运动激发试验与药物激发试验用于气道高反应性检测的比较及临床价值评估

目的 比较运动激发试验与药物激发试验用于气道高反应性检测的优劣,以得出更佳、更安全的用于气道高反应性的检测方法。方法 选择经哮喘正规治疗后拟停药的哮喘患儿47 例,对每名受试患儿先后进行运动和药物两种激发试验检测,并与金标准(PD20)相比较得出各自的敏感度,记录和观察两种激发试验过程中支气管痉挛症状发生情况。结果 以PD20 作为金标准,药物激发试验对中、重度气道高反应性患儿的检出敏感度(61%)明显高于运动激发试验(9%)(Pκ=0.614),而运动激发试验与金标准的一致性较差(κ=0.006);但药物激发试验中,哮喘患儿支气管痉挛症状发生率高,与咳嗽和胸闷发生率呈正相关(P结论 测定经哮喘正规治疗后拟停药的患儿气道高反应性时,药物激发试验较运动激发试验敏感度高,但副反应发生率亦较高。     

儿童不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值

目的探讨儿童支气管哮喘、咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病气道反应性特点及其临床价值。方法应用Astograph法气道反应性测定技术,对42例哮喘患儿、38例咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿、36例支气管炎患儿及30例健康儿童进行气道反应性测定;分别对反映气道敏感性和气道反应性的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等各指标进行统计学分析和评估。结果哮喘组、CVA组和支气管炎组患儿的Dmin、SGrs、PD35等指标均低于健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),哮喘组、CVA组与支气管炎组患儿之间比较,差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05),而哮喘组与CVA组患儿比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论哮喘病、CVA和支气管炎等不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性及气道敏感性均高于健康儿童,而不同呼吸系统疾病患儿的气道反应性、气道敏感性变化也各不相同,以此可为鉴别诊断提供依据。     

年长儿童的气道反应性测定

采用简易组织胺支气管激发试验对１１～１４岁儿童１５０７例作气道高反应性（ＢＨＲ）研究。结果：儿童的呼气峰速与身高显著相关；男女各年龄组激发试验时通气功能的改变率无显著差异；本组儿童ＢＨＲ发生率为４．０％；现患哮喘儿童的ＢＨＲ发生率及严重程度显著高于曾患哮喘者，有哮喘史者亦显著高于正常儿童。激发试验中未见严重不良反应。简易激发试验敏感性高，安全，操作方便，适用于年长儿童气道反应性的临床及流行病学调查。     

咳嗽变异性哮喘患儿气道反应性特点

目的了解咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)患儿气道反应性特点。方法对38例CVA患儿、42例典型哮喘患儿和30例健康儿童进行肺功能和气道反应性测定。结果 CVA组和典型哮喘组患儿的气道反应性测定中的初始阻力值(Rrs cont)、基础呼吸传导率(Grs cont)与对照组比较差异无统计学意义;而最小诱发累积剂量(Dmin)、传导率下降斜率(SGr)和特异性气道传导下降第35百分位(PD35)均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 CVA与典型哮喘患儿气道敏感性和气道反应性高于正常儿童,存在气道高反应。气道反应性测定可成为鉴别诊断慢性咳嗽的重要方法之一。     

支气管激发试验在儿童哮喘缓解期的监测

支气管哮喘是最常见的儿童呼吸道慢性疾病,气道反应性增高是哮喘的特征之一.支气管激发试验是选择对气道有强烈收缩作用的物质作为吸入激发物来测定支气管平滑肌收缩变化,以评估气道的反应性.近年研究发现在儿童哮喘的缓解期用支气管激发试验评价气道反应性的高低可有效指导治疗,更好的控制哮喘.     

缓解期哮喘患儿的支气管反应性与小气道功能的关系

目的　测定缓解期哮喘患儿支气管反应性及小气道功能 ,探讨支气管反应性与小气道功能及临床缓解时间的关系。方法　对 39例缓解期哮喘患儿进行支气管激发试验 ,用传统方法测定肺通气功能。比较最大呼气中段流量 (maximalmid expiratoryflow ,MMEF) <80 %患儿和MMEF≥80 %患儿的支气管激发试验阳性率 ,以及临床缓解时间≤ 12个月和 >12个月的患儿支气管激发试验阳性率。结果　缓解期哮喘患儿 39例中 2 8例 (72 % )支气管激发试验阳性 ;15例 (38% )MMEF <80 %。在MMEF <80 %患儿和MMEF≥ 80 %患儿之间支气管激发试验阳性率差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。缓解时间≤ 12个月和 >12个月的患儿间支气管激发试验阳性率差异无显著意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　缓解期哮喘患儿仍然存在支气管高反应性及小气道阻塞 ,提示缓解期气道炎症仍持续存在 ;症状缓解时间超过 1年者支气管激发试验阳性率较缓解时间 1年之内者无明显改善。     

中国哮喘儿童运动处方专家共识

哮喘是慢性气道炎症性疾病, 以气道高反应性为主要特征。合适的规律运动对患儿的哮喘控制状态、多项肺功能指标、心肺耐力和心理健康有改善作用, 但目前我国哮喘儿童运动水平不足, 不利于哮喘疾病控制和儿童生长发育。本专家共识强调了哮喘患儿进行规律运动的重要意义与安全性, 对制定适合我国哮喘儿童的运动处方提出了建议, 有助于提升临床医师指导患儿科学运动的能力, 提高我国儿童哮喘的管理水平。     

气道反应性监测在儿童哮喘治疗中的指导意义

目的 探讨气道反应性检测在儿童哮喘治疗中的指导意义.方法 对38例确诊的支气管哮喘患儿,分别在治疗前,治疗后3个月、1年、2年进行常规肺功能检查,同时吸人浓度倍倍递增的乙酰甲胆碱进行支气管激发试验,测定最大呼气流量(PEF)、一秒钟用力呼气容积(FEV1)、最大呼气中段流最(MMEF)及比气道传导率下降35%或以上时吸入乙酰甲胆碱浓度(PC35 sGaw).PC35 sGaw≤8 mg/ml为激发试验阳性,观察随防时间为2年.结果 所有患儿对吸入糖皮质激素 长效β2激动剂(ICS LABA)的联合治疗反应良好,97.4%的患儿达到临床完全控制.治疗后肺功能仅2例存在轻微异常,FEV1、MMEF、PEF随治疗时间的增加明显升高,较治疗前差异有统计学意义.气道反应性测定在治疗后3个月、1年、2年PC35 sGaw浓度分别为(0.735±0.573)mg/ml、(1.47±1.289)mg/ml及(3.827±2.258)mg/ml,但至2年时仍有57.9%的患儿支气管激发试验阳性,均为轻度气道高反应.结论 哮喘临床指标达到完全控制的时间早于气道反应性达到理想水平的时间,气道反应性指标在联合治疗长期随访以及调整治疗方案中的价值优于临床症状和肺功能,PC35 sGaw可作为评价疗效、指导治疗方案调整的指标之一.     

支气管激发试验在儿童哮喘中的应用

气道高反应性是哮喘最典型的特征之一,支气管激发试验(BPT)是测定气道高反应性的最主要的方法,它对于诊断哮喘与疗效判断具有十分重要的临床价值,尤其适用于儿童不典型哮喘的诊断。但由于患儿年龄小、配合不太好等原因导致儿童BPT方法比较复杂,危险性也较高,为此儿童BPT开展较少。为探讨适用于儿童的BPT,该文就目前国内外常用BPT的特点、检测指标及其临床应用价值作一简要综述。     

中国哮喘儿童运动处方专家共识

哮喘是慢性气道炎症性疾病,以气道高反应性为主要特征。合适的规律运动对患儿的哮喘控制状态、多项肺功能指标、心肺耐力和心理健康有改善作用,但目前我国哮喘儿童运动水平不足,不利于哮喘疾病控制和儿童生长发育。本专家共识强调了哮喘患儿进行规律运动的重要意义与安全性,对制定适合我国哮喘儿童的运动处方提出了建议,有助于提升临床医师指...     

Hypertonic saline challenge tests in the diagnosis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and asthma in children

The hypertonic saline challenge test is the recommended method to assess bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The sensitivity of this procedure to assess asthma symptoms, however, has been reported to vary among study centers. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the value of this provocation test in an epidemiological survey in children, and to relate the degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness to the severity of asthma symptoms. All 11–13‐year‐old children from 16 randomly selected schools in Linköping, Sweden received a questionnaire regarding respiratory symptoms and allergic disease. Skin prick tests with eight inhalant allergens were performed. In addition, all children with wheeze over the past 12 months (current wheeze) and a random sample of children without current wheeze were invited to perform hypertonic saline provocation tests. A complete data set was available for 170 children, including 50 with and 120 without current wheeze. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) was defined as at least 15% decline in FEV₁. The degree of BHR was represented by the response/dose ratio, i.e. the fall in FEV₁ divided by total dose of inhaled saline. The severity of asthma symptoms was classified by the number of wheezing episodes over the past 12 months. ‘Asthma ever’ was defined by a combination of symptoms in the questionnaires. Children with ‘asthma ever’ and current wheeze were considered as having current asthma. Current atopic asthma was defined as current asthma with at least one positive skin prick test. The sensitivity of the procedure to detect ‘asthma ever’, current asthma and current atopic asthma was 62, 61 and 83%, and the specificity 83, 81 and 60%, respectively. The positive challenge rate was 52, 34, 13 and 7% among current wheezers, previous wheezers, non‐wheezers with a history of allergy and healthy children. The degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness increased with the number of wheezing episodes. Thus, the median and range of the response/dose ratio were 4.8%/ml (2.1–14.8), 2.6%/ml (0.7–8.6) and 1.3%/ml (0.8–2.7), respectively, for children with ≥ 4 episodes, 1–3 episodes and no wheezing episodes over the past 12 months (p<0.001). In conclusion, hypertonic saline provocation test is useful as a tool to detect asthma in epidemiological studies in children. The degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness, as represented by the response/dose ratio, reflects the severity of asthma symptoms.     

Respiratory function assessment in cooperative patients. Part II

Analysis of bronchial hyperresponsiveness using bronchial provocation tests are a key feature in the diagnosis of asthma, as well as a valid tool for monitoring disease severity, clinical course, and treatment response. We review non-specific bronchial challenge tests, including pharmacological stimuli (methacholine, adenosine) and physical stimuli (exercise, hypertonic saline, cold air hyperventilation). Although there is some correlation among responses to the distinct tests, individual responses are also observed. The indication for a single test will depend on whether the procedure will be used for diagnostic or epidemiologic purposes, and on experience of its use. Frequently, complementary information will be obtained. Indirect airway challenges tests such as physical stimuli and adenosine are more specific for asthma diagnosis.     

Sensitization to food allergens in Iranian children with mild to moderate persistent asthma

Background

Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in childhood. The clinical presentation of asthma may worsen after food allergen ingestion in sensitized patients. To avoid nonspecific dietary restrictions in children with asthma, laboratory-based advice about foods is potentially helpful. The purpose of this study was to determine food sensitization in children with asthma.

Methods

Seventy-nine children with mild to moderate persistent asthma were included in this study. Commercial food allergens including cow??s milk, egg white, almond, potato, and soybean were used in skin prick tests. Specific IgE to 20 common food allergens was also measured in serum.

Results

Twelve (15.2%) of the patients had a positive skin prick test to at least one of the five food extracts. Sensitization was detected by skin prick tests to cow??s milk and egg white (each 6.3%), almond (3.8%), potato (2.5%) and soybean (1.3%). Specific IgE levels ??0.35 kAU/L were detected in the serum of 47% of the children with asthma. The most common food allergens were cow??s milk (26.6%), hazelnuts (25.3%), wheat flour (15.2%) and egg white (12.6%). Patients with a history of at least one hospital admission due to asthma attack had a higher rate of sensitization to egg.

Conclusions

In our study, food sensitization was frequent in Iranian children with asthma. Although clinical food allergy could not be evaluated because food challenge tests were not used in our study, skin prick tests and serum-specific IgE to common food allergens might be helpful in identifying children with food sensitization.     

哮喘患儿支气管诱导痰液中炎细胞变化的临床研究

目的研究支气管哮喘患儿急性发作期及其缓解期支气管诱导痰液中炎细胞变化及临床意义。方法选择2002-02—2002-12在中国医大二院儿童哮喘门诊就诊的哮喘患儿,其中哮喘急性发作期34例;哮喘缓解期30例;健康对照组22例。比较哮喘不同病程之间以及不同病程与正常儿童之间支气管诱导痰液细胞成分的差异。结果哮喘患儿急性发作期支气管诱导痰液中,中性粒细胞占细胞总数的百分比明显高于缓解期及正常对照组(均P<0.01)。哮喘急性发作期、缓解期诱导痰液中嗜酸细胞占总数的百分比均明显高于正常对照组,差异显著(P<0.01)。结论支气管哮喘是一种慢性气道炎症性疾病,在不同发病时期气道内的炎细胞变化不同。     

Prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity asd etermined by several methods among Estonian schoolchildren

There is a lack of established criteria to identify asthma and bronchial hyerreactivity (BHR) in epidemiological studies, although both conditions appear to bear some relationship to atopy, at least in children. Recent studies indicate a low prevalence of atopy in former Socialist countries in Europe, yet the prevalence of BHR has been reported to be high. We have analysed the relationship between the outcome of various lung function tests, atopy and clinical symptoms of bronchial asthma in an epidemiological survey of Estonian 10-12 year old schoolchildren. Metacholine provocation test (four steps with the cumulative doses 100, 300, 700 and 1100uμg), exercise challenge test and PEF-variability over two weeks were done in 806 children in Tallinn (coastal, industrialised city) and 774 children in Tartu (inland, uniersity town). A positive response to the metacholine challenge test was recorded in 19% in Tallinn and in 32% in Tartu (p < 0.001). A similar tendency was observed for a more than 15% decrease of FEV¹ in the exercise challenge test, i. e. 6% in Tallinn and 18% in Tartu. There was only a weak relationship between BHR, as defined by either a positive metacholine challenge and/or exercise test, diagnosed asthma and reported wheezing. Thus, 47% of the wheezing children and 30% of the children with asthma had negative test results. Only 17% of the children with a positive metacholine challenge were atopic, as defined by at least one positive skin prick test. In conclusion, none of the methods employed to assess bronchial hyperre-sponsiveness were very useful for the identification of wheezing and asthmatic children in this epidemiological study. In contrast to the results of studies in Western Europe, most children with bronchial hyperreactivity in Estonia are not atopic.     

哮喘患儿支气管诱导痰液中P物质含量变化的临床研究

目的　研究支气管哮喘患儿急性发作期、缓解期支气管诱导痰液中P物质含量变化及临床意义。方法　用高渗盐水超声雾化吸入法留取研究组及对照组儿童支气管诱导痰液。其中哮喘急性发作期组 34例 (3d内无静脉或口服激素史 ) ;哮喘缓解期组 30例 ;健康对照组 2 2例。用放射免疫方法检测各组支气管诱导痰中P物质含量。结果　哮喘患儿急性发作期支气管诱导痰中P物质含量明显高于缓解期及正常对照组 ,差异显著 ,P均 <0 0 1。缓解期组与正常对照组比较 ,差异无显著性 ,P >0 0 5。结论　哮喘患儿急性发作期支气管诱导痰中P物质含量显著增高 ,缓解期降低 ,接近正常水平 ;提示支气管诱导痰中P物质含量与儿童哮喘的发作及缓解关系密切 ,可做为一种临床监测指标。     

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目的通过对哮喘儿童呼出气一氧化氮(FENO)水平的监测,为哮喘的临床诊断治疗及病情评估提供帮助。方法选择2007年10月至2009年8月于首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院门诊确诊的哮喘患儿共358例,根据其哮喘发作与治疗情况分为哮喘发作组与非发作组、治疗组与未治疗组。设计临床观察表记录各组患儿治疗、发作、肺部喘鸣音情况,并进行FENO及1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)及最大用力呼气中段流量(MMEF)等肺功能指标的测定。结果 358例哮喘患儿的FENO值为28.5(15.5～55.0)×10-9,其中男性为29.0(15.0～49.8.0)×10-9,女性为28.0(16.0～58.6)×10-9,男女相比差别无统计学意义(Z=-1.006,P>0.05)。111例11岁以上哮喘儿童FENO为36.0(20.0～65.0)×10-9,其中男性为30.0(26.0～63.0)×10-9,女性为40.5(17.7～73.8)×10-9,与395例正常儿童相比FENO明显增高,差异具有统计学意义(Z=-11.352,P<0.001)。358例哮喘患儿FENO与年龄呈正相关(r=0.206,P<0.01)...     

The effect of childhood obesity on respiratory function tests and airway hyperresponsiveness

The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of exogenous obesity on respiratory function tests, to define the relationship between the severity of obesity and respiratory function test parameters, and to detect the incidence of airway hyperresponsiveness and exercise-induced bronchospasm in an obese study group. This cross-sectional controlled study was done with 38 exogenous obese patients, aged 9 to 15 years, and 30 healthy children. Basal respiratory function test parameters were measured with spirometry. To display airway hyperresponsiveness, 4.5% hypertonic saline provocation test was used; exercise-induced bronchospasm incidence was defined with bicycle ergometry. Basal respiratory function test parameters were lower in the study group as compared with the control group. Exercise test was positive in 31.6% of the obese group and in 3.3% of the control group (P = 0.003). The provocation test with hypertonic saline test was positive in 18.4% of the obese group. There were strong negative correlations between body mass index (BMI), relative weight, skin fold thickness, waist/hip circumference ratio and basal forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow (PEF) values. The diagnosis and management of exercise-induced bronchospasm may improve exercise performance and physical activity, assist with weight loss, and break the vicious circle.     

Perceptions of Asthma and Exercise,and Associations With Weight Status and Asthma Morbidity in Urban Children

BackgroundGiven the high prevalence of asthma and obesity in minority children, there is a need to identify targets for intervention to decrease the impact of these conditions on children's functioning in this high-risk group.ObjectiveTo examine in urban children with persistent asthma, 1) differences in asthma indicators (eg, FEV1% predicted) by weight status, and by ethnic group/weight status, 2) caregivers’ fears about their child's asthma by weight status, and by ethnic group/weight status, and 3) the proportion of children who qualified for exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) via exercise challenge test among those whose caregivers endorse exercise as a trigger for asthma.MethodsIn this sample of urban children (aged 7–9; N = 147), subjective measures included child/caregiver daily report of asthma symptoms and caregiver fears about their child's asthma. Objective lung function was measured twice daily via handheld spirometer and EIB was confirmed via exercise challenge test.ResultsIn the overall sample, a greater proportion of normal-weight children reported asthma symptoms compared to overweight/obese children. Caregiver fears about asthma were more prevalent among Latino caregivers. Non-Latino White children whose caregivers were afraid their child may die when having asthma reported more days with asthma symptoms. Very few children had confirmed EIB compared to the proportion of caregivers who endorsed exercise as a dangerous trigger for asthma.ConclusionsCaregiver fear about asthma and misperceptions of exercise as a dangerous trigger for asthma should be addressed during health care visits with families of children with asthma and interventions including urban children with asthma.     

Bronchoprovocation in children.

Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a major feature of asthma that is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. The assessment of BHR can be a valuable means of assessing asthma severity and also response to therapy. BHR can be measured with a variety of provocative agents including exercise, methacholine, histamine, hypotonic and hypertonic saline and cold air. Methacholine and histamine challenges have been well studied and standardized. They are extremely sensitive indicators of BHR, but this is not synonymous with asthma. This requires that the physician interprets the clinical significance of test results with caution.