5～6岁儿童锌代谢与膳食锌供给量的研究

采用锌代谢平衡法，测定１１名锌营养正常的学龄前儿童在平衡膳食干预前后锌营养有关指标及锌代谢。结果提示，经过三周平衡膳食干预，粪锌、尿锌及体表锌排出量与膳食锌摄入量呈显著正相关，粪锌、尿锌排出量随膳食锌摄入量的显著增加而增加，差异显著（Ｐ＜０．０５），锌代谢确实达到一稳定水平，其锌吸收量即为他们的锌需要量，平均为１．８４±０．４７ｍｇ／ｄ。如果锌吸收率以２０％计，则锌膳食供给量为９．２３±２．３５ｍｇ／ｄ。在锌代谢研究中首次测定在自然状态下儿童体表及头发排锌量，平衡膳食条件下分别为０．２７±０．０９ｍｇ／ｄ、５．２６±２．４９μｇ／ｄ。体表排锌量占锌总排出量的５％，仅次于粪锌排出量，占第二位，提示在锌需要量及膳食锌供给量研究中不可忽视这部分锌的损失。     

儿童体表排锌量与膳食锌摄入量的关系

目的研究儿童体表排锌量对确定锌膳食供给量的影响。方法在自然状态下测定２４名学龄前儿童在锌营养正常（Ａ组）和锌营养不良（Ｂ组）条件下体表排锌量。结果当Ａ、Ｂ二组膳食锌摄入分别为每天５．４５和５．０３ｍｇ时，体表锌排出量分别为每天０．２５和０．２３ｍｇ；而当锌摄入量分别为每天７．２０和６．７３ｍｇ时，体表锌排出量则分别为每天０．２９和０．２５ｍｇ，体表锌排出量占总排锌量的５％。如果考虑到这部分锌损失，则锌膳食供给量将增加２１％。结论当儿童锌营养状况良好时，体表排锌量与膳食锌摄入量呈正相关，在确定儿童锌膳食供给量时应考虑体表锌损失。     

京华实业公司居民膳食结构及营养状况分析

对河南省京华实业公司５５户居民共３６５人行为期５天营养调查。膳食调查发现：蛋白质、热能、ＶＥ、ＶＢ１、ＶＣ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｅ等营养素的摄入量均已达到或超出ＲＤＡ供给量标准,而视黄醇当量、ＶＢ２、Ｚｎ、Ｃａ等则低于ＲＤＡ供给量标准。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供热比分别为１１．９７％、３２．４１％、５５．６２％,优质蛋白占总蛋白摄入量的３１．３３％。实验室检查结果：ＶＢ２、Ｖｃ的不足率分别为４７．５％和５５．０％,血清Ｃａ含量为２．０８±０．１７ｍｍ０ｌ／ｌ,较参考值低。研究结果提示：膳食结构基本合理,但营养素摄取不够平衡,ＶＢ２、Ｖｃ、Ｃａ的营养水平较低。     

城区100名老年人的营养状况调查分析

对象与方法：采用分层整群抽样的方法，随机抽取济南市区６０岁以上老年人１００名。其中男性４３名，平均年龄６６．５±５．６岁，平均ＢＭＩ指数２４．７±３．７，女性５７名，平均年龄６８．７±６．６岁，平均ＢＭＩ指数２４．６±３．８。用食物频数问卷和２４ｈ回忆法对其进行了膳食营养状况及一般情况调查。结果：各组膳食中能量、蛋白质、铁、维生素Ｅ、烟酸的摄入量能满足需要。，钙的摄入量普遍不足，以女性为突出，分别低于ＲＤＡ的６７％和４２％，各年龄女性组锌、硒的摄入量，低于ＲＤＡ的７０％。７０岁组维生素Ａ摄入量不能满足需要，尤以男性为甚，分别低于ＲＤＡ的５７％和４９％。，各年龄女性组维生素Ｂ１、Ｂ２的摄入量低于ＲＤＡ的６１％。膳食构成的调查结果：蛋白质供热比达到或超过１３％～１５％，优质蛋白质占４０％以上，碳水化物的供热比低于５４％，脂肪供热比超过３０％。调查中还发现，肥胖者（ＢＭＩ指数＞２５）占４０％，冠心病，占调查人数的２１％，高血压１５％、糖尿病７％。提示，城区老年人的膳食构成已发生明显变化。肉、蛋类摄取量增加，蔬菜、水果及奶类摄取量偏低；这种不平衡的膳食构成对健康极为不利。故应重视老年人的营养教育，并加以指导。另外，?     

中国居民微量营养素的摄入

目的：依据１９９２年第三次全国营养调查的结果,分析全国各年龄居民１００２０１人的微量营养素摄入情况。方法：以中国的食物成分表为计算依据,用１９８８年修订的“推荐每日膳食中营养素供给量（ＲＤＡ）”作为评价指标,用ＳＡＳ统计软件进行分析。结果：钙是中国居民膳食中缺乏最明显的营养素,有５１．０％～６７．６％的城乡个体每日钙摄入量不足１／２ＲＤＡ;全国平均视黄醇当量的摄入量占ＲＤＡ的６１．７％;核黄素的摄入量占ＲＤＡ的５８．４％;铁的摄入量并不低,然而缺铁性贫血是我国居民中普遍存在的营养缺乏病;居民膳食中锌、硒、硫胺素摄入量在８０％～９０％ＲＤＡ;烟酸、抗坏血酸、维生素Ｅ比较充足。结论：对于钙和铁的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善。     

中国居民微量营养素的摄入

目的：依据１９９２ 年第三次全国营养调查的结果,分析全国各年龄居民１００ ２０１ 人的微量营养素摄入情况。方法：以中国的食物成分表为计算依据,用１９８８年修订的“推荐每日膳食中营养素供给量（ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ）”作为评价指标,用 Ｓ Ａ Ｓ 统计软件进行分析。结果：钙是中国居民膳食中缺乏最明显的营养素,有５１ ．０ ％ ～６７ ．６ ％ 的城乡个体每日钙摄入量不足１／２ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ; 全国平均视黄醇当量的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的６１７ ％ ;核黄素的摄入量占 Ｒ Ｄ Ａ 的５８ ．４ ％ ;铁的摄入量并不低,然而缺铁性贫血是我国居民中普遍存在的营养缺乏病;居民膳食中锌、硒、硫胺素摄入量在８０ ％ ～９０ ％ Ｒ Ｄ Ａ;烟酸、抗坏血酸、维生素 Ｅ 比较充足。结论：对于钙和铁的缺乏应调整膳食结构或适当使用强化食品加以改善。     

5—6岁儿童锌营养需要量的基础研究

对哈尔滨市两所幼儿园５～６岁儿童的膳食营养素摄入情况和锌营养水平进行调查，并在不加干预的自然生活、饮食条件下，利用代谢平衡法观察儿童的锌代谢情况。结果表明：Ａ、Ｂ两园儿童膳食锌和蛋白质摄入量分别为５１４ｍｇ／日、３３７ｇ／日和２８４ｍｇ／日、２８１ｇ／日，均未达到膳食供给量标准；Ａ园儿童生长发育水平高于我国同龄儿童标准（Ｐ＜００５），Ｂ园则有低于此标准的趋势；Ａ园儿童的锌排出量、储留量及表观吸收率高于Ｂ园（Ｐ＜００５）。综合Ａ园儿童的锌营养水平和代谢情况，本文初步确认中国５～６岁儿童的锌营养需要量为５～６ｍｇ／人／日。本研究测定出５～６岁儿童每日发锌排出量（经由头发的锌损失量）为３～１１μｇ／日。     

我国中小学生的膳食营养状况

据１９９２年全国第三次营养调查资料对中小学生的膳食营养状况进行了分析，结果表明：中小学生能量的摄入量比较充足，平均每人每日为７５５６～１１９３３ｋＪ（１８０６～２８５２ｋｃａｌ），达供给量标准的９２．６％～１０１．３％；蛋白质的平均摄入量为５４．０～８３．９ｇ，为供给量标准的８４．６％～１０８．２％。矿物质中，钙的摄入量普遍存在着不足，平均每人每日为３４１～４７４ｍｇ，仅为供给量标准的３８．９％～５２．５％。维生素中视黄醇当量和核黄素摄入量较低，城市学生能达到供给量标准的５９．１％～７５．７％；农村学生仅达到４８．２％～５７．２％。中小学生的膳食构成，城市学生膳食能量的５６．４％～６３．３％来自谷类，１２．１％～１７．９％来自动物性食物；农村学生膳食能量的７０．４％～７５．４％来自谷类，４．０％～７．２％来自动物性食物；来自豆类的能量较低，城市、农村均在２％以下。脂肪的摄入量城市、农村学生差别明显，城市学生膳食总能量的２４．４％～２７．４％来自脂肪，已接近建议值的高限；农村学生膳食总能量的１５．７％～１８．５％来自脂肪，还应适当提高。     

中下经济水平农村儿童膳食核黄素摄入量与铁营养关系调查

对贵州省５个中、下经济水平县（市）农村２０个乡（镇）的４３４５名０～６岁儿童进行核黄素缺乏、血红蛋白与体格发育以及１０％的３～５岁儿童膳食调查的结果表明：膳食构成植物性食物来源摄入量占９３．８％，核黄素摄入量仅占供给量推荐标准（ＲＤＡ）的３１．６％，铁摄入量超过ＲＤＡ达１１０％。核黄素缺乏率均达１４．４％，贫血率均达３９．１％，身材矮小率高达４３．３％，低体重儿为２６．６％（Ｆ值Ｐ＜０．０１，ｑ值Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示由于喂养问题，核黄素缺乏与贫血、生长发育有一定的关联性。     

核黄素缺乏大鼠红细胞维生素E水平的变化及脂质过氧化关系的研究

对两组大鼠分别喂饲核黄素缺乏（ＲＤ）膳和核黄素添加（Ｒ８，２２ｍｇ／ｋｇ饲料）膳８周后，测定了两组大鼠的红细胞维生素Ｅ（ＲＢＬＶｅ）、红细胞超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和红细胞丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）的水平。结果发现：ＲＤ组ＲＢＣＶｅ水平（４．７１７３±０．７７１０ｍｇ／ｇ蛋白质）显著低于ＲＳ组（５。３８６８±１．１５３７ｍｇ／ｇ蛋白质，Ｐ＜０．０５）。而ＲＤ组的ＲＢＣＳＯＤ（７７４５．２±６１０．１ｕ／ｇ蛋白质）和ＭＤＡ（０．６８６８±０．１３７２μｇ／ｇ蛋白质）则分别显著低于和高于ＲＳ组（８２６８．５±３０１．０ｎｕ／ｇ蛋白质，０．５５４８±０．０９８０，Ｐ＜０．０５）。研究提示，核黄素缺乏引起细胞膜脂质过氧化加重可能ＲＢＣＶｅ消耗增加。     

Mineral elements content of wild growing edible mushrooms from the southeast of Spain

Wild-growing mushrooms could be a potential source of mineral elements The aim of this study was to analyze the mineral composition of 18 species of wild-growing mushrooms collected in a natural park from the Spanish southeast (province of Granada). Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu and Zn, were determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy and P was analyzed colorimetrically by the vanadomolybdate procedure; the accuracy of methods was assessed by the use of certified reference materials. The contribution of mushrooms consumption to the mineral daily recommended intakes was calculated. Although large variations were observed between species, the most abundant mineral elements in the analyzed mushrooms were K and P, with average contents of 29.3 ± 8.1 and 8.60 ± 4.8 g/kg dry matter (dm), respectively. Low Na concentrations were observed (26.5–579 mg/kg dm), with the only exception of Amanita ovoidea, and high Fe values, exceeding in some cases 1000 mg/kg dm (such as in Lactarius deliciosus and Morchella conica). Mushrooms may be significant contributors of K and P in the human diet and also good sources of trace elements, especially Cu and Fe, providing negligible quantities of Na. Strong correlations were observed for Ca/Mg and Cu/Zn contents in the mushrooms analyzed.     

Content of major and minor mineral elements in weekly diets of eleven Finnish hospitals

As part of the research programme of the Sub-network on Trace Element Status in Foods and Diets of the FAO Cooperative Network on Trace Elements, the concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo and Ni were determined in homogenized weekly diets collected from 11 hospitals throughout Finland. Samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry using certified reference materials to ensure analytical quality control. The average energy content of the diets was 8.6 MJ (2045 kcal). The average mineral concentrations were as follows: Na 0.45 g/MJ; K 0.49 g/MJ; Ca 160 mg/MJ; Mg 42 mg/MJ; Fe 1.6 mg/MJ; Zn 1.6 mg/MJ; Mn 0.70 mg/MJ; Cu 0.18 mg/MJ; Mo 12 μg/MJ; and Ni 14 μg/MJ. In conclusion, the quality of Finnish hospital diets with regard to major and minor mineral elements is acceptable with the exceptions of iron, zinc and copper, whose intake may be limited at low energy levels.     

Essential and non-essential/toxic elements in rice available in the Portuguese and Spanish markets

Eighty-six rice samples, representing the most common rice brands sold in Portuguese and Spanish markets (either locally produced or imported), were analyzed for their content of 35 essential and non-essential/toxic elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The mean content of essential elements was: 1189 mg/kg (P), 746 mg/kg (K), 294 mg/kg (Mg), 84.7 mg/kg (Ca), 13.3 mg/kg (Zn), 8.8 mg/kg (Na), 8.3 mg/kg (Mn), 7.5 mg/kg (Fe), 1.9 mg/kg (Cu), 0.55 mg/kg (Mo), 0.18 mg/kg (Se) and 0.12 mg/kg (Co). However, significant differences exist between the different types of rice, with brown rice showing the highest content of most essential elements. The daily intake of essential elements resulting from the average Iberian (Portugal and Spain) per capita consumption of rice was calculated and its contribution to the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or Adequate Intake (AI) was estimated. Data showed that rice can be an important dietary source of P, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mo and Se but does not significantly contribute to the daily dietary intake of Ca, Na and Fe. The content of toxic elements was very low, indicating that rice can be regarded as a very safe food.     

Contribution of Major Groups of Food Products to the Daily Intake of Selected Elements—Results from Analytical Determinations Supported by Chemometric Analysis

Food is a major source of minerals for humans. The main objective of this study was to determine the intake level of 10 essential macro- (Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and trace elements (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cr, and Se) with major food groups among young adults. Dietary intake of elements was evaluated using the 24-h dietary recall technique in combination with F-AAS and ICP-OES methods. A very high intake of sodium and a very low intake of calcium, combined with inappropriate sodium/potassium ratio, may be harmful to the health of the population. Dietary intake of trace elements was within the range of reference values in the subjects, with cereals being the major source of a majority of those elements, while meat (38% for Na), vegetables (25% for K), and milk products (75% for Ca) were the main contributors to the daily dietary intake of macroelements. PCA revealed several visible trends in the datasetAmong men, the intake of Zn, Cr Na and K was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables, whereas Mg, Se, Fe and Cu with cereals and water and beverages. Among women, the intake of Mg was significantly correlated with the consumption of meat and vegetables.     

Content of macro- and microelements and evaluation of the intake of different dairy products consumed in Croatia

Macromineral and microelement contents were measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry in 51 dairy products (milk, four types of cheese and butter). Significant differences in the concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg, Zn and Cu were observed (p < 0.05, all) between dairy products. Higher levels of Ca, Na, Mg and Se were measured in hard cheese than in semi-hard, fresh and cream cheese samples. The highest mean levels of elements were measured in products (mg kg⁻¹): milk: K 2070; hard fat cheese: Ca 10,700, Na 10,300, Mg 440, Zn 91.3, Se 0.78; cream cheese: Cu 3.12, Fe 3.9; butter: Se 0.79. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) calculated for milk show contribution to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for the elements (%): Ca 42, K 13.2, Mg 10.3–13.3, Zn 11.4–15.7, Se 13.1. The highest contribution of elements to the RDA values was determined for hard fat cheese (%): Na 7.93, Zn 16.6–22.8, Se 28.4. However, a contribution to the RDA of less than 1% was determined for K, Mg and Fe in cheeses. The contribution of Cu to the RDA value ranged in cheese samples between 2.78 and 6.93%, though this was less than 1% in milk.     

发育期胎儿组织中元素的含量分布和意义

对１１８例１６～２４、２５～３２和大于３２ｗｋ的正常胎儿组织颞叶、额叶、顶叶、枕叶、小脑、脑干、延髓、海马，肝脏和股骨肌，母体血清和胎盘用等离子发射光谱（ＩＣＰ）法测定了锌、铁、铜、钙、镁、镉、铬、铝、铅、钠、钾和磷的含量。结果表明，发育期间胎儿组织中元素的含量分布与器官的发育及功能的成熟有关。     

1992年中国总膳食研究——常量和微量元素

通过测定混合膳食中１０种常量和微量元素含量，评价中国南、北四大地区人群每日膳食中常量和微量元素的摄入状况，并报道了膳食中各元素摄入量以及不同年龄组和春秋两季膳食中各元素摄入量的变化情况。结果表明：儿童膳食中不同程度地存在钙、磷、钾、镁、锌、硒和铜的偏低；成人膳食中钙、钾和锌摄入明显不足，其余７种元素均接近或达到推荐供给量水平，但地区差异较大。本文对钙磷比，钾钠比以及铁和铜与缺铁性贫血之间的关系进行了讨论。     

乌鲁木齐市健康成年男子血清中铜、锌、钾、钠、钙、镁含量

对新疆乌鲁木齐市40名正常成年男子血清中铜、锌、钾、钠、钙、镁元素连续进行了四个季度的动态观察。结果:铜为87.3±11.50～99.6±16.90μg％;锌为85.8±29.35～118.3±20.88μg％;钾为3.9±0.31～5.1±0.42mEq/L;钠137.9±9.60～146.2±2.70mEg/L;钙9.2±0.53～10.3±0.88mg％;镁1.9±0.11～2.2±0.14mg％。     

膳食中铝和几种元素的相互影响

采用化学分析法测定大学生膳食中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁、磷的摄入量及各元素间的相互影响发现,大学生膳食中铝的摄入量平均为每人4.59mg/d,钙、锌、铁的摄入量分别为供给量的40~1％、81.8％、191.1％,建议应增加富含钙食品的摄入。在摄入高铝(33.88mg·Capita~(-1)·d~(-1))状态下,短期内对血清中铝、钙、镁、锌、铁含量影响不显著,多元逐步回归分析血清铝与磷摄入量存在正相关,与镁摄入量存在负相关。     

[Phytate][calcium]/[zinc] ratios in Asian immigrant lacto-ovo vegetarian diets and their relationship to zinc nutriture

Lacto-ovo vegetarians often have low zinc intakes coupled with concomitant high intakes of dietary fiber, phytate and calcium. The latter two dietary components appear to exert a synergistic inhibitory effect on zinc absorption. In this study 30 1-day diet composites were prepared for analysis from 3-day weighed diet records completed by 112 Asian immigrants consuming predominantly lacto-ovo vegetarian diets and compared with 30 omniverous diet composites. Analysed mean (±S.D.) daily intakes were: energy (kcal) 1892±445, calcium (mg) 1093±467, zinc (mg) 8.5±4.5, phytate (mg) 1487±791, neutral detergent fiber (g) 26.8±13.2. Median phytate: Zn molar ratio for Punjabi diets was 17.7 (range=5-50) and median [phytate][Ca]/[Zn] molar ratio was 475.4 (range=48-1150) compared with median values of 8.3 and 130.9 respectively for omniverous diets. Thirty-seven percent of the Punjabi diets had phytate:Zn ratios>20 and 80% had [phytate][Ca]/[Zn] ratios>200, levels shown to jeopardize zinc status in man. Thirty-two percent of the Punjabi subjects had low serum zinc levels (ie<70 g/dl) which may be associated with the unusually high dietary [phytate][Ca]/[Zn] ratios. The latter are attributed to high intakes of unleavened wholemeal chapatti bread, dairy products, and low intakes of flesh foods.