Correlates of body mass index in the 1990 Ontario Health Survey.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the average body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of overweight and obesity among people aged 20 to 64 years, to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle and health variables that correlate with overweight and obesity, and, through a comparison of the results with those from an earlier survey, to determine whether prevalence has changed over time. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: The 1990 Ontario Health Survey surveyed 61,239 people representative of the Ontario population. The authors' analyses were restricted to those aged 20 to 64 years, excluding pregnant women. In the multivariate analyses they included only people with no missing values for any of the variables in the models (n = 26,306). OUTCOME MEASURES: BMI (weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared) was used to measure healthy weight (BMI between 20 and 25), overweight (BMI greater than 25) and obesity (BMI greater than 27). RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity among men and women was 33.6% and 22.8% respectively (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63 to 1.95). There was a positive relation with age (adjusted OR 1.53 [95% CI 1.24 to 1.89] for age 25 to 29 years and 2.78 [95% CI 2.20 to 3.51] for age 50 to 54 years compared with age 20 to 24 years) and an inverse relation with education level (postsecondary education v. primary education: adjusted OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.54 to 0.79]). Analysis of birthplace showed that the prevalence of obesity was lowest among those born in Asia (compared with Canadian born: adjusted OR 0.36 [95% CI 0.27 to 0.47]). The prevalence was higher among former smokers than among those who had never smoked (adjusted OR 1.20 [95% CI 1.18 to 1.22]). People with more health problems and those who rated their health as fair or poor were more likely to be obese. The estimates of the prevalence of obesity were higher than those reported in the 1985 Health Promotion Survey for both sexes in all three age groups examined. CONCLUSIONS: These self-reported data indicate that overweight and obesity remain important health problems in Ontario, and the prevalence appears to be increasing.     

Incidence of sleep-disordered breathing in an urban adult population: the relative importance of risk factors in the development of sleep-disordered breathing

CONTEXT: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is both prevalent and associated with serious chronic illness. The incidence of SDB and the effect of risk factors on this incidence are unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the 5-year incidence of SDB overall and as influenced by risk factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Of the 1149 participants in the Cleveland Family Study, those aged 18 years or older, from either case or control families, who had 2 in-home sleep studies 5 years apart. The first had to have been performed before June 30, 1997, and had to have normal results (apnea hypopnea index [AHI] <5). Data included questionnaire information on medical and family history, SDB symptoms; measurement of height, weight, blood pressure, waist and hip circumference, and serum cholesterol concentration; and overnight sleep monitoring. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Apnea hypopnea index, defined as number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep. Sleep-disordered breathing was defined by an AHI of at least 10 (mild to moderate) or of at least 15 (moderate). RESULTS: Forty-seven (16%) of 286 eligible participants, (95% confidence interval [CI], 13%-21%) had a second-study AHI of at least 10 and 29 (10%) participants (95% CI, 7%-14%) had a second-study AHI result of at least 15. For the AHI results of at least 15, we estimate that about 2.5% may represent test variability. By ordinal logistic regression analysis, AHI was significantly associated with age (odds ratio [OR] per 10-year increase, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.41-2.27), body mass index (BMI; OR per 1-unit increase, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.10-1.19), sex (OR for men vs women, 4.12; 95% CI, 2.29-7.43), waist-hip ratio (OR per 0.1 unit increase, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.04-2.28), and serum cholesterol concentration (OR per 10-mg/dL [0.25-mmol/L] increase, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19). Interactions were noted between age and both sex (P =.003) and BMI (P =.05). The OR for increased AHI per 10-year age increase was 2.41 in women (95% CI, 1.78-3.26) and 1.15 in men (95% CI, 0.78-1.68), with the male vs female OR decreasing from 5.04 (95% CI, 2.19-11.6) at age 30 years to 0.54 (95% CI, 0.15-1.99) at age 60 years. The OR for increased AHI per 1-unit increase in BMI decreased from 1.21 (95% CI, 1.11-1.31) at age 20 years to 1.05 (95% CI, 0.96-1.15) at age 60 years. CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year incidence is about 7.5% for moderately severe SDB and 16% (or less) for mild to moderately severe SDB. Incidence of SDB is influenced independently by age, sex, BMI, waist-hip ratio, and serum cholesterol concentration. Predominance in men diminishes with increasing age, and by age 50 years, incidence rates among men and women are similar. The effect of BMI also decreases with age and may be negligible at age 60 years.     

Hypertension, overweight and abdominal adiposity in women. An analytical perspective

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to determine in a group of premenopausal (preM) and postmenopausal women with hormone replacement therapy (postM-HRT) or without HRT (postM-noHRT) whether the strength of the association of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with hypertension is affected by the way in which these variables are used (i.e., continuous or dichotomous) in logistic regression modeling, where weight and age are set as continuous variables only. METHODS: We studied 639 preM, 341 postM-noHRT, and 77 postM-HRT healthy women age 20-69 years. The main outcome variable was hypertension: BP > or =140 or 90 mmHg on two occasions or hypertension treatment. Risk factors were assessed as continuous variables (age, postmenopausal years, weight, stature, BMI, WC, hip circumference, and WHR); and dichotomous variables (overweight: BMI > or =25; high WC: WC > or =88 cm; and high WHR: WHR > or =0.84). Stepwise regression models for hypertension were developed for continuous (model 1) and dichotomous (model 2) variables in each group. RESULTS: In preM, model 1 included BMI (OR=1.202, CI: 1.115-1.296) and age (OR=1.154, CI: 1.081-1.296); and model 2 included weight (OR=1.070, CI: 1.040-1.100) and age (OR=1.157, CI: 1.084-1.235). In postM-noHRT, both models included age (OR=1.074, CI: 1.035-1.113) and weight (OR=1.025, CI: 1.004-1.046). Overweight and age were associated with hypertension in preM and postM-noHRT; overweight being more relevant in preM, and age in postM-noHRT. No models were found for postM-HRT. CONCLUSIONS: The strength of the association of risk factors with hypertension depends on how the variables are analyzed. Acknowledging these differential effects and assigning differential risks by age could be useful in intervention programs.     

孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系

目的 探讨孕前体质指数、孕期增重与子代出生体重的关系.方法 选取在妇幼保健机构体检的婴儿母亲,采用问卷调查的方式收集母亲的一般情况、孕期增重及子代出生体重、身长等情况.采用方差分析、x2检验和多因素Logistic回归模型等方法进行数据统计分析.结果 母亲孕前超重/肥胖的检出率为12.3%(199例),孕期增重过高的检出率为52.1%(842例).超重/肥胖组其子代出生体重、巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生率均较高(P<0.05),而子代的出生体重、巨大儿发生率、低体重儿发生率、小于胎龄儿发生率以及大于胎龄儿发生率均在孕期增重过高组,增重适宜组和增重不足组间存在差异(P<0.05).在控制了母亲年龄等因素后,孕前超重/肥胖增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7, 95% CI:1.2~2.6)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.5)的发生风险,孕期增重过高则增加了巨大儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.2~2.5)、大于胎龄儿(OR=1.7,95% CI:1.1~2.4)的发生风险.而孕期增重不足能增加低体重儿(OR=2.2,95% CI:1.1~4.4)、小于胎龄儿(OR=2.0,95% CI:1.2~3.4)的发生风险.结论 母亲孕前体质量指数及孕期增重均与巨大儿和大于胎龄儿的发生密切相关,且孕期增重不足与低体重儿和小于胎龄儿的发生也密切相关.孕期保健应该加强对孕妇体重的监测,防止其对新生儿出生结局产生不良影响.     

Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults

CONTEXT: Human adipose tissue expresses and releases the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 6, potentially inducing low-grade systemic inflammation in persons with excess body fat. OBJECTIVE: To test whether overweight and obesity are associated with low-grade systemic inflammation as measured by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level. DESIGN AND SETTING: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, representative of the US population from 1988 to 1994. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16616 men and nonpregnant women aged 17 years or older. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Elevated CRP level of 0.22 mg/dL or more and a more stringent clinically raised CRP level of more than 1.00 mg/dL. RESULTS: Elevated CRP levels and clinically raised CRP levels were present in 27.6% and 6.7% of the population, respectively. Both overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25-29.9 kg/m2) and obese (BMI, > or =30 kg/m2) persons were more likely to have elevated CRP levels than their normal-weight counterparts (BMI, <25 kg/m2). After adjustment for potential confounders, including smoking and health status, the odds ratio (OR) for elevated CRP was 2.13 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-2.91) for obese men and 6.21 (95% CI, 4.94-7.81) for obese women. In addition, BMI was associated with clinically raised CRP levels in women, with an OR of 4.76 (95% CI, 3.42-6.61) for obese women. Waist-to-hip ratio was positively associated with both elevated and clinically raised CRP levels, independent of BMI. Restricting the analyses to young adults (aged 17-39 years) and excluding smokers, persons with inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes mellitus and estrogen users did not change the main findings. CONCLUSION: Higher BMI is associated with higher CRP concentrations, even among young adults aged 17 to 39 years. These findings suggest a state of low-grade systemic inflammation in overweight and obese persons.     

甲状腺结节检出情况及影响因素： 10年309 576例体检人群分析

目的 了解广东省健康体检人群甲状腺结节检出情况并分析相关影响因素。方法 回顾分析近10 年广东省某医院309 576 例体检人员甲状腺彩超检查情况。将人群分为甲状腺结节组与非甲状腺结节组,使用SPSS22.0软件,组间比较根据数据类型分别用两独立样本t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验及χ2检验进行分析,用二元logistic回归分析不同影响因素与甲状腺结节之间的关系,计算比值比（OR）与95%置信区间（95% CI）。结果 经过数据结构化和标准化,甲状腺结节总检出率为9.68%,其中男性为7.71%,女性为13.51%,差异有统计学意义（χ2=2677.08,P<0.001）。总体上,甲状腺结节检出率随年龄增长而逐渐升高;不同年龄段,女性检出率均高于男性,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。甲状腺结节组男性比例、年龄、BMI、SBP、DBP、FBG、TC、LDL-C、HDL-C、TG及脂肪肝、血脂异常、血糖偏高、代谢综合征检出率均高于非甲状腺结节组,且差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。二元logistic回归分析显示,甲状腺结节与性别（OR=0.455,95%CI: 0.443-0.468）、年龄（45~59：OR=1.660,95%CI:1.613-1.710;≥60岁：OR=3.329,95%CI: 3.202-3.462）、BMI （体质量偏轻：OR=0.808,95%CI: 0.755-0.864;超重：OR=1.074,95%CI: 1.038-1.112;肥胖：OR=1.281,95%CI: 1.221-1.343）、血脂异常（OR=1.053,95%CI: 1.022-1.085）、血糖偏高（OR=1.177,95%CI: 1.105-1.252）、及代谢综合征（OR=1.111,95%CI: 1.071-1.152）有关。结论 广东省某医院体检人群中女性甲状腺结节检出率明显高于男性。性别、年龄、BMI及代谢相关疾病为重要影响因素。男性、体质量偏轻可能是甲状腺结节的保护因素,而年龄增长、超重/肥胖、血脂异常、血糖偏高及代谢综合征可能使甲状腺结节检出风险提高。因此,在健康体检人群中普及甲状腺彩超检查对甲状腺疾病早期防治有重要的临床意义。     

Overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in rural southeastern Australia

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of overweight, obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in rural Australia. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in two rural areas in Victoria and South Australia in 2004-2005. A stratified random sample of men and women aged 25-74 years was selected from the electoral roll. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire, physical measurements and laboratory tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of overweight and obesity, as defined by body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference; prevalence of MetS and its components. RESULTS: Data on 806 participants (383 men and 423 women) were analysed. Based on BMI, the prevalence of overweight and obesity combined was 74.1% (95% CI, 69.7%-78.5%) in men and 64.1% (95% CI, 59.5%-68.7%) in women. Based on waist circumference, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in women (72.4%; 95% CI, 68.1%-76.7%) than men (61.9%; 95% CI, 57.0%-66.8%). The overall prevalence of obesity was 30.0% (95% CI, 26.8%-33.2%) based on BMI (> or = 30.0 kg/m(2)) and 44.7% (95% CI, 41.2%-48.1%) based on waist circumference (> or = 102 cm [men] and > or= 88 cm [women]). The prevalence of MetS as defined by the US National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III 2005 criteria was 27.1% (95% CI, 22.7%-31.6%) in men and 28.3% (95% CI, 24.0%-32.6%) in women; based on International Diabetes Federation criteria, prevalences for men and women were 33.7% (95% CI, 29.0%-38.5%) and 30.1% (95% CI, 25.7%-34.5%), respectively. Prevalences of MetS, central (abdominal) obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and hypertriglyceridaemia increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: In rural Australia, prevalences of MetS, overweight and obesity are very high. Urgent population-wide action is required to tackle the problem.     

Who's overweight? Comparison of the medical definition and community views

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the extent to which people who are medically defined as overweight perceive themselves to be overweight. DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of the National Health Survey and the National Nutrition Survey conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 1995. PARTICIPANTS: 10,652 people aged 18 years and over (5076 men, 5576 women) in a multistage cluster sample of households throughout Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Body mass index (BMI) based on measured height and weight; self-reported perception of body weight (underweight, acceptable weight, or overweight). RESULTS: Among people with a measured BMI > or = 25, 49.3% of men (95% CI, 48.1%-50.5%) and 72.0% of women (95% CI, 70.8%-73.1%) considered themselves overweight. Among those with a measured BMI < 25, 3.4% of men (95% CI, 2.8%-4.1%) and 12.4% of women (95% CI, 11.4%-13.3%) considered themselves overweight. Older women were less likely to perceive themselves as overweight than younger women. The lowest BMI at which at least half the respondents considered themselves overweight was 26 to < 27 for women aged 18-59 years, and 28 to < 29 for older women and men. CONCLUSION: For many people, particularly men and older women, the meaning of "overweight" differs from the medical definition. Clinical and public health weight reduction programs which do not take this into account are unlikely to be successful.     

Prevalence of overweight/obesity in Chinese children

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this paper was to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity by area, age, and gender in the year 2000 and to explore at what age adiposity rebound as measured by BMI occurs for Chinese children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among 262,738 children aged 3.5-6.4 years in 26 counties/cities in China. Weight and height were measured from March 2000 through July 2000 by local trained health workers. International age- and gender-specific BMI cut-off points were used to obtain comparable prevalence rates of overweight/obesity. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of being overweight/obesity for different comparisons. RESULTS: There were 19,390 overweight (16,738) or obese (2,652) children, resulting in an overall prevalence rate of 7.4% (95% CI: 7.3-7.5%). Girls were more likely to be overweight or obese than boys (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.11-1.17). Compared with children living in the southern urban area, multivariate ORs for those living in northern rural and southern rural areas were 2.58 and 1.15, respectively. Compared with children aged 6.0-6.4 years old, multivariate ORs for children aged 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 years were 1.96, 1.88, 1.56, 1.53, and 1.11, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood overweight/obesity in Chinese children in 2000 is similar to the conditions of Great Britain or the U.S. in the 1980s or earlier. Age at adiposity rebound as measured by BMI for Chinese children is >6.5 years old.     

Overweight in young Latino children

BACKGROUND: Acculturation status is associated with overweight and obesity among Latino adults, but the relationship between maternal acculturation and overweight in Latino children is inconsistent and has not been adequately studied. METHODS: We analyzed 3-year follow-up data from 185 Latina mothers and children who were recruited at San Francisco General Hospital. Outcome measure was the child's body mass index at age 3 years, adjusted for age and sex and categorized as healthy (<85%) or overweight (> or =85%). Independent variables were maternal acculturation status, child health status, and child nutritional factors. RESULTS: At age 3 years, 43% of children were overweight. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, childhood overweight was associated with maternal acculturation status (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.99, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.07-3.69) and maternal obesity (OR 3.71, 95% CI 1.40-9.84). Childhood overweight was also more likely among children who were reported to eat well or very well (OR 3.33, 95% CI 1.46-7.58) and children whose weight was perceived as too high (OR 11.88, 95% CI 2.37-59.60), as compared to children who were reported to eat poorly/not well and children whose weight was perceived as normal, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce the high rates of overweight among young Latino children should address the importance of maternal acculturation and obesity as well as maternal perceptions of children's weight and eating habits.     

Predictors of poor glycaemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

INTRODUCTION

We assessed the predictors of poor glycaemic control among older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Malaysia.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used the data of 21,336 patients aged ≥ 60 years with T2DM from the Adult Diabetes Control and Management Registry 2008–2009.

RESULTS

Predictors of poor glycaemic control were: age groups 60–69 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66–2.33) and 70–79 years (OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.20–1.71); Malay (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.41–1.66) and Indian (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.19–1.46) ethnicities; T2DM durations of 5–10 years (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.35–1.58) and > 10 years (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.59–1.91); the use of oral antidiabetic agents only (OR 5.86, 95% CI 3.32–10.34), insulin only (OR 17.93, 95% CI 9.91–32.43), and oral antidiabetic agents and insulin (OR 29.42, 95% CI 16.47–52.53); and elevated blood pressure (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01–1.20), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.38–1.59) and triglycerides (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.51–1.73). Hypertension (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.64–0.80), hypertension and dyslipidaemia (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.61–0.75), pre-obesity (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82–0.98) and obesity (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.84) were less likely to be associated with poor glycaemic control.

CONCLUSION

Young-old and middle-old age groups (i.e. < 80 years), Malay and Indian ethnicities, longer T2DM duration, the use of pharmacological agents, and elevated blood pressure and lipid levels were associated with poor glycaemic control. The presence of comorbidities, pre-obesity and obesity were less likely to be associated with poor glycaemic control.     

低脂高糖膳食对不同体质量指数的健康青年生理生化指标的影响

目的探讨低脂高糖(low-fat and high-carbohydrate,LF-HC)膳食对不同体质量指数(BMI)的健康青年生理指标及糖脂代谢指标的影响。方法给予7名超重青年〔BMI=(27.82±1.64)kg/m2〕和49名年龄匹配的正常对照〔BMI=(20.06±2.41)kg/m2〕7d平衡膳食和6dLF-HC膳食。平衡膳食含31.1%脂肪和54.1%碳水化合物,LF-HC膳食含14.8%脂肪和70.1%碳水化合物。于膳食干预的第1d、第8d和第14d清晨进行体检,测量各项生理指标;同时抽取12h空腹静脉血,制备血清并测定糖脂代谢相关指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果基础值时,正常组体质量(P=0.000)、BMI(P=0.000)、腰臀比(P=0.000)、收缩压(P=0.001)、舒张压(P=0.016)和甘油三酯(TG)(P=0.006)均低于超重组;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)高于超重组(P=0.005)。LF-HC膳食后,总胆固醇(TC)(P<0.05)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)(P<0.05)在正常组和超重组中均降低,胰岛素(P<0.05)和HOMA-IR(P<0.05)在正常组和超重组中均升高;TG仅在正常组升高(P=0.000);HDL-C仅在超重组升高(P=0.018)。结论在健康青年中,LF-HC膳食对血清TG和HDL-C的影响与体质量指数有关。     

中国西南地区妇女孕前体质量指数、孕期增重与妊娠期糖尿病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 分析中国西南地区育龄妇女孕前体质量指数、孕期不同时期体质量增长与妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）的关系。方法 采用前瞻性队列研究（GDM组3 593例,对照组15 346例）的方法,选取18 939例于2013～2015年在四川、贵州、云南定期产检的单胎孕妇,测量身高及孕期体质量,于孕24～28周进行GDM筛查。采用多因素logistic回归分析孕前体质量指数（BMI）（暴露水平1）、孕期增重（暴露水平2）与GDM结局的关系。结果 孕前超重和肥胖可增加GDM的发生风险〔比值比（OR）=2.44,95%可信区间（CI）:1.98～2.99;OR=4.98,95%CI:2.52～9.91）。采用美国国家科学院医学研究所（IOM）孕期增重标准,调整了预产年龄及孕前BMI后,与增重适宜组相比,孕早期增重过多或孕中期增重过多均是GDM的危险因素（OR=1.33,95%CI:1.03～1.70;OR=1.48,95%CI:1.26～1.72）。孕早期,高龄组（预产年龄≥35岁）中,与增重适宜者相比,孕期增重过多发生GDM的风险更大〔OR和95％CI为1.42（1.02～2.28）〕,而非高龄组（预产年龄OR值无统计学意义;孕中期,高龄组和非高龄组发生GDM的风险均是增重过多者高于增重适宜者〔OR和95％CI分别为1.59（1.14～1.88）和1.49（1.20～1.72）〕。结论 在中国西南地区的妇女中,孕前超重和肥胖、孕期增重过多均是GDM的危险因素,孕期增重过多的高龄妇女尤应注意。     

The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity.

CONTEXT: Overweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in the United States and most likely contribute substantially to the burden of chronic health conditions. OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between weight status and prevalence of health conditions by severity of overweight and obesity in the US population. DESIGN AND SETTING: Nationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which was conducted in 2 phases from 1988 to 1994. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 16884 adults, 25 years and older, classified as overweight and obese (body mass index [BMI] > or =25 kg/m2) based on National Institutes of Health recommended guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, coronary heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or osteoarthritis. RESULTS: Sixty-three percent of men and 55% of women had a body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or greater. A graded increase in the prevalence ratio (PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood cholesterol level in both men and women. With normal-weight individuals as the reference, for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 kg/m2 and who were younger than 55 years, PRs were highest for type 2 diabetes for men (PR, 18.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-46.8) and women (PR, 12.9; 95% CI, 5.7-28.1) and gallbladder disease for men (PR, 21.1; 95% CI, 4.1-84.2) and women (PR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-8.9). Prevalence ratios generally were greater in younger than in older adults. The prevalence of having 2 or more health conditions increased with weight status category across all racial and ethnic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just its associated comorbidities.     

高尿酸血症在北京地区1997人中的患病情况及相关因素分析

目的调查人群中高尿酸血症的患病率并对其相关因素进行分析。方法对1997名体检人群进行横断面调查,通过Logistic多元回归模型分析与高尿酸血症相关的人口学特征、饮食和生活习惯及临床指标。结果该人群中男性高尿酸血症的患病人数163例,占13．8％;女性46例,占6．0％。Logistic多元回归模型显示男性、少数民族（回族）、肾功能重度受损、使用利尿剂、超重／肥胖、高血压、高甘油三脂血症与高尿酸血症的危险性升高相关,而退休与高尿酸血症的危险性降低相关。结论男性、少数民族（回族）、肾功能重度受损、使用利尿剂、超重／肥胖、高血压、高甘油三酯血症可能是高尿酸血症的危险因素;退休可能是保护因素。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in a rural area of Brazil.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is recognized worldwide as an important public health concern. However, little information is available for rural populations in Brazil. The aim was to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with MS in a rural village in Brazil in 2004. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional population-based study, in Virgem das Gra?as, a rural community in the Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais. METHODS: MS was the dependent variable, defined as any three of these risk factors: arterial hypertension, high glucose or triglyceride concentrations, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and abdominal obesity. MS prevalence, according to selected socioeconomic and demographic variables (age, skin color, marital status, schooling and smoking habits), was determined in 251 subjects aged 20-88 years. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: MS prevalence was 21.6% (7.7% for men and 33.6% for women); the age-adjusted prevalence was 19.0%. The highest prevalences were observed for women > 60 years of age (52.9%) and women with body mass index (BMI) >or= 25 kg/m(2) (64%). Age, sex and BMI were associated risk factors for MS, while skin color was only significantly associated with MS for women. The models were adjusted for age, smoking habits, marital status, skin color and schooling. CONCLUSIONS: BMI and age were independently associated factors for MS in this rural community. These findings provide important evidence on the prevalence of MS as a public health problem, particularly for women and overweight individuals.     

精神分裂症并发2 型糖尿病常见危险因素的Meta 分析

目的：系统评价我国精神分裂症患者合并2型糖尿病的主要危险因素,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。 方法：利用计算机检索PubMed,Medline,EBSCO,中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM),中国期刊全文数据库(CNKI) 和维普期刊全文数据库(VIP)等数据库,收集1997年至2014年公开发表的有关我国精神分裂症患者伴发2型糖尿病危 险因素的文献,并采用RevMan5.2软件进行Meta分析。结果：共纳入26篇文献,6 373例研究对象,其中病例组957 例,对照组5 416例。Meta分析结果显示以下因素与精神分裂症患者发生2型糖尿病有关：女性(OR=1.28,95%CI： 1.09~1.50)、年龄(≥40岁) (OR=6.02,95%CI：4.48~8.09)、超重(BMI≥25) (OR=2.32,95%CI：1.52,2.88)、糖尿 病家族史(OR=6.12,95%CI：3.16~11.86)、精神分裂症总病程(>10年) (OR=3.60,95%CI：2.39~5.41)、血三酰甘油 (MD=0.38,95%CI：0.05~0.71)。结论：女性、年龄大、超重、有糖尿病家族史、精神分裂症病程长、高血三酰甘油 是服药治疗的精神分裂症患者并发2型糖尿病的危险因素。     

中青年体质指数、腰围及腰臀比与脑卒中发生的相关性研究

目的探讨中青年人肥胖的不同指标,如体质指数(BMI)、腰围(WC)及腰臀比(WHR)与脑卒中发生的关系。方法采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究。病例组由280例脑卒中(缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中)患者组成,对照组为患其他与脑卒中无关的疾病同期入住和病例组相同医院的280例患者。采用标准调查表对研究对象进行调查,收集研究对象的人口学特征、生活方式、个体疾病史、脑卒中家族遗传史以及实验室检查等资料,同时对身高、体质量、WC、臀围进行测量,并计算BMI及WHR。采用多元Logistic回归分析对研究对象的BMI、WC及WHR与脑卒中的比值比(OR)及其95%可信区间(CI)进行估计。结果 280例脑卒中患者中出血性76例,缺血性204例。与正常BMI者相比较,调整年龄、性别后的分析结果显示,超重或肥胖的病例发生缺血性脑卒中的危险性明显高于对照组〔超重者:OR=2.03,95%CI(1.26,2.91),P<0.05;肥胖者:OR=1.88,95%CI(1.32,2.39),P<0.05〕。与BMI最低四分位数相比,BMI最高四分位数的病例发生缺血性脑卒中的危险性增加了18%〔OR=1.18,95%CI(1.06,3.54),P<0.01〕。WC最高四分位数的病例发生出血性和缺血性脑卒中的危险性分别是WC最低四分位数的1.80和1.96倍〔OR=1.80,95%CI(1.03,3.16)和OR=1.96,95%CI(1.37,3.78),P<0.01〕。与WHR最低四分位数比较,WHR最高四分位数的病例发生出血性及缺血性脑卒中的危险性分别增加了98%和126%〔OR=1.98,95%CI(1.41,3.59),P<0.01和OR=2.26,95%CI(1.34,2.79),P<0.01〕。结论 BMI增高是发生脑卒中的一个重要危险因素,WC增加可使发生缺血性脑卒中的危险性显著升高,而WHR与发生出血性及缺血性脑卒中的危险性呈正相关。维持正常体质量可能是脑卒中发病的保护因素。     

超重或肥胖人群动脉僵硬度与心血管疾病危险因素的相关性研究

目的评估上海市浦东新区陆家嘴社区超重或肥胖人群动脉僵硬度与心血管疾病危险因素之间的关系。方法本研究于2009年7月至8月底选取自然人群2095例;通过体重指数（Body Mass Index,BMI）评价超重或肥胖,将其中达到超重或肥胖诊断标准的939例作为研究对象;以踝臂脉搏波传导速度（ankle-brachial pulse wave velocity,baPWV）评价动脉僵硬度;以Pearson相关系数评估与baPWV呈线性相关关系的心血管危险因素;以二分类logistic回归分析评估动脉僵硬度的独立危险因素。结果 （1）高动脉僵硬度组与动脉僵硬度正常组在年龄、性别构成、腹围、收缩压、舒张压等变量间均存在差异。（2）与baPWV呈线性相关关系的变量有：年龄（r=0.546,P=0.000）、腹围（r=0.148,P=0.000）、收缩压（r=0.520,P=0.000）、舒张压（r=0.275,P=0.000）、总胆固醇（r=0.126,P=0.000）、空腹血糖（r=0.218,P=0.000）、糖化血红蛋白（r=0.172,P=0.000）等。（3）在调整性别、BMI、糖尿病史、血脂异常史、肾功能后,与baPWV呈独立相关的变量是高血压史（OR=3.996,P=0.000,95%CI：2.821~5.661）、甘油三酯（OR=1.428,P=0.000,95%CI：1.201~1.698）、年龄（老年与非老年）（OR=5.35,P=0.000,95%CI：3.728~7.676）。结论年龄、高血压史、三酰甘油是超重或肥胖人群动脉僵硬度增加的独立危险因素;baPWV的升高可在一定程度上预测心血管疾病的发病风险。     

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and ischemic stroke in the elderly: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study

CONTEXT: Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been shown to be protective against cardiovascular disease. However, the association of specific lipoprotein classes and ischemic stroke has not been well defined, particularly in higher-risk minority populations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between HDL-C and ischemic stroke in an elderly, racially or ethnically diverse population. DESIGN: Population-based, incident case-control study conducted July 1993 through June 1997. SETTING: A multiethnic community in northern Manhattan, New York, NY. PARTICIPANTS: Cases (n = 539) of first ischemic stroke (67% aged >/=65 years; 55% women; 53% Hispanic, 28% black, and 19% white) were enrolled and matched by age, sex, and race or ethnicity to stroke-free community residents (controls; n = 905). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Independent association of fasting HDL-C levels, determined at enrollment, with ischemic stroke, including atherosclerotic and nonatherosclerotic ischemic stroke subtypes. RESULTS: After risk factor adjustment, a protective effect was observed for HDL-C levels of at least 35 mg/dL (0.91 mmol/L) (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.72). A dose-response relationship was observed (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90 and OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.21-0.46) for HDL-C levels of 35 to 49 mg/dL (0.91-1.28 mmol/L) and at least 50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L), respectively. The protective effect of a higher HDL-C level was significant among participants aged 75 years or older (OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.27-0.94), was more potent for the atherosclerotic stroke subtype (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.08-0.50), and was present in all 3 racial or ethnic groups studied. CONCLUSIONS: Increased HDL-C levels are associated with reduced risk of ischemic stroke in the elderly and among different racial or ethnic groups. These data add to the evidence relating lipids to stroke and support HDL-C as an important modifiable stroke risk factor.