＳＬＥ皮肤血流的相关性及ＩＳＬＥ皮肤病理学变化进行了探讨。结果表明：一次性扩张的皮肤，其微循环灌注量显著高于对照组，可提供更多的额外皮肤。为临床应用一次性软组织扩张技术提供了实验依据     

Comparison of ultrastructural changes of skin between continuous tissue expansion and conventional tissue expansion]

OBJECTIVE: To observe the ultrastrual changes of the skin between the continuous tissue expansion and the conventional tissue expansion. METHODS: Twelve white piglets were used for this study on an animal model of tissue expansion with the continuous tissue expansion group and the conventional tissue expansion group. The tissue samples in each group were harvested and prepared for the transmission electron microscope observation. RESULTS: The interspace among basal cells and spinose cells was increasing and the numbers of cell conjunctures were decreasing in the both groups. However, these changes in the continuous tissue expansion group were more obvious than in the conventional tissue expansion group. In the dermal layer of the skin, the ultrastructure of collagen fibers were basically normal. But, the fibroblasts and capillary endothelia cells were more activated in the continuous tissue expansion group, compared with the conventional tissue expansion group. The fibroblast apoptosis and collagenolysis spots were observed in both of the groups, while the red blood cells were also found in the tissue leaked outsides from the blood vascular cavities. CONCLUSION: Tissue expansion may result in tissue growth and tissue degeneration in the same time.     

持续恒压扩张和常规间断扩张后皮肤超微结构的改变

目的：对比观察持续恒压扩张（CPTE）和常规间断扩张（CITE）后皮肤组织的超微结构改变。方法：用白色小家猪制作CPTE和CITE动物模型，切取组织样本做电镜观察。结果：CPTE组与正常皮肤和CITE组皮肤比较，皮肤基底细胞和棘细胞间距明显增大，细胞连接明显减少。两实验组扩张后的真皮中，胶原纤维结构基本正常，CPTE组成纤维细胞和血管内皮细胞的活化程度高于CITE组。两实验组中均可见到胶原溶解和成纤维细胞凋亡现象，CPTE组中表现明显。两种扩张方法均可引起毛细血管破裂出血。结论：扩张后皮肤中具有组织生长和退化的双重超微结构改变。     

皮肤扩张术后的组织退行性变研究

目的探讨扩张术对皮肤的损伤及退行性变作用.方法选择常规间断扩张和持续恒压扩张术各9例,在扩张皮瓣术中切取标本作组织病理学、分子生物学及透射电子显微镜观察.结果扩张可引起毛细血管出血,损伤修复纤维(网状纤维和弹力纤维)增生,微小动脉血栓形成,成纤维细胞凋亡增加,胶原纤维溶解.常规间断扩张后皮肤以退行性变为明显,持续恒压扩张后皮肤急性损伤明显.结论扩张刺激可引起组织急性损伤和退行性变,提示常规扩张时间不能过长,持续扩张不能过快.     

扩张器重叠扩张技术及其临床应用

目的：提高组织扩张器的扩张效果。方法：在同一个皮肤软组织腔隙内埋置两个扩张器，重叠放置，进行扩张。结果：自1999年3月以来，应用重叠扩张技术修复各种类型的组织缺损19例，获得较好效果。结论：扩张器重叠扩张技术与传统的组织扩张术相比，在相同的时间内可提供更多的可资利用的扩张皮肤，降低与扩张术有关的并发症的发生率，在修复面颈部皮肤缺损时尤为适用。     

Tissue expansion: a promising trend for reconstruction in urology

To evaluate the role of the tissue expansion concept in reconstructive urology, the contemporary literature was reviewed, together with our own results with tissue expansion. The principle of tissue expansion has been applied in cases of bladder augmentation, ureteral dilation for the generation of indigenous tissue and subsequent ureterocystoplasties, ureteral elongation, and dilation of the renal pelvis, producing native tissue for the reconstruction of defects or strictures of the upper ureter. Even though the exact mechanism of action of mechanical strain in different tissues is not known, tissue expansion is a well-accepted technique that can amplify the armamentarium of reconstructive urologists for the management of defects along the urinary tract.     

Immediate versus chronic tissue expansion

A quantitative comparison of the effects on tissues is performed between chronic tissue expansion, intraoperative expansion, and load cycling in a guinea pig model. Intra-operative expansion, which was developed by Sasaki as a method of immediate tissue expansion for small- to medium-sized defects, and load cycling, which was described by Gibson as a method using intraoperative pull, are compared with chronic tissue expansion on the basis of the following four parameters: amount of skin produced, flap viability, intraoperative tissue pressures, and histological changes. The chronically expanded group, which included booster and nonbooster expansions, produced a 137% increase in surface area, or a 52% increase in flap arc length, whereas intraoperative expansion resulted in a 31% increase in surface area, or a 15% increase in flap arc length. The load-cycled group, however, resulted in an almost negligible amount of skin increase. All three techniques exhibit immediate postexpansion stretchback. Flap viability is not impaired by any of the three techniques, in spite of the elevated pressures observed during expansion. Therefore, intraoperative expansion is effective primarily for limited expansion of small defects, whereas chronic tissue expansion still provides the greatest amount of skin increase when compared with other techniques.     

颈部重叠埋置皮肤扩张器扩张修复颌面颈部瘢痕

目的 探讨在颈阔肌的浅层重叠埋置皮肤扩张器的皮肤扩张技术在颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形修复中的应用及效果.方法 在颈阔肌浅面的同一剥离腔隙内重叠埋置2个扩张器,按期注水扩张,4～6周后行扩张器Ⅱ期手术.结果 自2004年以来应用这一技术整形修复颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形16例,除1例颈部重叠埋置扩张器患者于晚期出现扩张器外露,及时手术处理后未影响最终手术效果外,其余均取得良好效果.结论 扩张器重叠埋置扩张技术与传统的皮肤扩张术相比,在相同时间内可提供更多的可利用的扩张皮肤,降低了与扩张术有关的并发症的发生率,特别是在颈阔肌浅面的重叠埋置扩张尤为适用于颌面颈部瘢痕的整形修复.     

颈部重叠埋置皮肤扩张器扩张修复颌面颈部瘢痕

目的探讨在颈阔肌的浅层重叠埋置皮肤扩张器的皮肤扩张技术在颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形修复中的应用及效果。方法在颈阔肌浅面的同一剥离腔隙内重叠埋置2个扩张器,按期注水扩张,4～6周后行扩张器Ⅱ期手术。结果自2004年以来应用这一技术整形修复颌面颈部瘢痕挛缩畸形16例,除1例颈部重叠埋置扩张器患者于晚期出现扩张器外露,及时手术处理后未影响最终手术效果外,其余均取得良好效果。结论扩张器重叠埋置扩张技术与传统的皮肤扩张术相比,在相同时间内可提供更多的可利用的扩张皮肤,降低了与扩张术有关的并发症的发生率,特别是在颈阔肌浅面的重叠埋置扩张尤为适用于颌面颈部瘢痕的整形修复。     

肿胀技术下皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮缺损伴颅骨外露

目的:探讨皮肤软组织扩张术与肿胀技术相结合,修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露的外科治疗效果.方法:将皮肤软组织扩张术与肿胀技术相结合,修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露8例患者,与以往9例未采用肿胀技术的病例在术中出血、术后早期疼痛及术后血肿发生率进行比较.结果:应用该方法为8例患者修复头皮缺损伴颅骨外露,术中出血少,术后早期疼痛减轻,术后血肿发生率低.经术后3个月～2年的随诊,疗效满意.结论:肿胀技术下皮肤软组织扩张术治疗头皮缺损伴颅骨外露是一种安全可靠实用的方法,值得临床推广应用.     

Breast reconstruction by tissue expansion.

The techniques of tissue expansion for use in breast reconstruction is described, together with the results of its use in 33 patients. The advantages and disadvantages of tissue expansion in relation to other currently favoured techniques are discussed. It is concluded that tissue expansion represents a major advance in the field of breast reconstruction.     

The use of serial tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery

There are clinical situations in which even despite the use of simultaneous multiple tissue expanders, complete coverage of a defect cannot be achieved. In this situation, serial, repeated tissue expansion may be indicated. There are few studies that have reported repeated tissue expansion in pediatric plastic surgery. Twelve children (6 girls, 6 boys) with a mean age of 7 years underwent serial tissue expansion for giant hairy nevus (N = 3) or burn reconstruction (N = 9). A total of 63 tissue expanders were used. Serial expansion of the expanded flap was performed a second time in 12 children, a third time in 6 children, and a fourth time in 2 children. The major complication rate was 4% for the first expansion, and 20%, 18%, and 0% for the second, third, and fourth expansions respectively. Clinically, at the time of expander reinsertion, there was no evidence of capsule from the previous expander in any patient. This was confirmed on histological examination of 12 biopsy specimens. Repeated tissue expansion is a safe and effective procedure for use in pediatric plastic surgery.     

Tissue regeneration during tissue expansion and choosing an expander

This paper reviews the various aspects of tissue regeneration during the process of tissue expansion. “Creep” and mechanical and biological “stretch” are responsible for expansion. During expansion, the epidermis thickens, the dermis thins out, vascularity improves, significant angiogenesis occurs, hair telogen phase becomes shorter and the peripheral nerves, vessels and muscle fibres lengthen. Expansion is associated with molecular changes in the tissue. Almost all these biological changes are reversible after the removal of the expander.This study is also aimed at reviewing the difficulty in deciding the volume and dimension of the expander for a defect. Basic mathematical formulae and the computer programmes for calculating the dimension of tissue expanders, although available in the literature, are not popular. A user-friendly computer programme based on the easily available Microsoft Excel spread sheet has been introduced. When we feed the area of defect and base dimension of the donor area or tissue expander, this programme calculates the volume and height of the expander. The shape of the expander is decided clinically based on the availability of the donor area and the designing of the future tissue movement. Today, tissue expansion is better understood biologically and mechanically. Clinical judgement remains indispensable in choosing the size and shape of the tissue expander.KEY WORDS: Mathematics of tissue expansion, tissue expander, tissue expansion, tissue regeneration     

皮肤重叠扩张至极限后的组织学变化及其临床意义

目的:通过观察皮肤经重叠扩张至极限后的组织学变化。以探索进一步改良优化皮肤软组织扩张技术的有效途径。方法:以6只白色小家猪作为试验动物,制作重叠扩张术极限扩张(ETE)和常规扩张(RTE)动物模型,切取两种扩张方法扩张后的皮肤组织作测量及组织学观察。结果:极限扩张后皮肤真皮层明显变薄,表皮层厚度与RTE组相比无明显变化;真皮层胶原纤维排列稀疏、纤维束细小;弹力纤维广泛断裂;Ⅰ型胶原含量减低。结论:皮肤经持续重叠扩张后可达到极限;导致皮肤达到扩张极限的原因是机械力的持续过度牵拉和皮肤胶原纤维产生的相对不足。     

单腔双扩张器重叠扩张术修复皮肤缺损

目的采用单腔双扩张器重叠扩张术提高皮肤软组织扩张效率,修复皮肤缺损。方法2003年6月~2005年3月,采用重叠扩张术,将传统的单腔单囊扩张变为在同一个皮肤软组织腔隙内重叠埋置2个扩张器进行皮肤软组织扩张,治疗5例皮肤缺损患者。其中男3例,女2例。年龄11~28岁。前臂瘢痕2例,黑毛痣1例;瘢痕性秃发2例。病程1.5~24年。皮肤缺损范围12cm×5cm~13cm×12cm。重叠置入均采用椭圆形上200ml、下250ml的扩张器。重叠扩张区域实际注水量480~685ml。患者均采用扩张皮肤一次修复皮肤缺损区域。结果5例患者均顺利完成预定的皮肤软组织扩张且一次修复皮肤缺损区域,扩张器扩张时间为27~50d,重叠扩张区域扩张皮肤13.0cm×6.0cm~14.5cm×9.0cm。术后供、受区创面均期愈合,经3~15个月随访,扩张皮肤无收缩与色素沉着,未见瘢痕复发,外观修复均满意。结论重叠扩张术可明显提高皮肤软组织扩张效率,适用于皮肤缺损边缘可扩张皮肤有限、或不便于过多剥离而又需足够多的扩张皮肤修复的区域。     

Tissue expansion in head and neck burn reconstruction

The advent of tissue expansion has provided a useful tool for the reconstructive burn surgeon. As with many new techniques, there was an initial wave of enthusiasm surrounding the introduction of tissue expansion to burn reconstruction in the 1980s. High complication rates and many dissatisfying results followed. After early widespread use of tissue expansion, the authors have settled on a more refined approach to the reconstruction of head, neck, and facial burns. Today, head and neck burn reconstruction is accomplished best with a combination of skin grafting, local flaps, and occasional free flaps in addition to tissue expansion. In carefully selected head and neck burn patients and in many burn alopecia patients, tissue expansion can provide excellent functional and aesthetic results, with minimal donor site morbidity.     

Craniofacial neurofibromatosis and tissue expansion: long-term results

The role of tissue expansion for coverage of soft-tissue defects of the face following neurofibroma resection has been briefly described previously with good results but limited follow-up. Recent scientific evidence has arisen that neurofibromas adversely affect the rheological properties of normal surrounding skin resulting in hyper-extensibility of dermal elements. In this context, we believe that long-term outcomes of tissue expansion for treatment of soft-tissue defects in patients with craniofacial neurofibromatosis would demonstrate suboptimal results because of loss of contour. Between June 1981 and June 2011, two patients underwent five tissue expander placements during the course of treatment for craniofacial neurofibromatosis at our institution. In both patients, tissue expansion was used to recruit tissue for fascio-cutaneous flaps following radical excision of adjacent neurofibromas. Three cervical expansions were performed for cheek and lateral face recontouring. One forehead expansion was used for nasal reconstruction and a second forehead expansion was performed for temporo-orbital recontouring. No perioperative complications occurred related to the tissue expander placement, expansions or radical excisions. Photographic follow-up of 15 years is available in each case. Cervical tissue expanded to provide cheek coverage demonstrated early loss of contour. Loss of lateral cheek contour resulted in increased morbidity from lateral and caudal displacement of the mid-face and orbital tissues requiring multiple revisional procedures. Tissue expansion of the forehead for both nasal reconstruction and temporo-orbital reconstruction demonstrated excellent long-lasting results.     

72小时快速皮肤软组织扩张术在面部整形中的临床应用

皮肤软组织扩张是修复面部软组织缺损的常用手段，采用一种有别于２周左右的习用快速扩张和６周以上的常规扩张的快速扩张术，将扩张时间缩短至７２小时左右。在面部整形中，成功地运用了７例，取得了令人满意的效果。讨论了手术方法，注意事项，并从临床的角度将７２小时快速扩张与习用快速扩张，常规扩张及术中即刻扩张进行了对比分析。