Comparison of simultaneous antegrade/vein graft cardioplegia with antegrade cardioplegia for myocardial protection

Antegrade cardioplegic delivery via the aorta ensures distribution of cardioplegic solution through open arteries, but distribution may not be adequate beyond a stenotic coronary artery. This potential problem can be overcome by direct delivery of cardioplegia via a vein graft. The purpose of this study was to compare simultaneous antegrade/vein graft cardioplegia with antegrade cardioplegia during coronary artery bypass surgery. Twenty patients were divided into 2 groups. In group 1, intermittent antegrade cardioplegia was provided (n=10). In group 2, intermittent antegrade cardioplegia was supplemented by antegrade perfusion of vein grafts after distal anastomoses were completed (n=10). Data on enzyme release and hemodynamics were obtained preoperatively, before the induction of anesthesia, just before cross-clamping, immediately after aortic unclamping, and at 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after unclamping. Enzyme release (creatinine phosphokinase-isoenzyme MB, cardiac troponin I, myoglobin) was similar in both groups (P > .05). Furthermore, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, perioperative myocardial infarction, or ventricular arrhythmia (P > .05). In conclusion, both techniques permitted rapid postoperative recovery of myocardial function. Supplementation of antegrade perfusion of vein grafts with antegrade cold blood cardioplegia offered no advantage to study patients. However, hemostasis of a distal anastomosis may be controlled by this technique.     

Effects of normothermia versus hypothermia on extravascular lung water and serum cytokines during cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized, controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of perfusion temperature on the systemic effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), and serum cytokines. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled study. SETTING: Cardiothoracic intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. INTERVENTIONS: Twenty-one patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting were randomly assigned to receive either normothermic bypass (36 degrees C, n = 8) with intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (IAWBC), or hypothermic (32 degrees C, n = 13) CPB with cold crystalloid cardioplegia. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, and pulmonary vascular resistance were determined at baseline, i.e., after induction of anesthesia but before sternal opening (T-1), at arrival in the intensive care unit (T0), and 4 hrs (T4), 8 hrs (T8), and 24 hrs (T24) after surgery. EVLWI, intrathoracic blood volume index (ITBVI), and EVLW/ITBV ratio were obtained by using thermal dye dilution utilizing an arterial thermistor-tipped fiberoptic catheter and were recorded at T-1, T0, T4, T8, and T24. Serial blood samples for cytokine measurements were obtained at each hemodynamic measurement time point. Before, during, and after CPB, there were no differences in the conventional hemodynamic measurements between the groups. There were no changes in EVLWI up to T8 in either group. Furthermore, no change in the ratio EVLW/ITBW was observed between the groups at any time, further indicating the absence of a change in pulmonary permeability. Plasma levels of interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10 increased during and after CPB, independently of the perfusion temperature. CONCLUSION: Normothermic CPB is not associated with additional inflammatory and related systemic adverse effects regarding cytokine production and EVLWI as compared with mild hypothermia. The potential temperature-dependent release of cytokines and subsequent inflammation has not been observed and normothermic CPB may be seen as a safe technique regarding this issue.     

Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion: a new approach to cardioplegia delivery

Retrograde coronary sinus perfusion is a technique being used to deliver cardioplegia during cardiac surgery. This article reviews the history behind its use, the procedure for delivery, and the advantages and limitations that exist in comparison with the standard antegrade infusion of cardioplegia via the aortic root. The complications resulting from the technique of retrograde coronary sinus perfusion are rare. Nursing considerations specific to the potential complications of this patient population are discussed.     

Delivery of antegrade cerebral perfusion during descending aortic reconstruction: a case report

Antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) has been demonstrated to be a safe and effective method of providing adequate protection to the brain during hypothermic circulatory arrest. By improving oxygen delivery to the cerebral capillaries, users of this technique have reported fewer temporary neurological deficits in postoperative periods, even after prolonged periods of circulatory arrest. Furthermore, ACP may be delivered with little alteration to the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. Surgical correction of a descending aortic aneurysm can provide a challenge when the left subclavian artery is involved. A period of hypothermic circulatory arrest is required to complete the proximal anastamosis of the graft. Access to the cerebral vessels for selective cerebral perfusion is limited during a left thoracotomy approach. A 54-year-old female presented with a computerized tomography (CT) scan of a descending aortic aneurysm, originating at the base of the left subclavian artery. Surgical intervention using CPB via femoral-femoral cannulation was employed. The patient was systemically cooled to 22 degrees C. Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion was administered via cannulation of the left common carotid artery. Antegrade cerebral perfusion lasted 19 minutes, with improved transcranial oximetry readings. The patient was successfully weaned from CPB. The patient was discharged on postoperative day nine with no evident suquelae. It is believed that the application of ACP in this procedure further improved patient outcome.     

心脏不停跳与停跳心瓣膜置换术后护理的对比观察

目的 探讨心脏不停跳二尖瓣置换与心脏停跳二尖瓣置换术后护理工作量及其临床意义。方法 30例行二尖瓣置换术的病人随机分成3组，A组：心脏不停跳组，B组：间断灌注冷晶心脏停搏液组，C组：连续灌注温血心脏停搏液组。对比观察3组不同心肌保护方法下进行二尖瓣置换术血液心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT)、术后心输出量（CO），正性肌力药物使用、心律失常和使用临时起搏器等情况。结果 cTnT在转机后即升高4.77-8.80ng/ml，且持续到术后2周，但A组的升高值（6.51ng/ml)较B组（7.43ng/ml)和C组（7.79ng/ml)低（P＜0.01)，A组术后心输出量（CO,5.14L/min)较术前（4.14L/min)明显改善，心律失常，低心排综合征发生率低，血管活性药用量少，患住重症监护病房（ICU）时间短。结论 心脏不停跳瓣膜置换术较心脏停跳瓣膜置换术后心功能稳定，并发症少，明显地减少了药品使用和护理工作量，是一种较理想的心肌保护方法和手术方式。     

Reperfusion strategy after regional ischaemia: simulation of emergency revascularization and effects of integrated cardioplegia on myocardial resuscitation

We induced ischaemia in the left anterior descending artery of 16 dogs while the heart was beating, followed by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), aortic cross clamping and blood cardioplegia. Half of the dogs received integrated blood cardioplegia and sudden uncontrolled reperfusion (group A) while the others received the same cardioplegia followed by pressure-controlled tepid initial reperfusion (group B). The effects on myocardial cell metabolism, oxidative stress and ultrastructure were recorded. The recovery period was significantly longer and cardiac output levels after CPB significantly lower in group A compared with group B. Group A showed a failure to uptake and utilize oxygen during the recovery period and significant lipid peroxidation. Marked tissue oedema was seen in group A but mitochondrial and organelle integrity was almost normal in both groups. We conclude that integrated cardioplegia could partially resuscitate the myocardium in this model, and pressure controlled reperfusion during the first 2 min is needed as an adjunct procedure.     

冠状动脉搭桥患者围术期血浆15-F2t-isoprostane含量变化及临床意义

目的　分析常温心脏手术中血浆游离 15 F2 t isoprostane浓度变化及其与术后早期心功能的关系。方法　选择 30例在常温体外循环 (CPB)下行冠状动脉搭桥术患者 ,根据术后有 (组 )、无 (组 )应用正性肌力药物分为两组。 CPB中采用间断温血灌注 ,分别于麻醉诱导后、阻升主动脉后 30 min以及开放升主动脉后 10、30和 12 0 min抽取中心静脉血样 ,采用有高度特异性的兔血清抗体用酶标放射免疫法测量血浆中游离 15 F2 t isoprostane含量。术中至术后 6 h进行连续心排量测量。结果　 15 F2 t isoprostane血浆含量于阻升主动脉后 30 m in、开放升主动脉后 10 min显著升高 ,开放升主动脉 30 m in以后开始下降。组 患者血浆 15F2 t isoprostane含量的升高呈递减趋势 ,至开放升主动脉后 30 min恢复正常 ;相反 ,术后需两种以上正性肌力药物支持以维持心脏指数 (CI) >2 .2 L· m in- 1· m- 2的患者 (组 )血浆 15 F2 t isoprostane含量至开放升主动脉后 30 m in均显著高于正常。术后 CI与开放升主动脉后 10和 30 min时血浆游离 15 F2 t isoprostane含量呈良好的负相关性 (r=- 0 .95 ,P<0 .0 1)。结论　术中 15 F2 t isoprostane血浆含量与术后心功能的恢复密切相关。     

Intraoperative application of power Doppler imaging: visualization of myocardial perfusion after anastomosis of left internal thoracic artery to left anterior descending coronary artery.

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of power Doppler imaging in assessing patency of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) anastomosis. Twelve consecutive patients referred for CABG with the use of anastomosis of the internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were studied. A linear 6.5-MHz wide-band transducer was used during cardioplegic administration and reperfusion. Baseline power Doppler signals were obtained in the LAD in 11 patients, and post-CABG signals were obtained in 11 patients. In one patient the LAD was poorly visualized because of extensive calcification. In another patient the flow after bypass worsened and the graft was revised. Visualization of the LAD and internal thoracic artery grafts by epicardial intraoperative power Doppler imaging is feasible in almost all patients and allows rapid and simple intraoperative assessment of graft patency. In addition, myocardial perfusion is limited by heavily calcified coronaries.     

Coronary sinus rupture with retrograde cardioplegia

Coronary sinus (CS) rupture occurring during retrograde cardioplegia (RCP) is a rare complication. Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy are at higher risk for injury to the CS. The patient was a 66-year-old female with hypertension, ischemic cardiomyopathy and dysrhythmias, who had evidence of an anterior wall myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and angina. During coronary artery bypass surgery, antegrade cardioplegia was initially administered, but aortic insufficiency prevented adequate myocardial cooling. RCP was then administered and the heart cooled appropriately. After approximately 300 ml of blood cardioplegic solution had been given, the CS pressure suddenly dropped from 30 mmHg to zero. RCP administration was stopped, and the surgeon palpated a hematoma over the area of the CS, which later ruptured upon rotation of the heart. A primary repair could not be performed, so a pericardial patch was placed over the area of disruption, which appeared to provide adequate hemostasis. The patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), but began to bleed freely from the CS distal to the pericardial patch. The patient was placed back on CPB to allow further repair of the CS, but the tissues were thin and friable and the ventricle disassociated from the ventricular septum. The situation was deemed not salvageable and further attempts at repair were stopped. The perfusionist should monitor infusion pressures and the CS waveform during RCP delivery. Changes in the waveform may indicate cannula malposition, loss of balloon seal, or, more rarely, CS rupture; such changes should prompt immediate cessation of RCP delivery.     

Cardiac function after intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia: contribution of the double-indicator dilution technique

Objective: To evaluate cardiac performance following coronary artery surgery using two different techniques of cardioplegia¶Design: Randomized prospective study¶Setting: Adult cardiothoracic intensive care unit in a university hospital¶Study population: Thirty patients undergoing isolated coronary surgery¶Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive either intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia with normothermic bypass (group 1) or combined antegrade and retrograde cold crystalloid cardioplegia with hypothermic bypass (group 2). Hemodynamic evaluation included conventional measurements from a pulmonary artery catheter and data obtained by thermal dye dilution utilizing an arterial thermistor-tipped fiberoptic catheter¶Results: The only major difference between groups was a significantly higher right atrial pressure in group 2, from 4 h to 24 h after surgery (8.8 ± 2.6 vs. 11.8 ± 3.2 mmHg at 4 h and 11 ± 3.1 vs. 8.5 ± 1.8 mmHg at 24 h, P = 0.04). After cold cardioplegia a significant increase in right atrial pressure was observed (7.5 ± 3.1 before surgery vs. 11.4 ± 3 mmHg at 8 h, P = 0.003) whereas right ventricular end diastolic volume index did not increase significantly, suggesting impaired right ventricular diastolic compliance in this group¶Conclusions: Until 24 h after surgery cold cardioplegia is associated with impaired right ventricular filling, which seems better preserved by intermittent antegrade warm blood cardioplegia. End-diastolic volume measurement with the double-indicator technique allows differentiation between systolic and diastolic dysfunction.     

Leucocyte depletion in cardiopulmonary bypass: a comparison of four strategies

Leucocytes have been shown to play a fundamental role in the pathophysiology of inflammation. This prospective, randomized, controlled study was designed to identify the most advantageous leucocyte depletion technique in terms of reduction in systemic inflammatory response syndrome and myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Forty consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were randomly allocated to one of four groups. The four groups consisted of a control group, a systemic leucocyte depletion (SLD) group, a cardioplegic leucocyte depletion (CLD) group and a total leucocyte depletion (TLD) group. There were 10 patients in each group. Lactoferrin (marker of neutrophil activation) and troponin-I (marker of myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury) were measured at six time points: post induction, 5 min on CPB, 5 min before releasing the aortic crossclamp, 15 min after releasing the clamp and 1 and 24 hours after the discontinuation of CPB. Plasma lactoferrin levels increased rapidly in every group after the commencement of CPB, subsequently reached a peak after releasing the aortic crossclamp and gradually declined after the discontinuation of CPB. The lowest lactoferrin concentration was observed in the TLD (range 2.15-141.9 ng/mL) and CLD groups (7.469-114.6 ng/mL). Regarding myocardial injury, plasma cardiac troponin-I levels did not differ significantly between groups; but troponin-I concentrations rose dramatically after releasing the aortic crossclamp in all groups. Nevertheless, the CLD group had the lowest troponin-I level (1.37-5.55 ng/mL). In conclusion, it is believed that myocardial ischaemia is probably a major contributor to the inflammatory response. Although there is no clear statistical significance shown in this pilot study, the data tend to support the cardioplegic leucocyte depletion strategy as the optimal method for attenuating neutrophil activation and myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury.     

The application of a modified technique of SCP under DHCA during total aortic arch replacement combined with stented elephant trunk implantation

We reviewed the perfusion experiences of 60 cases with a modified technique of selected cerebral perfusion (SCP) under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) during ascending aorta and total aortic arch replacement combined with transaortic stented graft implantation into the descending aorta for acute and chronic type A aortic dissection. Right auxiliary artery cannulation was routinely used for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and SCP in this procedure. Generally, this technique requires two main pumps for two arterial lines before we applied the modified technique; one for CPB and the other for SCP. In order to simplify the circuit of the extracorporeal circuit (ECC) to operate easily, the arterial line was separated into two branches with a Y-connector on the operating table, one for axillary artery perfusion and the other for graft perfusion connected to the ECC set-up. This method is easy for the perfusionist to install and convenient for the surgeon. This is a safe and simple to use modified technique for SCP under DHCA during ascending aorta and total aortic arch replacement combined with transaortic stented graft implantation into the descending aorta.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术中红外监测导航技术初探

目的应用自主研发的心脏红外长波摄像监测系统,对冠状动脉旁路移植手术行术中监测,通过对红外热图分析,探讨该技术在心肌缺血诊断,心脏搭桥效果判断及不良事件应急处理方面的应用价值。方法随机选取行胸骨正中开胸心脏停跳下冠状动脉旁路移植手术患者20例,术中全程行红外摄像实时监控,采集并分析热图,并与术前信息比对,发现不良信息,指导手术操作。结果红外摄像获取的心脏热图能够准确判断心肌缺血部位,同时能够判断桥血管及吻合口是否通畅、可对搭桥术后缺血心肌血供恢复状况加以判断并推测手术效果。结论红外摄像监控技术对冠状动脉旁路移植手术具有术中指导意义和临床推广价值。     

诱导室颤间断阻断主动脉后的心肌酶与超微结构变化

目的：常规心肌保护采用主动脉阻断灌注晶体、冷血、温血停跳液,本文研究诱导室颤主动脉间断阻断技术在冠状动脉搭桥术中的心肌保护作用。方法：选取18例诱导室颤主动脉间断阻断冠脉搭桥术患者为观察组（室颤组）,同期10例心脏冷停跳换瓣病人为对照组。测定体外循环前、体外循环后30min、60min、90min、术后第1天及第2天血清心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白水平,并取左室心肌标本作扫描电镜观察。结果：体外循环前室颤组心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白水平高于对照组,术后两组均升高而且与主动脉阻断时间和体外循环时间呈正比。术后第1天心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白水平达最高峰,对照组明显高于室颤组。术后第2天室颤组心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白水平下降接近体外前水平,但对照组仍不能降至体外循环的前水平,而且为室颤组的两倍。心肌电镜扫描发现室颤组体外循环90min后心肌细胞轻度受损,而对照组心肌缺血60min后就有中度心肌细胞破坏。结论：诱导室颤间断阻断主动脉技术对于冠状动脉搭桥术是一种安全有效的心肌保护方法。     

老年人工生物瓣膜置换过程中紫外线照射充氧血首次灌注对心肌的保护

背景:动物实验表明将紫外线照射充氧血添加于心停搏液中有一定的心肌保护作用,故推测其对体外循环心内直视手术患者的心肌也有保护作用.目的:课题提出使用紫外线照射充氧血行首次冠状动脉顺行灌注,观察其在老年患者人工生物心脏瓣膜置换体外循环过程中是否对心肌有保护作用.设计、时间及地点:生化水平的随机对照试验,于2006-10/2008-04在贵州省人民医院心脏外科完成.对象:选择贵州省人民医院心脏外科收治需择期行人工生物瓣膜置换的风湿性心脏瓣膜病老年患者46例,按随机数字表法分为2组,每组23例.方法:紫外线照射充氧血组于麻醉后通过锁骨下静脉按10 m/kg放血行紫外线照射充氧(同时经另一静脉途径输入等量生理盐水,术前经过计算,体外循环过程中血红蛋白低于70g/L者,用库血代替自体血行紫外线照射充氧),升主动脉阻断后,将紫外线照射充氧血作为心停搏液组成成分进行首次冠状动脉顺行灌注,之后每30 min常规以4:1冷血/晶体灌注.对照组首次冠状动脉顺行灌注使用不含紫外线照射充氧血的4:1冷血/晶体外,其他处理同治疗组.主要观察指标:于升主动脉阻断前,升主动脉开放后5,10 min从冠状静脉窦取血2 mL,测定超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛浓度.在升主动脉阻断前,停体外循环后4,24,48 h时从中心静脉取血2 mL,测定肌酸激酶同工酶活性及肌钙蛋白I质量浓度.结果:开放升主动脉后,紫外线照射充氧血组冠状静脉窦血清丙二醛浓度低于对照组(P＜0.05),超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05).紫外线照射充氧血组停体外循环后4-48 的血清肌酸激酶同工酶活性及肌钙蛋白I质量浓度显著低于对照组(P< 0.05).结论:体外循环过程中首次冠状动脉顺行灌注紫外线照射充氧血能提高心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶活性,减少丙二醛产生,减轻心肌缺血再灌注损伤.降低心肌损伤标志物水平,对老年人工生物心脏瓣膜置换患者具有较好的心肌保护作用.     

Leucocyte-depleted blood cardioplegia

The effect of the depletion of leucocytes from cardioplegic and initial myocardial reperfusion blood on the inflammatory response and myocardial protection in patients with unstable angina undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was studied. Patients were allocated randomly to a leucocyte-depleted (LD) group or a control group. The LD group received continuous retrograde LD isothermic blood cardioplegia and the control group received isothermic blood cardioplegia. Blood samples were collected at seven time-points before, during and after the procedure. Total leucocyte counts of cardioplegia blood in the LD group were significantly lower than in the control group, but systemic leucocyte and neutrophil counts after CPB did not differ between the groups. The levels of adhesion molecules, cytokines, elastase and malondialdehyde were significantly increased after CPB in both groups and reached peak values 2-6 h after surgery; no other significant differences were found. LD cardioplegia and myocardial reperfusion did not attenuate the endothelial and neutrophil-mediated components of the CPB-induced inflammatory response, which may lead to myocardial reperfusion injury.     

Mannitol in cardioplegia as an oxygen free radical scavenger measured by malondialdehyde

Oxygen free radicals (OFRs) are associated with ischaemia-reperfusion injury involving many organs, including the heart, which can lead to depressed cardiac function and abnormalities in the cardiac ultrastructure. This is seen upon the release of the aortic crossclamp when the ischaemic myocardium is reperfused in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Various studies have shown that by adding OFR scavenging agents or antioxidants to the CPB prime or cardioplegia, cardiac performance improves. Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic with free radical scavenging properties, which has been shown to reduce the extent of ischaemic injury and improve the function of the myocardium. This study evaluated how effective mannitol is as an OFR scavenger by administering different concentrations of cardioplegia antegrade into the aortic root, thus maximising its effects directly upon the myocardium rather than being diluted in the CPB prime. Thirty-three patients undergoing primary coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were, by double blind random selection, allocated into one of three groups: group 1, a control group (consisting of 11 patients) receiving no mannitol; group 2 (11 patients), receiving a concentration of 4 g/l; and group 3 (11 patients), receiving 8 g/l. Three blood samples were taken directly from the coronary sinus during bypass: the first sample at the start of bypass, just prior to the crossclamp being applied; the second sample just after removal of the crossclamp; and the third sample just prior to termination of bypass. All samples were then centrifuged and the plasma analysed for malondialdehyde (MDA) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MDA, an endproduct of lipid peroxidation, causes cellular damage and disruption of cell membranes when tissue antioxidants are exhausted. The more MDA produced, the greater the depletion of tissue antioxidants secondary to OR formation during reperfusion when the aortic crossclamp is removed. HPLC is a useful biochemical study; however, it is not a direct indicator of depressed myocardial function, such as an invasive test would be, and this should be borne in mind. Statistically, the results do not show a significant difference among the three groups or among the three samples. However, a trend can be seen, which shows lower levels of MDA in the two groups receiving mannitol and there is an indication of a rise in MDA levels upon the start of reperfusion in the two groups receiving mannitol, but not the control group. It is concluded that further samples would be needed to find a significant difference in MDA concentrations.     

术中置入新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层临床研究

目的应用新型三分支型主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层,总结其临床应用经验,并评价其安全性和疗效。方法 2009年12月至2011年1月7例急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者在我科接受新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架手术治疗。结果全组手术时间(259.2±53.6)分钟,体外循环时间(136.4±28.5)分钟,心肌血运阻断时间(85.3±11.7)分钟,深低温停循环选择性脑灌注时间(17.6±8.2)分钟。术中死亡1例,系术中主动脉开放后主动脉根部后壁大出血无法止血;其余6例患者术后及时清醒,循环稳定,无严重并发症发生。随访2～15个月,主动脉血管成像显示患者主动脉弓部及分支动脉内支架扩张贴壁满意,相应部位假腔消失,远端假腔内血栓填充;无与覆膜支架相关的并发症发生;患者心功能改善,生活质量良好。结论 采用新型三分支主动脉弓覆膜支架治疗急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层,可以简化主动脉弓部操作,降低手术风险,提高手术成功率,适合于大多数Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者的治疗。     

The intraoperative effect of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and leukocytes in cardiac surgery patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

BACKGROUND: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of organ dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of this study was to investigate whether pentoxifylline (PTX) has effects on the inflammatory process and leukocytes in cardiac surgery patients undergoing CPB. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A double-blind, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study was undertaken to assess the effect of PTX on leukocyte counts, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in 60 patients undergoing CPB for elective coronary artery bypass grafting. In 30 patients, 200 mg of PTX was added to 500 mL NaCl and perfused for 180 min after induction of anaesthesia and also 100 mg of PTX was added to the warm cardioplegic solution; another 30 patients received saline solution as placebo. RESULTS: All measurements were performed before PTX infusion (T0), after induction of anaesthesia (T1), 30 min after weaning from CPB (T2), and 6 hours (T3) and 24 hours postoperatively (T4). PTX did not change the percentage of eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, or lymphocytes, or CRP levels. In the control group, however, total leukocyte count and IL-6 level at T3 and T4 period were significantly higher than the study group. The progressive increment in TNF-alpha level observed at each period was also significantly prominent in the control group. CONCLUSION: CPB-related whole body inflammatory response could be partially inhibited by intraoperative PTX administration. This effect of PTX would be helpful in preventing the well-known complications of CPB-induced systemic inflammation.