经颅多普勒超声诊断脑动脉痉挛与数字减影血管造影的对比研究

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断大脑中动脉(MCA)、椎动脉(VA)、基底动脉(BA)痉挛的可靠性。方法对50例蛛网膜下腔出血患者同时行TCD和数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查并进行对比分析。结果DSA发现MCA痉挛26条，其中TCD检出21条，DSA未证实有痉挛的MCA中，TCD检出4条，TCD诊断MCA痉挛的敏感性为80．8％，特异性为84．0％，而且MCA痉挛程度越重，TCD敏感性越高。DSA发现BA痉挛18条，其中经TCD检出13条，DSA未证实有痉挛的BA中，TCD检出4条，TCD诊断BA痉挛的敏感性为72．2％，特异性为76．5％。DSA发现VA痉挛28条，其中经TCD检出20条，DSA未证实有痉挛的VA中，TCD检出6条，TCD诊断VA痉挛的敏感性为71．4％，特异性为76．9％。结论TCD诊断MCA、VA、BA痉挛有较高的可靠性。     

比较经颅超声造影和数字减影血管造影对大脑中动脉狭窄的诊断价值研究

目的 比较经颅超声造影（transcranial contrast-enhanced ultrasound,t-CEUS）和DSA在大脑中动脉 （middle cerebral artery,MCA）狭窄性疾病中的诊断价值。 方法 收集2017年12月-2019年4月疑似MCA狭窄或闭塞的患者197例,记录其225条狭窄或闭塞 的大脑中动脉的t-CEUS和DSA检查结果。根据MCA狭窄程度分为轻度狭窄（30%～50%）,中度狭窄 （50%～69%）,重度狭窄（70%～99%）和闭塞（100%）,以DSA为金标准,分析t-CEUS对轻、中和重度 MCA狭窄的诊断价值。 结果 197例疑似MCA狭窄闭塞患者中,男132例,女65例,年龄43～72岁,平均（58.4±4.6）岁。经 DSA确诊的狭窄和闭塞的225条MCA中,轻度狭窄16条,中度狭窄70条,重度狭窄121条,闭塞18条。 t-CEUS诊断狭窄和闭塞的共224条MCA,其中,轻度狭窄18条,中度狭窄76条,重度狭窄112条,闭塞18条。 t-CEUS和DSA诊断MCA狭窄和闭塞高度吻合（Kappa=0.91）。t-CEUS诊断轻度MCA狭窄的敏感度、特异 度和准确度分别为80%、80%和91%;诊断中度MCA狭窄的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为83%、93% 和97%;诊断重度MCA狭窄的敏感度、特异度和准确度分别为83%、96%和96%。 结论 t-CEUS能够清楚地显示轻、中、重度MCA狭窄和闭塞,适用于MCA狭窄和闭塞类疾病患者的确 诊,尤其是适用于不适合DSA检查的疑似MCA狭窄和闭塞患者。     

TCD对颈内动脉和大脑中动脉病变的诊断价值(TCD和CTA对照)

脑梗死是一组发病率高，致残率高和死亡率高的疾病。颈内动脉（ICA）和大脑中动脉（MCA）病变（狭窄或闭塞）是导致脑梗死发生的重要病因。早期检出ICA或MCA病变，对于患者的诊断、治疗以及判断预后有极其重要的意义。通过经颅多普勒超声（TCD）动态观察能了解动脉病变的发展变化，有利于治疗方案的选择。TCD为无创检查，操作简便，因而在临床上有广泛应用的价值。本次临床研究的目的是通过TCD和CT血管造影（CTA）结果对比，以CTA结果为标准，探讨TCD诊断IcA和MCA病变的可靠性。[第一段]     

颈部血管超声与经颅多普勒联合检测颅内、外血管与DSA对比分析

目的探讨缺血性脑血管病颈动脉超声与经颅多普勒(TCD)联合检测的必要性。方法对64例缺血性脑血管病患者的颈动脉超声及TCD表现与数字化脑血管造影(DSA)对比分析。结果 DSA共检出狭窄和闭塞血管160条。颈动脉超声和TCD共检出狭窄和闭塞血管与DSA符合117条。TCD与DSA比较符合率70.8%。颈动脉超声与DSA比较符合率76.5%。结论颈动脉超声与TCD联合检测缺血性脑血管病高危人群必不可少,为其病因诊断、干预治疗及预后提供依据。     

经颅多普勒及彩色经颅多普勒超声与DSA对烟雾病诊断的比较分析

目的探讨经颅多普勒(TCD)及彩色经颅多普勒超声(TCCD)对烟雾病诊断的临床应用价值。方法采用TCD及TCCD探测137例烟雾病患者颅内血管血流动力学的改变,并与其DSA结果比较分析。结果 TCD探测24例,明确诊断22例,高度怀疑1例,阴性者1例,与DSA比较诊断符合率为96%。TCCD探测113例,明确诊断102例,高度怀疑8例,因无透声窗检测失败3例,与DSA比较诊断符合率为97%。结论 TCD及TCCD均能实时动态地观察颅底血管血流动力学的改变,而TCCD对颅内动脉狭窄处血流显示更敏感,更有助于准确判断血管闭塞与轻度狭窄,对烟雾病的诊断具有更高的应用价值;又因其无创,病人易接受,两者可作为烟雾病患者诊断、定期随访的首选方法。     

经颅多普勒超声诊断大脑中动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的研究经颅多普勒超声(TCD)诊断大脑中动脉(MCA)狭窄的诊断价值,以期为临床诊断提供一定的参考。方法选取2012-01—2014-01入院诊治的96例疑似MCA狭窄的患者,均经TCD检查,并经数字减影血管造影(DSA)证实在大脑中动脉存在动脉闭塞。以DSA检查为金标准,分析TCD对MCA狭窄程度的诊断特异性与敏感度。结果 TCD检查MCA狭窄轻度64例,中重度32例,DSA检查轻度狭窄为62例,中重度34例。以参数综合分析可知,特异性较高的界值是诊断鉴别各级狭窄的关键指标。轻度狭窄TCD检查的关键指标为MFVst(cm/s)≥90,中度狭窄则为180PSVst(cm/s)220、PSVst/PSVpro3,重度狭窄为PSVst(cm/s)≥220、PSVst/PSVpro≥3;应用TCD检查诊断MCA狭窄,轻度狭窄准确度为87.2%,敏感度为94.9%,特异性为85.8%,中度狭窄分别为88.9%、92.9%、87.7%,重度狭窄则为87.8%、88.2%、87.6%。结论经颅多普勒超声可清楚显示MCA,能准确诊断MCA狭窄,并对狭窄程度的诊断准确度、特异性与敏感性较高,可为临床诊治MCA狭窄提供较为可靠的参考。     

经颅多普勒超声结合屏气试验评价健康吸烟者脑血管反应性

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声联合屏气试验研究健康吸烟者脑血管反应性。方法 选取男性健康吸烟者46例,男性健康不吸烟者42例,采用经颅多普勒超声检测并记录双侧大脑中动脉（middle cerebral artery,MCA）多普勒频谱,检测参数包括收缩期峰值流速（peak systolicvelocity,PSV）,搏动指数（pulsatility index,PI）,阻力指数（resistance index,RI）,嘱受检者做屏气试验,记录屏气末双侧MCA多普勒频谱,测量参数同上,并计算屏气前后各参数变化率,通过参数变化率的大小分析脑血管反应性。结果 屏气后两组MCA峰值流速均表现为随屏气时间延长而增快,两组的PI及RI均降低,屏气前后各参数差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。吸烟组屏气试验后PSV变化率为（23±7）％,不吸烟组为（37±9）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;吸烟组屏气试验后PI值变化率为（19±5）％,不吸烟组为（25±8）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;吸烟组屏气试验后RI值变化率为（21±6）％,不吸烟组为（35±7）％,两组间差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论 健康吸烟者屏气后MCA的PSV、PI及RI的变化率均较健康不吸烟者减低,吸烟可使脑血管反应性降低。     

TCD检测颈内动脉颅外段重度狭窄颅内动脉血流动力学参数的价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对颈内动脉颅外段（EICA）重度狭窄中颅内动脉血流动力学参数的检测价值。方法 选取2018-05—2023-01湖北省中西医结合医院收治的63例EICA狭窄患者为研究对象,根据临床表现及检查结果 分为症状组（n=34）、无症状组（n=29）。所有研究对象均接受TCD诊断,对比2组患者EICA狭窄情况,对比不同狭窄程度患者的MCA血流动力学参数,以及重度无症状、症状患者MCA血流动力学参数,对比症状组、无症状组侧支循环开放情况。结果 症状组、无症状组患者EICA狭窄分布情况对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,症状组重度EICA狭窄发生率高于无症状组。不同狭窄程度患者大脑中动脉（MCA）血流动力学参数对比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。重度狭窄症状组患者MCA的收缩期峰时血流速度（PSV）、舒张末期血流速度（EDV）、平均血流速度（Vm）、搏动指数（PI）均低于重度狭窄无症状组（P<0.05）。TCD显示,2组轻度、中度狭窄患者均未见侧支循环开放事件,而重度无症状组前交通动脉（ACoA）、后交通动脉（PCoA）侧支循环开放率均高于重度...     

神经超声的应用与新进展

<正>随着诊疗技术的进步,神经超声(neurosonology)在神经内科疾病诊断中发挥着越来越重要的作用。目前临床主要应用的神经超声包括经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)、经颅彩色多普勒超声(transcranial color code Doppler,TCCD)和颈动脉彩色多普勒超声(color Doppler ultrasonography,CDU)(图1)。其中TCD是利用多普勒原理检测颅内外动脉血流频谱,从而判断出血管狭窄的部位和程度;TCCD也称为经颅双功能彩色多普勒超声,可以显示出颅内血管的结构和狭窄部位;CDU主要用来诊断颈动脉的病变,在二维模式下可以显示血管的     

大脑中动脉近端支架成形术中的微栓子监测

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）监测大脑中动脉（MCA）近端狭窄支架成形术中的微栓子信号。方法 2006年1～12月成功进行MCA近端狭窄支架成形术的8例（女3例,男5例,平均年龄45.5±10.5岁）。将手术过程分为4个阶段：（1）导引导管置放阶段;（2）微导丝置放阶段;（3）支架输送阶段;（4）球囊扩张阶段。同步记录手术中各阶段TCD监测到的MCA远端微栓子数目,记录支架成形术前和术后即刻狭窄处收缩期峰值血流速度（Vs）。结果 本组病例无手术相关并发症。术前狭窄率为79.4％±7.8％,术后降至9.4％±8.2％,P＜0.01。MCA近端狭窄处Vs术前305.3±61.5 cm/s,术后即刻为201.1±40.5 cm/s,P＜0.01。4个阶段均可监测到微栓子信号,分别为3.5±4.2、8.9±7.2、4.6±5.8及14.5±7.0（P＜0.01）,以第4阶段为著。结论 支架成形术可以改善动脉粥样硬化性MCA狭窄,增加狭窄远端脑组织血流供应。术中各个阶段都能监测到微栓子信号,但术中微栓子脱落与术后缺血性卒中事件的相关性有待于进一步研究。     

Transcranial color Doppler sonography (TCCD) in the diagnosis of vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery. Evaluation of TCCD diagnostic effectiveness by means of receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analysis

Transcranial Doppler sonography is commonly used for diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm. However, the overall diagnostic performance of this method in detection of arterial narrowing has not been established. Blood velocity threshold, diagnostic for vasospasm, has been proposed for conventional, "blind" transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). Nevertheless it cannot be used for transcranial color Doppler sonography (TCCD), because in this method the obtained blood velocities in the major cerebral arteries are higher than are in TCD. The aim of this study was to estimate the accuracy of transcranial color Doppler sonography in detection of middle cerebral artery (MCA) narrowing by means of receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (ROC). One hundred thirty four patients were studied with TCCD immediately before cerebral angiography. There were 75 men and 59 women, age range from 18 to 74 years, mean age 49 years. Of the 268 MCAs examined, 227 arteries were finally included in the construction of the ROC curve. Angiographic vasospasm was graded as none, mild (equal to or less than 25% of vessel caliber reduction--16 patients) and moderate-to-severe (more than 25% of vessel caliber reduction--29 patients). The overall diagnostic performance of transcranial color Doppler sonography in the detection of moderate-to-severe vasospasm of middle cerebral artery was found to be very high. The value of associated area under the ROC curve was 0.94. The value of this area for all vasospasms was 0.85, and this indicates good accuracy of a test. The best performing TCCD parameter for the detection of MCA narrowing was revealed to be peak-systolic velocity. The optimal trade-off between sensitivity and specificity was achieved with a peak systolic velocity of 182 cm/s. Therefore this velocity threshold is proposed as most universal for the diagnosis of vasospasm in the middle cerebral artery.     

237例脑动静脉畸形的彩色经颅多普勒超声检测与DSA比较分析

目的探讨彩色经颅多普勒超声无创诊断脑动静脉畸形（AVM）的临床应用价值。方法采用Acuson Sequoia512型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,电子相控阵变频探头,使用频率2.0MHz,经颞窗、枕窗探测颅底主要血管及部分分支血管,了解各血管血流动力学改变以及AVM大小、部位、供血分支、引流静脉及颅内盗血情况,并与DSA检查结果进行比较分析。结果237例中除18例因透声窗不满意检测失败外,实际检测219例,其中明确诊断176例,可疑25例,未见明显异常18例,与DSA比较其总检出率为92%。结论彩色经颅多普勒超声能实时、动态观察畸形血管团及供血动脉血流动力学改变,了解引流静脉及颅内盗血情况,准确提供颅内血流动力学参数,因而可作为脑AVM诊断、疗效评估及随访的一种无创性检查手段。     

Absent middle cerebral artery signal in transcranial color-coded sonography: a reliable indicator of occlusion?

BACKGROUND: Assess the accuracy of transcranial color-coded sonography (TCCS) for detecting middle cerebral artery (MCA) stem occlusion and compare it with cerebral angiography. METHODS: This study enrolled a series of patients who received TCCS and cerebral angiography at the Department of Neurology in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan, Taiwan, between January 1997 and July 2003. MCA stem occlusion was diagnosed based on digital subtraction angiography and/or computed tomographic angiography. The effect of the supplying artery on the insonation of MCA stem was considered. The sonographic criteria for MCA stem occlusion were defined as absent MCA stem signal + visible signal on the reference arteries, including ipsilateral posterior cerebral artery, ipsilateral anterior cerebral artery or contralateral MCA stem. RESULTS: A total of 419 consecutive patients were enrolled. Factors that significantly influenced MCA stem insonation included > or =50% ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis, > or =50% MCA stem stenosis, female gender, and age > or =60 years. Comparing patients with <50% and those with > or =50% carotid stenosis, the MCA stem insonation rate was significantly reduced from 69.1% to 45.6% (p < 0.001). In patients with <50% ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis, the sonographic criteria had a positive predictive value of 10.5% and a negative predictive value of 98.9%, and could predict MCA stem occlusion with high specificity but low sensitivity (specificity = 89.6, sensitivity = 54.5, overall accuracy = 88.9, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Absent MCA stem signal may result from MCA stem occlusion/tight stenosis and tight stenosis of ipsilateral carotid arteries, and has a limited value in detecting MCA stem occlusion. TCCS can be useful in identifying nonoccluded MCA stem, and cerebral angiography is necessary to confirm MCA stem occlusion.     

动脉狭窄TCD微栓子监测与血管性认知功能障碍的相关性研究

目的通过经颅彩色多谱勒(TCD)对患者血管狭窄的检测及微栓子监测和蒙特利尔认知评(MOCA)量表评分,探讨微栓子监测与血管狭窄及血管性认知障碍的相关性。方法总结我院经TCD检查诊断为颈内动脉起始段(ICAex)或大脑中动脉(MCA)M1段狭窄患者82例。根据收缩期血流速度、频谱形态、音频情况将患者血管狭窄程度大致分为极度狭窄(A组)、重度狭窄(B组)、中度狭窄(C组)和正常对照组(D组)30例。应用经颅多普勒(TCD)对脑循环中微栓子(MES)进行检测,蒙特利尔认知评估(MOCA)量表评分。结果 B组MES的发生率较C组高;A组MES的发生频率较B组高。A组可见微栓子信号的8例患者蒙特利尔认知评分均低于B组可见微栓子信号的11例患者,B组可见微栓子信号的患者蒙特利尔认知评分,低于C组可见微栓子信号的3例患者。结论血管性认知障碍与血管狭窄及微栓子数量有明显相关性。     

大脑中动脉狭窄脑深部小梗死发病机制的研究

目的 研究大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者脑深部小梗死的发生频率和发病机制。方法86例发病时间〈1周的急件脑梗死患者，行经颅多普勒超声、彩色超声、磁共振血管造影及功能磁共振成像等检查方法被明确诊断为症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄，并排除颈内动脉病变、心源性栓塞以及非动脉粥样硬化性狭窄。利用磁共振扩散加权成像观察梗死灶的形态学表现及特点，分析其发病机制。结果37例（43．02％）症状性大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者存在深部小梗死，多呈孤立性单发病灶。其中内囊纹状体梗死及巨大腔隙者18例（20．93％），梗死灶体积多超过两个层面，少数病灶呈多灶分布的特点；直径较小的腔隙性梗死19例（22．09％），梗死灶体积〈15mm，多位于一个层面内。伴有大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的深部小梗死的患者，病情多不稳定，预后较差。所有脑深部小梗死患者均伴有大脑中动脉主干支狭窄，且梗死灶体积与大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄程度有关，内囊纹状体梗死多见于大脑中动脉重度狭窄者。结论约50％大脑中动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者存在脑深部小梗死，其发病机制与大脑中动脉粥样硬化斑块或斑块残端血栓蔓延堵塞深穿支动脉入口有关。对此类患者的治疗不同于经典的腔隙性脑梗死。     

The Role of Transcranial Doppler in Symptomatic Striatocapsular Small Deep Infarction

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The transcranial Doppler (TCD) findings in symptomatic small deep infarction are not well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of TCD in striatocapsular small deep infarctions (SSDIs). METHODS: The cerebral angiography and TCD findings were analyzed on 100 patients with symptomatic cerebral infarcts on the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of TCD in detecting the MCA lesions were compared between lacunar group (the patients with lacunar syndrome and SSDIs on magnetic resonance image) and nonlacunar group. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients were classified as the lacunar group, whereas 62 patients as the nonlacunar group. On angiography, occlusive lesion of MCA was found in 18 of the lacunar group and 24 patients of the nonlacunar group. The degree of MCA stenosis was higher in the nonlacunar group (80.8% +/- 21.2%) than the lacunar group (60.4% +/- 21.6%). The accuracy of TCD for the detection of MCA stenosis was not different between the groups. However, the sensitivity of TCD in the lacunar group was lower (72%) than in the nonlacunar group (88%), and it might have been due to the difference in the degree of MCA stenosis among the groups. CONCLUSION: Occlusive lesions of the MCA should be considered as a potential cause of SSDIs. In this respect, TCD may be used for screening candidates for conventional angiography in those patients. High rate of mild-degree stenosis of MCA in patients with SSDIs, however, caused a risk for missing such stenosis on TCD.     

2型糖尿病患者无症状的大脑中动脉狭窄的危险因素分析

目的 探讨住院2型糖尿病患者无症状大脑中动脉（MCA）狭窄的相关危险因素。方法回顾性总结227例2型糖尿病住院患者的病历资料，排除合并中风或中风史以及其他颅内疾病患者。用TCD诊断MCA狭窄。结果227例患者中MCA狭窄者共61例，狭窄率（26．9％），狭窄组病人年龄、病程、收缩压、尿酸水平、合并高血压和心电图异常率明显高于非狭窄组；Logistic回归分析显示糖尿病病人的病程以及合并高血压是无症状颅内动脉狭窄的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病病程延长及合并高血压是无症状MCA狭窄的独立危险因素。