结肠镜非透视下金属支架置人术在梗阻性结直肠癌患者急诊处理中的应用

目的探讨结肠镜非透视下金属支架置入术应用于梗阻性结直肠癌患者急诊处理的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2012年6月间在第二军医大学长海医院接受结肠镜非透视下金属支架置入术治疗42例梗阻性结直肠癌患者的临床资料。手术采用改良双人肠镜操作法,结肠镜进镜至肿瘤部位,暴露肿瘤狭窄孔,经活检孔插入黄斑马导丝,沿导丝将选择好的金属支架及置人器置人并通过狭窄段,释放支架并调整输送器使支架置于目的位置。结果42例梗阻性结直肠癌患者中直肠癌19例,乙状结肠癌9例,降结肠癌8例,结肠脾曲癌1例,结肠肝曲癌3例,升结肠癌2例。支架置入成功率100％,支架置入操作时间1．1～51．0（11．8~10．4）min。除l例患者因心力衰竭于术后第2天死亡外,其余4l例患者术后第1天即可进流质饮食,术后2~3d出院,术后临床症状缓解率为100％。术中无一例患者发生穿孔,术后3例患者有轻微出血,经药物治疗后好转。结论肠镜镜非透视下金属支架置入术在梗阻性结直肠癌患者急诊处理中安全、有效、省时。     

非透视结肠自扩张金属支架置入过渡治疗急性梗阻性结直肠癌的临床分析

目的探讨非透视下结肠自扩张金属支架置入治疗急性梗阻性结直肠癌患者的安全性和有效性。方法回顾性分析2014年3月至2017年12月湖南省人民医院63例非透视结肠自扩张金属支架置入治疗急性梗阻性结直肠癌患者的临床资料。采用双人肠镜操作法,进镜至肿瘤部位后探寻狭窄孔并插入非血管腔道导丝,沿导丝将自扩张金属支架置入并通过狭窄段,释放支架于目的位置。结果 63例急性梗阻性结直肠癌患者中升结肠及结肠肝曲癌1例,横结肠癌2例,结肠脾曲癌6例,降结肠癌9例,乙状结肠癌29例,直乙交界及直肠癌16例。支架置入成功率100%,支架置入操作时间为5~35 min,平均(12.3±4.6)min。除1例严重感染合并水电解质酸碱平衡紊乱患者术后1 d死亡外,其余患者均术后第2 d进食流质饮食,2~4 d左右临床症状完全缓解,于术后2~3周手术治疗。结论非透视下结肠自扩张金属支架置入治疗急性梗阻性结直肠癌患者安全有效,是急性梗阻性结直肠癌由急诊手术向限期手术转变的有效过渡治疗手段。     

梗阻性大肠癌金属支架置入术后并发症的观察及护理

为提高对梗阻性大肠癌肠道内金属支架置入患者的护理水平，本文总结20例梗阻性大肠癌患者肠道内金属支架置入术后并发症的观察及护理。结果显示，本组19例患者支架扩展良好；1例患者支架置入后并发肠穿孔，发现及时，急诊行肠造口术，术后恢复良好。结果表明，梗阻性大肠癌肠道内金属支架置入患者护理重点是加强术后病情观察，及时发现术后并发症，尤其是出血、肠穿孔等严重并发症，以促进患者康复。     

内镜下置入金属支架治疗近端结肠癌导致恶性梗阻的疗效观察

目的观察结肠镜下金属支架置入术治疗近端结肠癌导致狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2004年1月～2011年3月8例X线引导下结肠镜下金属支架置入术治疗的近端结肠癌导致狭窄的临床资料,男3例,女5例,年龄45～79岁,（67.2±11.3）岁。升结肠癌3例,结肠肝曲癌4例,横结肠癌1例。均有腹痛、腹胀等表现,从就诊到接受结肠支架置入术的中位时间6 d（1～22 d）。术前腹部CT或腹部平片提示肠管明显扩张7例。8例肠管扩张最宽处直径30～96mm,（62.7±20.3）mm。结果术后住院时间3～18 d,（9.0±4.8）d。术后症状均明显缓解。术后第1～2天复查,肠管最宽处直径30～45 mm,（33.6±5.6）mm,较前明显缓解（P=0.003）。未见穿孔、出血等并发症。1例术后5天支架移位。术后2例失访,2例支架置入后手术切除局部肠管一期吻合者随访9、23个月仍存活,4例死亡,死亡时间为置入支架后1、3、5、15个月。结论近端结肠癌导致恶性梗阻与远端结肠一样,均可进行内镜下金属支架置入术,疗效满意,并且影像学发现肠腔狭窄,即使无肠管明显扩张者亦可进行结肠支架置入术,改善患者症状,提高生活质量。     

经内镜支架置入术在左侧结直肠癌梗阻中的应用

目的探讨经内镜金属支架置入术治疗左侧结直肠癌性梗阻的临床价值。方法在X线透视下经肠镜将导丝插入狭窄近端,沿导丝导入造影管造影了解狭窄情况,根据病变情况选择并放置支架。结果 1例因肠管几乎完全闭塞放弃支架置入,1例因病灶较长而中止支架置入;20例放置支架成功,成功率90.9%,术后1~7 d梗阻症状均得到缓解或消除。2例术后2~3 d粪块堵塞支架,以探条及网篮疏通后缓解;1例术后7 d肿瘤增殖堵塞支架,经肠镜切除后缓解。术后7~10 d限期行肿瘤根治术、一期吻合。结论经内镜放置金属支架治疗左侧结直肠癌性梗阻,能够有效缓解患者的梗阻症状,提高病人的生活质量。     

金属内支架置入治疗胃十二指肠恶性梗阻

目的评价金属内支架置入术治疗胃或十二指肠恶性梗阻的效果. 方法 2002年10月～2004年11月,24例恶性肿瘤(胃癌19例,胰腺癌4例,胆管癌术后1例)引起的胃或十二指肠梗阻的患者,在X线透视下,用内镜将金属内支架置入胃或十二指肠狭窄部位. 结果 24例金属支架均置入预定的部位.术后第1天进流质,第3天开始进半流质.无置入支架引起的消化道穿孔、出血等并发症.21例在1～24个月的随访期间,仅2例出现梗阻.无金属支架移位. 结论在胃或十二指肠恶性梗阻部位置入金属内支架,是一种安全有效的治疗胃或十二指肠恶性梗阻方法.     

内镜下支架置入术治疗结直肠癌并发肠梗阻临床分析

目的 探讨内镜引导下金属内支架置入术治疗结直肠癌并发肠梗阻的临床效果.方法 对20例结直肠癌并发肠梗阻患者,在内镜引导下行金属支架置入术,然后观察其临床效果.其中乙状结肠癌11例,降结肠癌4例,直肠癌5例.结果 20例患者金属支架置入一次成功19例,1～2d后梗阻症状均消除或缓解,7～10d后15例行肠管一期切除吻合术,术后恢复顺利,无感染及吻合口漏等并发症;4例因肿瘤转移行永久性支架置入术.随访90～180d,1例于术后51d肠梗阻症状复发,再行外科手术死于心功能衰竭;1例因癌细胞转移,术后83d死于全身衰竭.结论 经内镜引导下置入金属内支架治疗结直肠癌并发肠梗阻成功率高,安全、经济,短期效果明显.     

自膨式金属支架植入术治疗急性左半结直肠癌性梗阻

目的探讨内镜联合透视下自膨式金属支架植入术治疗急性左半结直肠癌性梗阻的应用价值。方法回顾性分析接受内镜联合透视下自膨式金属支架植入术治疗的49例左半结直肠癌性梗阻患者的临床资料。结果于48例患者成功植入支架,技术成功率为97.96%(48/49);1例因导丝无法通过狭窄段而转为外科急诊手术。植入支架后,47例梗阻症状明显改善;1例未改善而转为外科急诊手术。术后1例发生肠穿孔,5例便中带少量鲜血,经对症治疗后均好转;2例发生支架脱落。21例患于植入支架解除肠梗阻后接受结肠癌根治术,Ⅰ期手术成功率100%(21/21)。结论内镜联合透视下自膨式金属支架植入术解除左半结直肠癌性梗阻安全、有效。     

腔镜手术前支架置入对结肠癌梗阻患者 手术效果及预后的影响

目的:探讨金属支架置入后行腹腔镜手术治疗结肠癌急性肠梗阻对术后复发、生存率的影响。方法:选取2014年1月至2017年1月行腹腔镜手术治疗的106例梗阻性结肠癌患者,根据患者是否接受术前支架置入分为置入组(n=49,术前置入支架,缓解患者的临床症状,达到要求后择期手术)与常规组(n=57,行腹腔镜吻合手术),对比两组患者基本情况及术后并发症、复发率、生存率。结果:两组清扫淋巴结数量差异无统计学意义(P0.05);置入组手术时间、术中出血量、术后肛门排气时间、术后住院时间少于常规组(P0.05),手术费用高于常规组(P0.05),手术并发症发生率(4.08%vs. 19.30%)低于常规组(P0.05);两组失访率、2年肿瘤复发率、2年生存率差异均无统计学意义。结论:急性肠梗阻结肠癌患者于腹腔镜手术前置入金属支架较常规腹腔镜手术能缩短手术时间,利于术后恢复,减少手术并发症,且对患者的生存率影响不大。     

内镜置入胆道金属支架治疗肝门部胆管癌

目的 探讨通过内镜置入自膨式胆道金属支架治疗肝门部胆管癌的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004年7月至2009年7月成都军区总医院收治的73例肝门部胆管癌患者行内镜胆道金属支架置入术的操作成功率、减黄有效率、支架通畅时间和生存时间以及术后并发症.结果 支架置入成功70例,3例失败.其中单金属支架置入62例,双侧金属支架置入3例,金属支架+塑料支架置人5例.减黄有效率为87%(61/70),中位支架通畅时间为190 d,中位生存时间为246 d.术后发生胆管炎7例,胰腺炎3例,出血2例.结论 内镜置入自膨式胆道金属支架治疗肝门部胆管癌创伤小、减黄效果好,可作为无法手术切除的肝门部胆管癌患者解除胆道恶性梗阻的首选治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.