童年受虐对护生人格的影响

目的探讨童年期受虐对护生人格的影响,为塑造护生个性提供依据。方法采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)、童年期创伤问卷(CTQ)对306名中专护生进行调查。结果成长于城市的护生内外向得分高,独生子女神经质、躯体忽视得分较低(均P0.05);虐待总分高分组神经质、精神质维度得分高于低分组,掩饰性维度得分低于低分组(P0.05,P0.01);情感虐待、性虐待、虐待总分与神经质、精神质呈正相关(P0.05,P0.01),与掩饰性呈负相关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论护生童年受虐倾向较明显,生长于城市的护生偏外向,非独生子女护生情绪不稳定、躯体忽视严重;童年期受虐待对护生的人格倾向有负性影响。教师应采取针对性措施促使护生形成健全的人格。     

I PASS ABCDE结构化病情交班模式提升ICU护士交班质量

目的探讨I PASS ABCDE结构化病情交班模式在ICU的实施对护士交班质量的影响。方法通过对SBAR交班模式进行改良设计,并查阅相关文献及专家咨询,加入ICU专科元素,制定出符合ICU实际情况的结构化交班单,将10项交班内容分为5个部分,并以"I PASS ABCDE"口诀加以设计,各字母代表相应内容:身份确认(Identity)、患者病史相关资料(Patient)、评估(Assessment)、表单(Sheet)、情境(Situation)、气道管理(Airway)、呼吸治疗(Breath status)、现状(Current status)、4D(药物Drugs、输液Drip、敷料Dressing、引流Drainage)、事件(Event)。对全员标准化培训后实施结构化病情交接模式,并与传统的交班模式进行比较。结果运用I PASS ABCDE结构化病情交班模式前后,ICU护士交班缺陷率由41.67%降低至17.14%(P0.01),护士对危重患者病情掌握得分由实施前的86.77±5.51提高到实施后的92.57±3.53,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论运用I PASS ABCDE结构化病情交班模式,规范化实施ICU患者交班流程,能有效减少交班信息遗漏,提高ICU责任护士对危重患者病情掌握情况,提升交班质量,促进患者安全。     

I have taken my umbrella, so of course it does not rain

Spirometry is used worldwide to diagnose respiratory disease, and it is a validated measure to assess airway obstruction. Irreversible airway obstruction is the defining feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thus, an FEV(1)/FVC ratio <70% is used to diagnose COPD, and the severity is thereafter based on the level of FEV(1). This definition is widely used in clinical practice and research, yet may lead to confusion with respect to the diagnosis associated with the presence of airway obstruction. The three main reasons are the following: (1) fixed airflow obstruction may be the result of specific diagnoses such as cystic fibrosis; (2) FEV(1)/FVC ratio changes with ageing, and it is therefore inappropriate to use the same ratio at 40 and 90 years, leaving aside gender differences; (3) even when specific diagnoses are excluded, fixed airflow obstruction may be the end-stage of many different underlying processes. The authors believe that they have strong arguments that a COPD diagnosis based solely on spirometric values is nonsense. More sophisticated lung function tests, such as plethysmography, forced oscillation and lung clearance index, may help further to delineate the characteristics of low lung function. However, these are not feasible in most clinical contexts and in epidemiologic studies. Therefore, the authors throw down the gauntlet: spirometry is an essential tool in patient evaluation but dangerous for disease diagnosis, and the term COPD should only be used in the appropriate clinical (diagnostic) context.     

Esophageal atresia. Lessons I have learned in a 40-year experience

A brief resume of the highlights in the history of oesophageal atresia is presented. This is followed by research into the etiology, ontogeny and embryology, and microbiological studies. A revised classification of risk factors with consequent survival statistics is presented. Lessons learned in the management of the condition over a 40-year period are reported with particular emphasis on the management of the preterm infant with associated severe respiratory distress, right-side aortic arch, upper pouch fistula, ‘long-gap’ atresia, and the use of gastrostomy and intercostals drains. The incidence and treatment of early and late complications is discussed.     

"I am sorry, I have bad news... "- principles in informing patients on the gravity of a disease and the treatment

The discovery of the appearance of a serious disease, and the necessity for diagnostics, treatment and rehabilitation, particularly when malignity is involved, represents exceptionally stressful news for the patient and his family. Most often this is a task for the physician. In this paper the authors consider the meaning of bad news in unexpected life events which significantly disturb the individual psycho-social ballance of the patient, as well as the familly dynamics and structure. It presents a review of available literature on the subject of the definition of so-called "bad news", the development of approaches in announcement, and current practical approaches and models which assist physicians in helping suffering patients in professional and humane ways. It points out inadequacies in the education of phisicians for this kind of task, and the variety of approaches. With the aim of improving the education of phisicians, and especially clinicians in surgical fields, the authors recommend a number of educational programs: education in the area od psychological and psychiatric aspects of learning of a serious disease, including acute reactions such as depressive states, reactive psychotic states, consumption of alcohol, etc.; education in the area of the family life cycle, and the effect of the disease as an unexpected life crisis on the family dinamic; education in the area of fundamental principles of psycho-and pharmaco-therapy, as well as the provision of support to the patient and his familly; training in the skills of announcing bad news to the patient and his familly through the explanatory presentation of the case and supervised simulation of sessions.     

Concordant occurrence of grade I spondylolisthesis in childhood in a pair of monozygotic twins

The case of two identical female twins is presented, who both showed concordantly spondylolisthesis L 5/S 1 grade I according to Meyerding at the age of ten. Further abnormalities in spinal development were detected in both girls. The course of 31 months is reported.     

The risk of cardiovascular disease in adults who have had childhood nephrotic syndrome

While increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with hyperlipidemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD), or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is well documented, transient hyperlipidemia or intermittent renal disease as a consequence of relapsing nephrotic syndrome (NS) has not been studied. To investigate this enigma, 62 patients, between 25 and 53 years of age, who had steroid-responsive/dependent NS during childhood, were identified from the records of the Division of Pediatric Nephrology at Yale School of Medicine. Forty patients were located and contacted to ascertain symptoms or occurrences of CVD via a telephone interview. At the time of follow-up, 23–46 years after cessation of NS, none of these patients had ESRD or CKD. Three patients had experienced a myocardial infarction (MI): a 32-year-old male with a family history of CVD; a 41-year-old male with a history of heavy smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and elevated cholesterol; a 31-year-old male after a cocaine overdose. The occurrence of events (8%) and mortality from CVD (none) in this cohort of patients is comparable to patients of a similar age in the general population and is lower than that of patients of the same age who are on dialysis. The data suggest that relapsing NS during childhood does not place patients at increased risk for CVD mortality or morbidity compared with the general population. Consequently, it would appear that factors related to persistent proteinuria or renal insufficiency, rather than transient proteinuria and renal disease, contribute to the CVD documented in patients with CKD or ESRD.     

Precompetitive and recreational gymnasts have greater bone density, mass, and estimated strength at the distal radius in young childhood

Summary  

Young recreational and precompetitive gymnasts had, on average, 23% greater bone strength at the wrist compared to children participating in other recreational sports. Recreational gymnastics involves learning basic movement patterns and general skill development and as such can easily be implemented into school physical education programs potentially impacting skeletal health.     

"I know I have arthritis but I don't know what type". Understanding and knowledge of this chronic condition

Background  

"Arthritis" is a common musculoskeletal condition but the knowledge of what type of arthritis people have, may be limited but may have changed over time in response to campaigns, increased awareness and improved health literacy. This paper describes people who did not know what type of arthritis they had, by a range of relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables, and assesses changes over time in the proportion of people who report having arthritis but do not know what type, using representative population surveillance data.