Late tissue erosion after transcatheter closure of an atrial septal defect

We present the case of a 27‐year‐old male presenting with sudden‐onset retrosternal chest pain, dyspnea, and cardiac tamponade due to erosion of an Amplatzer Atrial Septal Occluder (ASO) through the left atrial wall 4 years after placement. Emergent surgical management of the hemopericardium, followed by surgical removal of the device, repair of the left atrial wall perforation, and patch closure of the atrial septal defect (ASD) were performed successfully. Tissue erosion leading to hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade should be suspected in subjects with a history of transcatheter ASD closure who present with acute chest pain or dyspnea and signs of hemodynamic instability © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Late cardiac tamponade after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect with Cardioseal device

Cardiac tamponade occurring late after interventional closure of defects within the oval fossa is a very rare but life-threatening complication. We describe such an occurrence after use of a Cardioseal device to close an interatrial communication. Two arms of the device had perforated left atrial wall. The device was removed at surgery, and the defect closed uneventfully. All available means should be used to identify this complication.     

Recent review of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the two most common congenital heart diseases in children and adult. After the application of catheter intervention for ASD, this became an alternative treatment other than surgery from late 1990. In 2001, the procedure was further approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and become the first choice for most cases of secundum type of ASD worldwide. The success rate is more than 98% in literature reviews, with low complication rates in percutaneous ASD closure. Major complications are around 1%, including device embolization, cardiac erosions, new-onset atrial arrhythmia, and other comorbidities. We reviewed indications for percutaneous secundum type ASD closure, technique, successful rate and major complications in this article. To complete the catheter intervention with difficult ASD conditions, various procedural techniques have been developed recently. We also report a challenging case by a current balloon-assisted technique for huge ASD closure.     

Pulmonary edema following transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

We describe an incident of development of acute pulmonary edema after the device closure of a secundum atrial septal defect in a 52-year-old lady, which was treated with inotropes, diuretics and artificial ventilation. Possibility of acute left ventricular dysfunction should be considered after the defect closure in the middle-aged patients as the left ventricular compliance may be reduced due to increased elastic stiffness and diastolic dysfunction. Baseline left atrial pressure may be > 10 mmHg in these patients. Associated risk factors for the left ventricular dysfunction are a large Qp:Qs ratio, systemic hypertension, severe pulmonary hypertension and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.     

Transthoracic echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter atrial septal defect closure

This study examines the safety and efficacy of transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) guidance of atrial septal defect (ASD) device closure. We evaluated 74 patients for TTE-guided ASD closure. Fifty-six patients had successful device implantation using TTE guidance. Twelve patients were referred for surgical ASD closure on the basis of TTE evaluation. Five patients with multiple ASDs or poor transthoracic acoustic windows had ASD device closure guided by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).     

国产封堵器治疗房间隔缺损的应用

目的:评价应用国产封堵器治疗继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）的初步疗效。方法:31例ASD患者,ASD直径为1034（19±8）mm。所有患者在X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）监视下经导管置入国产房间隔封堵器。治疗术后及术后3个月随访超声心动图、胸片、心电图,观察对血流动力学及心功能的影响。结果:全组手术成功率为100%,术后即刻及随访未见残余分流。与术前比较,三尖瓣口、肺动脉瓣口血流峰值明显降低,二尖瓣口血流峰值增加（P<0.05）,术后及随访期右心房、右心室内径缩小,右室射血分数早期下降,后期无明显变化。左室功能无明显变化,无出现新的心律失常和脑栓塞等并发症。结论:国产房间隔封堵器可有效治疗ASD,操作方便,手术成功率高,疗效可靠。有效改善右心高容量负荷状态。     

Pulmonary function changes in children after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

This study was performed to assess changes in pulmonary function test (PFT) and pulmonary outcome after transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in pediatric patients. A total 55 pediatric patients undergoing transcatheter ASD closure received PFT at baseline (day before ASD closure), and at 3 days and 6 months after procedure. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV₁), FEV₁ to FVC ratio (FEV₁/FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of FVC (FEF_25–75) were measured. Individually, subjects were classified by spirometry as normal, obstructive or restrictive, to evaluate the effect of transcatheter closure on pulmonary outcome. These 55 children had significantly reduced mean PEF and FEF_25–75 (84 ± 24%, P = 0.040 and 76 ± 22%, P = 0.010, respectively) at baseline, with FEF_25–75 reduced significantly at 3 days and 6 months (78 ± 24%, P = 0.010 and 81 ± 24%, P = 0.040, respectively) after transcatheter closure. Six months after transcatheter closure of ASD, significant improvement was observed in mean FVC (94 ± 19% vs. 98 ± 15%, P = 0.034) and FEV₁ (90 ± 20% vs. 96 ± 19%, P = 0.008). Assessed individually, better pulmonary outcome was found in patients without pulmonary hypertension (PH) (χ² = 8.333, P = 0.044). PFT disturbance was observed in significant flow limitation in the peripheral airway of ASD patients. Improved PFT was found after transcatheter closure and better pulmonary outcome was observed in patients without PH. ASD children need monitoring pulmonary function and should receive transcatheter closure before PH develops. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1025–1032. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔房间隔缺损的介入治疗评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型房间隔缺损（ASD）介入治疗的临床效果。方法:全组21（男8,女13）例,年龄9～56（24士14）岁。经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图（TTE）检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD。TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房,测量ASD最大直径12～28（19±7）mm。其中单孔ASD13例,多孔ASD8例,孔间距离1～7mm者7例,12mm者1例。结果:21例均一次封堵成功,技术成功率100%。所用封堵器的直径为16～40（25±8）mm。8例多孔ASD,有7例置入1个封堵器直接封堵多个缺损孔,1例（两个缺损孔之间距离为12mm）分别用18mm和12mm两个封堵器封堵。术后即刻TTE检查显示16例获完全闭合,5例有少或微量残余分流,完全堵闭率76%（16/21）。术后3d复查TTE2例（10%）有微量残余分流。1～6个月复查19例（90%）心脏大小恢复正常,2例（10%）并发心房纤颤患者心脏不同程度的缩小,1例有微量残余分流。1年后随访12例,无封堵器移位及其他并发症。结论:介入治疗房间隔瘤（ASA）并发继发孔型ASD具有操作简便、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点。     

房间隔缺损封堵术后右心室功能的变化

目的应用三维超声心动图评价经皮穿刺房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术后右心室容量和功能的变化。方法继发孔型ASD患者58例,男24例,女34例,年龄4～67岁,平均(28.9±17.1)岁,其中23例患者成功地施行了经皮穿刺ASD封堵术[男11例,女12例,年龄6～57岁,平均(25.7±13.3)岁]。与ASD患者性别、年龄相匹配的正常人32例为对照组[男18例,女14例,年龄4～45岁,平均(24.8±12.0)岁],应用HPSONOS5500超声心动图仪进行三维采集,并在TomTecEchoView4.2工作站行三维重建,测得右心室舒张末期容量(RVEDV)、收缩末期容量(RVESV),并计算右心室射血分数(RVEF)。23例行封堵术者,ASD直径(球囊测量值)为9～36(25.07±7.50)mm,均置入Amplatzer封堵器。所选封堵器直径为11～40mm。分别于术后3d、1个月、3个月复查测量RVEDV和RVESV,并计算RVEF,观察经皮穿刺ASD封堵术后右心室容量及功能的变化。结果与正常对照组相比,ASD患者RVEDV[(101.74±25.17)mLvs(59.65±15.00)mL,P<0.01]及RVESV[(56.81±16.77)mLvs(27.83±9.17)mL,P<0.01]明显增大,RVEF[(44.82±4.51)%vs(54.11±5.89)%,P<0.01]明显减低。经皮穿刺ASD封堵术后,RVEDV及RVESV较术前明显缩小,RVEF明显升高。结论ASD患者右心室容量负荷较正常人显著增加,右心室功能下降;经皮穿刺ASD封堵术既减轻了右心室的容量负荷,也改善了右心室功能。     

国产封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损后心功能变化的研究

目的探讨国产封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损(ASD)后心脏形态和功能的变化规律。方法全组60例,年龄5～35(16.10±10.71)岁,体重17～7(243.91±13.21)kg,经胸超声心动图(TTE)示ASD最大径7～3(618.3±7.2)mm,选用封堵器型号为10～4(026±3)mm。术后3d、3个月、6个月和12个月行TTE追踪测量。采用心尖四腔切面面积-长度法计算左右心室容积及射血分数。结果术后3d,右心房上下径、左右径,右心室舒张末期前后径、左右径均逐渐减小(与术前比较,P<0.05);右室舒张末期容积(RVEDV),右室收缩末期容积(RVESV),及右室射血分数(RVEF)均逐渐减小(与术前比较,P<0.05)。3～6个月随访,右心功能进一步改善。至12个月随访时,右心房、右心室大小及右心功能恢复正常(与术前比较,P<0.01)。术后3d,左室舒张末期前后径(LVEDD),左室舒张末期容积(LVEDV)均逐渐增大(与术前比较,P<0.05);左室收缩末期容积(LVESV),左室每搏量(LVSV)及左室射血分数(LVEF)均逐渐增大(与术前比较,P<0.05)。3～6个月随访,左心功能进一步改善。至12个月随访时,左心房、左心室大小及左心室功能恢复正常(与术前比较,P<0.01)。结论国产封堵器介入封堵ASD,既阻断了异常分流,又改善了左心室及右心系统功能及其几何构型。     

Transesophageal echocardiographic guidance of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) was accomplished in 10 of 11 patients aged 13 months to 46 years (weight range 11 to 77 kg). Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used simultaneously with fluoroscopic imaging in 4 of these patients aged 4.5 to 46 years (weight range 19 to 77 kg). TEE was used to ascertain defect size, position and number of defects and to ascertain appropriate seating of the defect occluder within the atrial defect. In 2 patients TEE-assisted transcatheter ASD closure was accomplished after previous attempts at transcatheter ASD closure, unaided by TEE, had been unsuccessful. The only unsuccessful ASD closure procedure occurred in the smallest patient in the series (an 11-kg 13-month-old), a child who was too small to undergo TEE using our 11-mm diameter endoscopic probe. The concomitant use of TEE with fluoroscopic imaging provides information that is unique and complementary and may improve the efficacy and safety of the transcatheter technique for ASD closure. The recent availability of a 7-mm diameter TEE probe will extend the use of TEE into the infant age group and may decrease the discomfort and potential morbidity of TEE in older patients.     

房间隔缺损封堵术前后P波离散度的变化

目的 探讨房间隔缺损(ASD)封堵术前后P波离散度(Pd)的变化.方法 测定65例ASD患者拟行封堵术前1 d、封堵术后3 d内体表十二导联同步心电图的P波最大时限(Pmax)、P波最小时限(Pmin)及Pd,然后分别进行对比分析.结果 封堵术前1 d及封堵术后3 d内的Pmax分别为(105.16±12.25)ms、(99.92±13.86)ms,Pmin分别为(86.61±12.41)ms、(84.76±11.75)ms,Pd分别为(18.55±9.77)ms、(15.16±7.99)ms,封堵术后3 d内与封堵术前1 d的Pmax及Pd比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 ASD封堵治疗恢复了正常右心形态及功能,缩短了心房传导时间,促进了心房电活动的稳定性,有效地预防房性心律失常的发生,肯定了ASD封堵治疗后的良好临床效果.Pd是ASD患者预测房性心律失常发生的一项重要指标.     

特殊类型房间隔缺损的介入治疗及远期随访观察

目的:探讨特殊类型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入治疗的适应证及注意事项,观察其术后远期疗效及安全性。方法:我院1999-12-2009-01期间经胸和(或)经食管超声心动图(TTE、TEE)行术前筛选并成功随访的特殊类型ASD患者116例,评估后应用房间隔封堵器(ASO)介入封堵,于术后远期随访观察并发症的发生,同时追踪心脏超声及心电图变化。结果:所有患者术后随访40～120(90±46)个月。111例封堵成功,技术成功率95.7%;随访中发生严重并发症4例(3.6%),其中1例封堵器脱落,1例溶血,1例脑栓塞及1例明显主动脉瓣反流;手术成功率为94.8%(110/116);9例(8.2%)术后即刻有残余分流,随访中5例分流消失,完全封闭率96.4%;ASD患者术后心脏重构较术前显著改善,尤以年龄<18岁者改善明显;术前心电图2例存在室上性心动过速,随访中未见再发作;5例心房颤动,随访中2例恢复窦性心律,未见室性心律失常,24例原有右束支传导阻滞,术后6例消失。结论:术前了解ASD解剖细节,严格掌握适应证是ASO治疗特殊类型ASD手术成功的关键,远期随访疗效肯定。     

房间隔瘤并发继发孔型房间隔缺损介入封堵术的临床评价

目的:评价房间隔瘤(ASA)并发继发孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入封堵术的可行性、安全性和疗效.方法:16例(男4例,女12例),年龄12～66(30.6±14.1)岁.经临床、心电图、X线及经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查诊断为ASA并发继发孔型ASD.TTE检查ASA均膨入右心房, ASD最大直径10～32(17.1±10.4)mm.其中单孔ASD 14例,双孔ASD 2例,孔间距离均小于7 mm.结果:16例均一次封堵成功,成功率100%.所用封堵器的直径为16～42(28.5±6.99)mm.2例双孔ASD中,置入1个封堵器直接封堵2个缺损孔.术中TTE监测检查示15例完全闭合, 1例有少量残余分流.术后3 d复查TTE示均无残余分流;6个月、1年后复查示9例心脏大小恢复正常, 均无残余分流,无封堵器移位及其他并发症.结论:介入封堵治疗ASA并发继发孔型ASD是可行、安全的, 可获得良好的封堵效果.     

Determinants of cardiopulmonary functional improvement after transcatheter atrial septal defect closure in asymptomatic adults

OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the course of cardiopulmonary function after transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure and to identify the physiopathologic mechanisms leading to this change. BACKGROUND: Conflicting reports exist on cardiopulmonary functional improvement in asymptomatic adults after transcatheter closure of a secundum ASD. METHODS: Thirty-two consecutive adults (13 males; age 42.6 +/- 16.7 years) underwent maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing and transthoracic echocardiography both on the day before and six months after transcatheter ASD closure. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs), and ASD diameter were measured before closure. RESULTS: Peak oxygen uptake (Vo(2)) (p < 0.001), peak oxygen pulse (p = 0.0027), and vital capacity (p = 0.0086) improved after ASD closure, although peak heart rate did not. A significant correlation was found between peak Vo(2) improvements and Qp/Qs (p = 0.0013). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p < 0.0001) and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (p < 0.0001) significantly increased after six months, although left ventricular end-systolic diameter did not. Right ventricular long- and short-axis dimensions decreased (both p < 0.0001). Peak Vo(2) and of peak oxygen pulse improvements correlated to both LVEF (p = 0.0009 and 0.0019, respectively) and LVEDD (p < 0.0001 and 0.032, respectively) increments. The decrease of both long- and short-axis right ventricular dimensions positively correlated to both LVEF and LVEDD improvements. The improvement in LVEF correlated to Qp/Qs (p = 0.0026). CONCLUSIONS: Transcatheter ASD closure leads to a significant improvement in cardiopulmonary function within six months, via an increase in peak oxygen pulse. An increase in both left ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output due to a positive ventricular interaction is the mechanism leading to improved peak Vo(2).     

Long-term outcome of transcatheter secundum-type atrial septal defect closure using Amplatzer septal occluders

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess long-term results of percutaneous closure of secundum-type atrial septal defect (ASD II) using Amplatzer septal occluders (ASO). BACKGROUND: Only immediate-, short-, and intermediate-term results of ASO implantation are known so far. METHODS: Between September 1995 and January 2000, 151 patients underwent a successful percutaneous closure of ASD II in our institution. All were included in the present study and were followed up until September 2004. RESULTS: This group of patients was followed up from 56 to 108 months (median 78 months). The mean stretched defect diameter was 15.9 +/- 4.8 mm. There were no deaths or significant complications during the study. At three years of follow-up, all defects were completely closed and remained closed thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: Since the first human implantations in September 1995, the Amplatzer septal occluder proved as a safe and effective device for percutaneous closure of ASD II.     

巨大房间隔缺损介入封堵治疗的可行性和安全性评价

目的:分析我院治疗的12例巨大房间隔缺损(ASD)患者,评估其介入治疗的疗效及安全性. 方法:12例患者均为继发孔型ASD,其中男性5例,女性7例,年龄(36.3±10.6)岁,超声测量ASD缺损直径平均为(33.1±4.5)mm.4例患者心房顶部残端<3 mm或边缘菲薄,3例患者主动脉部位的残端<3 mm或缺如;肺动脉平均压力(36.2±13.1)mm Hg,中度以上肺动脉高压7例;心脏显著扩大者6例.均应用国产封堵器,封堵器直径36～42 mm.术后1周、3、6、12个月行胸片、心电图、心脏彩超随访.结果:12例患者均采用右上肺静脉释放法,10例手术成功,2例缺损直径>40 mm者手术失败,手术成功率为83.3%.2例患者术后超声检查显示有少量残余分流,术后1周残余分流消失.1例心房顶部残端<3 mm患者术后1 d封堵器脱落,行急诊外科手术.术后3个月～6年的随访中,5例肺动脉高压患者术后3个月内肺动脉压力均显著下降,6例心脏显著扩大者心脏均明显缩小.所有患者均无房水平的分流,未发现栓塞性疾病、感染性心内膜炎、传导系统异常、偏头痛等并发症.无死亡病例. 结论:介入治疗巨大房间隔缺损安全、有效,但应该注意适应证的选择和术后监测.